lAAAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  SIREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


saa 


n' 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions 


Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


i 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


a' 


D 


D 
D 
D 


CB 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^  et/ou  peiiiculte 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  init  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


1  1    Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 

^  1    along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  «nt6rieure 


Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
iors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6ti  fllm6es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppi^mentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'll  lui  a  At*  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mAthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqute  ci-dessous. 


□ 
□ 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  peilicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet^es  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 


I    "7  Showthrough/ 
Lkj    Transparenca 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  indgaie  de  rimpression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comcrend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


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Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film^es  d  nouveau  de  faqon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  Image  possible. 


wo    MX. 

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PbUIIC 

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9\    III 

Ilia  a 

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IVUU 

bllWII 

18X 

IIIUK 

,|W0    \i 

i-uaa 

swus 

22X 

26X 

30X 

J 

lax 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  het  been  reproduced  thenks 
to  the  generoeity  of: 

Douglas  Library 
Queen's  University 


L'exemplaire  f  llmA  f  ut  reprodult  grAce  A  la 
gAnArosIti  de: 

Douglas  Library 
Queen's  University 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  Iceeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  In  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  Illustrated  Impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  Impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 


or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  Images  suivantes  ont  AtA  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  rexemplaire  filmA,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplalres  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  filmte  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'Impression  ou  d'lllustratlon,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  leti  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fllm6s  en  commengant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'Impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  sulvants  apparaltra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ".  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reprodult  en  un  seul  clichA.  il  est  film*  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammos  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


32X 


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4 

5 

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REPORT 


o» 


E  CEPHALOPODS 


OP.THK 


N0RTHEA8TEM  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


BY 


A^.   E.    VERRILL. 


EXTRACTED  FROM  THE  ANNUAL  REPORT  OP  THE  COMMISSIONER 
OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES  FOR  1879.] 


WASHINGTON: 

aoVBBNMENT   PBIMTINO  OFPIOB. 

1882. 


-i^w*^ 


■  fl     4,, 


T 


CK 


^ 


p.  C.  180. 


REPORT 


ON 


THE  CEPHALOPODS 


OF  TIIK 


NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


HY 


A..    E.    VERRILL. 


CEXTRAOTED  PROM  THE  ANNUAL  RRPORT  OF  THE  UOMMISSIONKIt 
OF  FISH  AND  FISH KJt IKS  FOR  le!7'J.) 


WASHINGTON: 

OOVBBNMENT   PRINTING   OFFICE. 

1882. 


^L43d.2.V^     c 


i 


OOO.-REPORT  ON  THE  CEPHALOPODS  OF  THE  NORTHEASTERN 

COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


By  a.  £.  Verrill. 


Pabt  I.— The  gigantic  squids  {Architeuthis)  and  theib  allies; 

WITH  OnSEBYATIONS  ON   SDflLAB  LABGE   SPECIES  FBOM  FOREIGN 
LOCALITIES. 

The  early  literature  of  natural  history  has,  from  very  remote  times, 
contained  allusions  to  hw^e  species  of  Cephalopods,  often  accompanied 
by  more  or  less  fabulous  and  usually  exaggerated  descriptions  of  the 
creatures*  In  a  few  instances  figures  were  attempted  which  wcit. 
largely  indebted  to  the  imagination  of  their  authors  for  their  more 
strikiug  peculiarities. 

In  recent  times,  many  more  accurate  observers  have  confirmed  the 
existence  of  such  monsters,  and  several  fragments  have  found  their 
way  into  European  museums. 

To  Professor  Steenstrnp  and  to  Dr.  Hartiug,  however,  belongs  the 
credit  of  first  describing  and  figuring,  in  a  scientific  manner,  a  number 
of  fragments  sufficient  to  give  some  idea  of  the  real  character  and  affini- 
ties of  these  colossal  species.  More  i)articular  accounts  of  the  speci- 
mens described  by  these  and  other  recent  writers  will  be  given  farther 
on. 

Special  attention  has  only  recently  been  called  to  the  frequent  occur- 
rence of  these  "  big  squids,"  as  our  fishermen  call  them,  in  the  waters 
of  Newfoundland  and  the  adjacent  coasts.  The  cod-fishermen,  who 
visit  the  Grand  Banks,  appear,  from  their  statements,  to  have  been 


*The  descriptiou  of  the  "poulpe"  or  dovil-fiah,  by  Victor  Hugo,  iu  "  The  Toilersof 
the  Sea,"  with  which  so  many  readers  have  receutly  become  familiar,  is  quite  as  fab- 
ulous aud  unreal  as  any  of  the  earlier  accounts,  and  even  more  bizarre.  His  descrip- 
tion represouts  no  real  animal  whatever.  He  has  attributed  to  the  creature  habits 
and  anatomical  structures  that  beloujj  in  part  to  ihi'  2'olyps  and  in  part  to  the  poulpe 
iOctopiot),  and  which  appear  to  have  been  derived  largely  from  the  several  descrip- 
tions of  these  totally  distinct  groups  of  animals,  contained  in  some  cyclopedia.  Theao 
ho  has  confounded  and  hopelessly  mixed  up.  As  if  to  make  this  confusion  worse 
confounded,  ho  applied  to  his  creation  the  name  of  "  Ccphaloptera,"  tho  designation 
of  a  gigantic  genuine  fish  (a  "ray  ")  found  on  our  southern  coasts,  aud  also  called  "devil- 
fish" by  the  tishcrmeu.  His  account  of  the  general  appearance  of  tho  Octopux,  however, 
is  not  so  bad.  and  was  evidently  based  on  a  very  superficial  personal  examination  of 
an  ordinary  specimen  of  Octopus  vulgaris, 
[I] 


KEIHJllT    OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH    AND    71811 HRIKS. 


[2] 


\ou'^  faiitiliar  with  them,  and  ocnasionally  to  have  caiitiircd  and  unoxl 
thfin  for  bait.  Tlio  whalemen  have  also  repeatedly  stated  that  sjierm- 
whales  feed  upon  hnge  squid,  and  that,  when  wonnde«l,they  often  vomit 
large  fragments  of  them,  iu  such  a  condition  as  to  be  recognizable.* 

I  have  somewhere  seen  a  statement  to  the  effect  that  a  huge  scpiid  of 
this  kind  was  cast  ashore,  many  years  ago  (in  the  last  century,  I  believe), 
at  the  Island  of  St.  Pierre,  near  Newfoundland,  but  have  forgotten  the 
authority  for  the  statement. 

The  first  reliable  account,  known  to  me,  of  specimens  actually  taken  in 
American  waters  by  our  fishermen  and  whalemen  was  published  by  Dr. 
A.  S.  Packard,  in  1873.  t  In  that  article  Dr.  Packard  described  a  por- 
tion of  a  jaw  from  a  largo  specimen  (our  No.  1)  taken  by  the  Gloucester 
fishermen  on  the  Crrand  Banks,  and  a  very  large  pair  of  Jaws  taken 
from  the  stomach  of  a  sperm-whale  (our  No.  10).  St)on  after  this,  in 
1873,  a  large  living  specimen  (our  No.  2)  was  encountered  by  Thcophi- 
lus  Picott  and  another  fisherman,  in  Conception  Bay,  and  one  of  the 
tentacular  arms  which  they  secured  was  preserved  in  the  geological  mu- 
seum at  Saint  John's,  Newfoundland,  by  the  Rev.  M.  Ilarvey  and  Mr. 
Alexander  Murray.  Both  these  gentlemen  wrote  good  and  interesting 
accounts  of  this  specimen,  which  were  extensively  copied  in  the  maga- 
zines sind  newspapers,  while  a  photograph  of  the  arm  itself  was  also 
secured  and  ilistributed. 

This  important  addition  to  our  knowledge  of  these  creatures  was 
followed,  about  two  weeks  later,  by  the  capture  of  a  nearly  perfect  speci- 
men (our  No.  5)  of  the  same  species,  near  Saint  John's.  Mr.  Harvey 
and  Mr.  Murray  likewise  secured  this  specimen,  and  published  detailed 
accounts  of  it,  which  gave  a  more  accurate  idea  of  the  character  of  the 
genus  and  species  than  had  anj'  previous  descrijjtions. 

My  own  attention  was  specially  directed  to  these  large  Cephalopods, 
at  that  time,  on  account  of  being  so  fortunate  as  to  secure  for  study 
most  of  the  preserved  portions  of  all  the  specimens  referred  to  above, 
with  some  additional  ones,  detailed  below.  For  these  very  interesting 
specimens  I  am  especially  indebted  to  the  zeal  and  kindness  of  the 
Rev.  M.  Harvey  and  to  Prof.  S.  F.  Baird.  To  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard  I  am 
indebted  for  the  use  of  the  jaws  of  No.  10.  Mr.  Pourtalfes,  curator  of 
the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  has  also  kindly  sent  the  specimens 
belonging  to  that  museum,  and  Mr.  W.  H.  Dall  has  contributed  his  speci- 
mens and  drawings  of  a  species  from  Alaska.  Special  acknowledg- 
ments to  others  will  be  found  iu  connection  with  the  descriptions  of  the 
specimens. 

Although  I  have,  in  several  former  papers,  |  given  details  of  the  time 

•  See  Maory's  Sailing  Directions.  Also  articles  by  N.  S.  Shaler,  American  Naturalist, 
vol.  vii,  p.  3,  1873;  by  Dr.  Packard,  op.  cit.,  p.  90;  and  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Dall,  op.  cit., 
p.  484. 

tAmerican  Naturalist,  vol.  vii,  p.  91,  February,  1873, 

t  American  Jour.  Science,  vol.  vii,  p.  158,  Feb.,  1874;  vol.  ix,  pp.  123,  177,  Plates 
II- V,  1875;   vol.  x,  p.  213,  Sept.,  1875;  vol.  xii,  p.  236,1876;  vol.  xiv,  p.  425,  Nov., 


'.      [2] 

nd  luscd 
t  siicTin- 
Ml  vomit 
ni/iiblo.* 
H<iui(l  of 
believe), 
otteii  the 

taken  in 
Ml  by  Dr. 
leil  SI  por- 
loucester 
,\v«  tiiken 
M'  this,  in 

Thoopbi- 
)ne  of  the 
>gical  ran- 
'  and  Mr. 
uteresting 
tlic  niaga- 
'  was  also 

,tures  was 
pfect  speci- 
r.  Harvey 
id  detailed 
jter  of  the 

>halopod8, 
for  study 

to  above, 
[uteresting 
>ss  of  the 
tkard  I  am 
Icuralor  of 
I  specimens 

his  speci- 
Iknowledg- 
lons  of  the 

)f  the  time 

In  Naturalist, 
)all,  op.  cit., 


I,  177,  Plates 
>.  425,  Nov., 


[3] 


CEPIIAI^POn.S  OP  NORTIIKASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


and  place  of  oiicurreiu-e  of  many  of  the  specimons  enumerated  below,  it 
secniN  desirable  to  bring  together,  in  this  place,  accounts  of  all  these, 
in  order  that  the  various  desciriptions  and  measurements  may  be  more 
rea<lily  r,ompared,  an«l  also  that  errors  in  some  of  the  former  accounts 
may  bo  corrected  and  new  information  added.  To  facilitate  the  compari- 
son of  the  general  a(>counts  of  more  than  twenty-five  examples  that  I  am 
now  able  to  enumerate  from  our  coast,  I  have  given,  by  themselves,  the 
statements  of  the  time  and  place  of  their  occurrence,  with  such  general 
descriptions  and  measurements  of  each  as  are  most  available,  reserving 
the  more  detailc<l  special  descriptions  of  the  preserved  specimens  for 
the  systematic  part  of  this  article. 

This  seemed  the  more  desirable  because  the  information  concerning 
many  of  the  specimens  is  so  scanty  as  to  rentier  it  imjiossible  to  refer 
them,  with  certainty,  to  either  of  the  species  now  recognized  or  nirmed. 
It  is  i)rob{ible,  however,  that  only  three  forms  are  indicated  by  the 
Ifirgo  Newfoundland  specimens  of  Architeuthis,  and  two  of  these  maybe 
merely  the  males  and  females  of  one  sj)ecies.  (3ne  of  the  principal  dif- 
ferences usually  indicated  by  the  measurements  is  in  respect  to  the  size 
and  length  of  the  shorter  arms,  one  form  having  them  comparatively 
sto  ,  often  "thicker  than  a  man's  thigh,"  while  the  other  ♦orm  has  them 
long  ami  slender  (usually  li  to  5  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  length  of 
G  to  11  feet).  In  case  these  differences  prove  to  be  sexual,  those  with 
stout  arms  will  probably  be  the  females,  judging  from  analogy  with 
the  small  squids  nearest  related.*  In  the  three  specimens,  of  which  I 
have  seen  the  arms,  they  are  long  and  sleiuler,  but  in  one  the  arms  are 
much  longer  in  proportion  to  the  body  than  in  the  others;  there  are 
also  differences  in  the  dentictilation  of  the  suckers  of  the  short  arms. 
These  ditterences  appear,  at  present,  to  indicate  two  species. 

A  few  words  of  explanation  may  be  desirable  here,  in  regard  to  the  rela- 
tive value  of  the  measurements  usually  given,  and  also  with  reference  to 
the  parts  most  useful  to  preserve  when,  as  will  usually  happen,  the  whole 

1877.  American  Natnraliat,  vol.  viii,  p.  167,  1W4  ;  vol.  ix,  pp.  "21,  78,  Jan.  aud  Feb., 
1875  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Nat.  Hist.,  March,  1874.  Transactions  Conncctient 
Acad.  Science,  vol.  v,  p.  177,  Plates  XIII-XXV,  1879-'80. 

•By  examinations  of  very  nuraorous  specimens  of  our  common  squids,  Ommastrephes 
illecebroaus  and  Loligo  Pealei,  I  have  satisfied  myself  that  the  adult  females  of  both 
commonly  differ  from  the  males  by  having  the  head,  the  siphon,  the  arms,  and  the 
anckers  relatively  larger  and  stronger  thau  in  the  mules.  In  compariiig  specimens  of 
the  two  sexes  having  the  body  and  fins  of  the  s.ime  length,  this  difference  is  often 
very  evident.  The  large  suckers  of  the  tentacular  arms  ofttm  show  an  increased  size 
in  the  female,  in  a  very  marked  degree.  The  short  arujs  show  a  greater  increase  in 
diameter  than  in  length.  In  one  of  my  former  articles  (Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  ix,  p.  179, 
1875)  the  increase  in  size  of  these  parts  was  erroneously,  but  inadvertently,  said  to 
be  in  the  male,  but  this  error  has  1)een  corrected  in  my  subsequent  articles  Still,  it 
is  true  that  both  sexes  vary  to  a  consi-lcrablo  extent  in  the  size  of  the  suckers,  even  in 
adult  specimens  of  equal  size,  so  that  a  male  may  easily  bo  selected  with  suckers 
larger  than  those  of  some  females  of  the  same  size.  In  these  common  squids  I  have 
found  no  great  variation  in  the  relative  size  and  form  of  the  caudal  fins,  when  adult, 
and  of  the  same  sex.    I  have  often  found  the  males  more  common  than  the  females. 


REPORT   OP   COMMISSIONER   OF    FISH    AND   FISHERIES. 


[4] 


m 


cauuot  bu  Hiived.  Tho  incusurements  of  thu  Hoft.  cxturiml  parts  uf 
Gupliulopods  are,  fur  thu  iuu8t  part,  only  upproximato,  and  they  are  not 
all  of  equal  value,  for  some  {tartu  are  more  eliangeable  in  size  and  shape 
than  others.  The  lonj^,  contractile  tentacular  arms,  especially,  are  lia- 
ble to  threat  variation  in  length  according  to  their  statA)  of  contraction 
or  extension,  and  therefore  their  relative  length  is  of  little  or  no  value 
in  discriminating  species.  Unfortunately,  this,  either  by  itself  or  com- 
bined with  tho  length  of  the  'body'  as  total  length,  is  often  the  princi- 
pal one  given.  The  circumference  of  the  body  varies,  likewise,  accord- 
ing to  its  state  of  contraction  or  relaxation,  and  the  'breadth'  of  the 
body,  when  such  soft  creatures  are  stranded  on  the  shore,  will  depend 
much  upon  the  extent  to  which  it  is  collapsed  and  flattened  from  its 
proper  cylindrical  form,  and  is  of  less  value  than  the  circumference. 
Measurements  of  the  length  of  the  body,  to  the  mantle-edge,  and  to  the 
bases  of  the  arms;  length  and  circumference  of  the  various  pairs  of 
short  arms;  of  the  length  and  circumference  of  the  head;  size  of  the 
eyes;  length  and  breadth  of  the  tail-fin;  size  of  the  largest  suckers  on 
the  different  arms;  and  size  of  the  'club'  of  the  long  arms,  are  all  very 
useful  and  valuable.  The  shape  of  tho  tail-tin  should  be  carefully  noted, 
also  the  presence  or  absence  of  eyelids,  and  of  a  sinus  or  groove  at  the 
front  edge  of  eyelids.  The  size  and  shape  of  the  thin  internal '  bone' 
or  'pen'  is  particularly  desirable.  All  parts  of  Coplialopods  contract 
to  a  very  great  extent,  wlieu  preserved  in  strong  alcohol  ioi-  some  time. 
Even  the  horny  jaws  and  sucker-ringH  may  ilecrease  as  much  as  20  per 
cent,  in  size,  and  the  soft  parts  much  more.  Usually  it  will  not  be  pos- 
sible to  preserve  the  pen  in  any  satisfactory  shape  by  drying,  for  it 
cracks  in  pieces  and  curls  up.  It  may  bo  preserved  packed  in  salt,  in 
brine,  or  in  alcohol.  The  same  is  true  of  the  beak.  The  horny  rims  of 
the  suckers  can  usually  be  dried,  but  are  better  by  far  in  alcohol  or 
brine.  The  parts  most  useful  for  preservation  in  alcohol  or  salt,  in  cases 
when  only  a  portion  can  be  saved,  are  the  long  tentacular  arms,  espe- 
cially their  terminal  'clubs,'  with  the  suckers  in  place;  the  short  arms, 
with  their  suckers;  of  these  the  left  arm  of  the  lower,  or  ventral,  pair 
will  probably  be  the  most  valuable,  being  usually  the  one  that  will 
show  the  sexual  distinction,  by  the  alteration  of  its  suckers,  toward  the 
tip  or  in  some  other  part;  the  lateral  arms  next  to  the  ventral  are  next 
in  importance;  the  caudal  fin,  and  if  possible  the  entire  head,  should  be 
preserved;  also  the  'pen,'  if  possible.  In  cases  where  the  head  cannot 
be  saved  entire,  even  with  the  arms  removed,  the  beak  and  tongue,  and 
other  fleshy  parts  in  and  behind  the  beak,  should  bo  carefully  preserved, 
as  nearly  entire  as  possible,  either  in  strong  brine  or  in  alcohol  of  not 
less  than  80  per  cent.,  which  is  generally  the  best  strength  for  all  kinds 
of  Cephalopods. 


5 

'I 
I 


19.        [4] 

parts  of 
y  are  not 
nd  Hhapo 
•,  are  lia- 
utractiou 
no  value 
f  or  corn- 
lie  priuci- 
B,  accord- 
h'  of  the 
11  depend 
I  from  its 
Qiference. 
ind  to  the 
I  pairs  of 
ize  of  the 
ackers  on 
•e  all  very 
illy  noted, 
9ve  at  the 
iial  'bone' 
3  contract 
ionio  time, 
as  20  per 
ot  be  pqs- 
ug;,  for  it 
in  salt,  in 
ly  rims  of 
ilcohol  or 
t,  in  cases 
:m8,  espe- 
lort  arms, 
itral,  pair 
that  will 
)ward  the 
are  next 
ihould  be 
,d  cannot 
gue,  and 
reserved, 
ol  of  not 
all  kinds 


[5] 


CEPlfALOronS  ok  NORTIFF.ASTERV  coast  of  AMHRIPA. 


OenernI  drHcripiinn  of  the  Kcirral  Ajncr'icaii  uprciinens,  and  of  their  necur- 

fence. 

No.  1.— Grand  Dankh  kpkcimkn,  1S71.    (Architeuthix 2»inceps.) 

riato  XI,  llKuri'M  U,  'M, 

This  HpcciiiHMi  was  found  dead  and  floating'  at  the  surface,  on  the 
Grand  lianks  of  NewfountUand,  in  October,  1871,  by  Captain  Campbell, 
of  the  schooner  "15.  D.  Ilaskins,"  of  Gloucester,  Mass.  It  was  taken  on 
board  and  part  of  it  used  for  bait.*  Dr.  A.  S.  I'ackard  ha«  fe'iven,  in  the 
American  Naturalist,  vol.  vii,  p.  1)1,  February,  1873,  a  letter  <'rom  Mr. 
James  G.  Tarr,  of  Gloucester,  Mass.,  containing  most  of  the  facts  that 
have  been  published  in  regard  to  the  history  of  this  individual.  But  its 
jaws  were  sent  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  by  Mr.  f^ .  V.  Whitman, 
and  were  sent  to  me  by  Professor  Baird  to  be  described  s'ld  figured. 
The  horny  jaw  or  beak  from  this  specimen  is  thick  and  si  vong,  nearly 
black;  it  is  acute  at  the  ai)ex,  with  a  decided  notch  .  angle  on  the  iu- 
8i<le,  about  .75  of  an  incli  from  the  point,  and  beyond  .»iO  noteli  is  >  large, 
prominent  angul  r  lobe.  Mr.  Tan*  states  that  the  nuite  o;  the  vessel 
measured  the  bouy  of  tliis  specimen  wivh  a  rule,  after  '^  w.is  hoisted  on 
boanl  'id  that  it  measured  15  feet  in  length  and  4  feet  8  inches  in  cir- 
cumference. The  arms  were  mutilated,  but  the  i)ortions  remaining  were 
estinuited  to  be  9  or  10  feet  long  and  22  inches  in  circumference,  two 
being  shorter  than  the  rest.  It  was  estimated  that  it  weighed  2,000 
pountls,  and  would  have  filled  eight  or  ten  barrels. 

No.  2.— Conception  Bay  specimen,  1873.    {Arehiteuthis  Haneyit) 

A  large  individttal,  seen  resting  at  the  surface,  was  approached  and 
attacked  by  two  men,  who  were  in  a  small  boat,  near  Portugal  Cove,  in 
Conception  Bay,  October  27,  1873.  Full  accounts  of  this  adventure, 
written  by  llev.  M.  Ilarvey,  have  been  published  in  many  of  the  maga- 
zines and  newspapers.!  Two  of  the  arms,  which  it  threw  across  the 
boat,  were  cut  oil'  with  a  hatchet  and  brought  ashore.  One  of  these  was 
a  short  or  sessile  arm,  the  other  was  one  of  the  long,  slender  tentacular 


•Ihavo  been  informed  by  many  other  fishennen  that  these  "  big  squids,"  a8  they 
call  tliciii,  arc  occasionally  taken  on  tlit*  Grand  Hanks  and  usod  for  bait.  Others  state 
that  they  have  seen  them  in  that  region,  without  being  able  to  capture  them.  Nearly 
all  the  specimens  hitherto  taken  appear  to  have  been  more  or  less  disabled  when  first 
observed,  otherwise  they  probably  would  not  appear  at  the  surface  in  the  day-time. 
From  the  fact  that  they  have  mostly  come  ashore  in  t'lo  night,  I  infer  that  they  iinhabt 
chiefly  the  very  deep  and  cold  tiords  of  Newfoundland,  dnd  come  up  to  the  surface  only 
in  the  night. 

tSee  Amer.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  vii,  p.  l.W,  1874;  and  Anier.  Natiualist,  vol  viii,  No. 
2,  p.  120,  Feb.,  1874,  in  a  letter  from  Mr.  Alexander  Murray.  Also,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
Lend.,  p.  178,  1874;  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvi,  p.  101,  1873;  The  Maritime 
Monthly,  iii.  No.  3,  March,  1874,  p.  193;  The  Now  York  World,  Nov.  9,  1873;  The 
Montreal  Gazette,  Nov.  26,  1873;  The  Boston  Traveller,  Nov.,  1873. 


liJI 


r  1 


h^r] 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISnERIES.       [6] 

arms.  A  portion  of  the  latter,  measuriiig  19  feet  in  length,  was  pre- 
served by  the  lie  v.  M,  Harvey  and  Mr.  Alexander  Murray  for  the  uiu- 
seuui  at  Saint  John's,  Jfewfoundland.  It  was  photographed,  and  euts 
copied  from  the  photograph  were  published  in  some  of  the  English  mag- 
azines.* Before  it  was  secured  for  preservation  it  had  been  considerably 
injured,  many  of  the  larger  suckers  having  been  torn  off  or  mutilat<'d. 
Owing  to  this  fact  they  were  originally  described  by  Mr.  Harvey  as  des- 
titute of  marginal  denticulations,  but  he  subsequently  re  examined  the 
specimen,  at  my  request,  and  informed  me  that  they  were  all  originally 
denticulated.  Of  this  specimen  I  have  seen  only  the  photograph  and 
some  of  the  smaller  suckers.  This  fragment  represents  the  distal  half 
of  one  of  the  long  tentacular  arms,  with  its  expanded  terminal  portion 
or  'club'  originally  covered  with  cup-shaped  suckers,  about  24  of  which, 
forming  two  central  rows,  are  very  large,  the  largest  being  1.25  inches 
in  diameter;  others,  alternating  with  these  along  each  margin,  are 
smaller,  with  the  edge  supported  by  a  serrated  ring.  The  tip  of  the  arm 
is  covered  with  numerous  smaller  suckers,  in  four  rows.  The  part  of 
the  arm  preserved  measured,  when  fresh,  19  feet  in  length  and  3.5  inches 
in  circumference,  but  wider,  "like  an  oar,"  and  G  iTiches  in  circumference 
near  the  end,  where  the  suckers  are  situated. 

It  is  stated  that  G  feet  of  this  arm  had  been  destroyed  before  it  was 
preserved,  and  the  captors  estimated  that  they  left  from  G  to  10  feet 
attached  to  the  creature,  which  would  make  the  total  length  between  31 
and  35  feet.  According  to  Mr.  Murray,  the  portion  preserved  measured 
but  17  feet  in  length  when  he  examined  it,  October  31,  1873,  after  it 
had  been  a  few  days  in  strong  brine.  The  other  arm  was  destroyed  and 
no  description  was  made;  but  the  portion  secured  was  estimated  by  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Gabriel,  who  saw  it,  to  have  been  6  feet  long  and  10  inches  in 
diameter;  it  was  evidently  one  of  the  eight  shorter  sessile  arms,  and  its 
siae  was  probably  overestimated.  The  fishermen,  who  were  doubtless 
somewhat  frightened,  estimated  the  body  of  this  individual  to  have  been 
about  GO  feet  in  length  and  5  feet  in  diameter,  according  to  Mr.  Harvey; 
'jut  if  the  proportions  be  about  the  same  as  in  the  specimens  since  cap- 
tured (No.  5  and  No.  14),  as  I  believe,  then  the  body  could  not  have  been 
more  than  about  10  feet  long  and  2.5  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  long 
arms  sbould  have  been  about  32  feet  in  length.t  Allowing  2  feet  for 
the  h4kSky  i0\e  total  length,  would,  therefore,  be  about  44  feet. 

The  following  extract  is  from  a  letter  written  by  the  Rev.  M.  Harvey 
to  Dr.  J.  W.  Dawson,  and  published  in  the  Montreal  Gazette,  February 
26, 1873:  "Two  fishermen  were  out  in  a  small  punt,  on  October  26, 1875, 
off  Portugal  Cove,  Conception  Bay,  about  nine  miles  from  Saint  John's. 


*Seo  Auniils  aud  Magazine  of  Natural  History,  IV,  xiii,  p.  (58,  Jan.,  1874;  and  The 
Field,  Dec.  13,  1873.  The  central  lino  of  this  photograph  is  reduced  four  aud  a  quar- 
ter times,  while  thp  front  part  is  reduced  about  four  times.  • 

t  Doubtless  these  long  arms  are  very  contractile,  aud  changeable  in  length,  like  those 
of  the  ordinary  squids. 


I 


[7 

Oh 

roA 
On 
ate 
cla 
oft 
livi 


^ 


ES. 


[G] 


[7] 


CEPIIALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


,  was  prc- 
or  the  niu- 
l,  and  cuts 
glisU  mag- 
risiderably 
mutilati'd. 
rey  as  des- 
Diincd  tlio 
origiiKilly 
graph  and 
distal  half 
lal  portion 
4  of  which, 
1.25  inches 
largin,  are 
of  the  arm 
he  part  of 
1 3.5  inches 
mmference 

ifore  it  was 
to  10  feet 
between  31 
I  measured 
73,  after  it 
trcyed  and 
ited  by  the 
} inches  in 
ns,  and  its 
doubtless 
have  been 
r.  Harvey; 
since  cap- 
have  been 
the  long 
2  feet  for 

Harvey 
February 
20, 1875, 
nt  John's. 

4;  and  The 

niul  a  qnnr- 

I,  like  those 


Observing  some  object  lloating  on  the  water  at  a  short  distance,  they 
rowed  towards  it,  supposing  it  to  be  a  largo  sail  or  the  d4bru  of  a  wreck. 
On  reaching  it  one  of  the  men  struck  it  with  his  'gaff,'  when  immedi- 
ately it  showed  signs  of  life,  reared  a  parrot-like  beak,  which  they  de- 
clare was  'as  big  as  a  six-gallon  keg,'  with  which  it  struck  the  bottom 
of  the  boat  violently.  It  then  shot  out  from  about  its  head  two  huge 
livid  arms  and  began  to  twine  them  round  the  boat.  One  of  the  men 
seized  a  small  ax  and  severed  both  arms  as  they  lay  over  the  gunwale 
of  the  boat;  whereupon  the  fish  moved  off  and  ejected  an  immense  quan- 
tity of  inky  fluid,  which  darkened  the  water  for  two  or  three  hundred 
yards.  The  men  saw  it  for  a  short  time  afterwards,  and  observed  its 
tail  in  the  air,  which  they  declare  was  10  feet  across.  They  estimate 
the  body  to  have  been  60  feet  in  length,  5  feet  in  diameter,  of  the  same 
shape  and  color  as  the  common  squid,  and  they  observed  that  it  moved 
in  the  same  way  as  the  squid,  both  backwards  and  forwards. 

"One  of  the  arms  which  they  brought  ashore  was  unfortunately'  de- 
stroyed, as  they  were  ignorant  of  its  importance;  but  the  clergyman  of 
the  village  assures  me  it  was  10  inches  in  diameter  and  0  feet  in  length. 
The  other  arm  was  brought  to  Saint  John's,  but  not  before  G  feet  of  it 
were  destroyed.  Fortunately,  I  heard  of  it  and  took  measures  to  have 
it  preserved.  Mr.  Murray,  of  the  geological  survey,  and  I  afterwards 
examined  it  carefully,  had  it  photographed,  and  immersed  in  alcohol ;  it 
is  now  in  our  museum.  It  measured  19  feet,  is  of  a  pale,  pink  color,  en- 
tirely cartilaginous,  tough  and  pliant  as  leather,  and  very  strong." 

No.  3 Coombs'  Cove  specimen,  1873.    {Architeufhis  Rarveyi  9  ?) 

Another  specimen  (No.  3),  probably  considerably  larger  than  the  last, 
was  captured  at  Coombs'  Cove,  Fortune  Bay,  Newfoundland.  The  fol- 
lowing account  has  been  taken  from  a  newspaper  article,  of  which  I  do 
not  know  the  precise  date,*  forwarded  to  me  by  Professor  Baird,  to- 
gether with  a  letter,  dated  June  15, 1873,  from  the  lion.  T.  R.  Bennett, 
of  English  Harbor,  Newfoundland,  who  states  that  he  wrote  the  article, 
and  that  the  measurements  were  made  by  him,  and  are  perfectly  re- 
liable :t 

"  Three  days  ago  there  was  quite  a  largo  squid  run  almost  ashore  at 
Coombs'  Cove,  and  some  of  the  inhabitants  secured  it.  The  body  meas- 
ured 10  feet  in  length  rind  was  nearly  as  large  round  as  a  hogshead. 
One  arm  was  about  the  size  of  a  man's  wrist,  and  measured  42  feet  in 
length ;  the  other  arms  were  only  0  feet  in  length,  but  about  9  inches 
iu  diameter,  very  stout  and  strong.    The  skin  and  flesh  were  2.25  inches 

•  Tho  exact  date  of  this  capt.uro  I  do  not  know,  but  i*  was  probably  iu  the  autumn 
or  wiuior  of  1872. 

t  Through  Mr.  Sauderson  Smith,  who  visited  Mr.  Bouuott  after  tho  "publicatiou  of 
my  lirst  article,  I J  >aru  that  this  specimen  is  the  same  as  tho  one  designated  as  No.  0 
in  my  early  papers,  and  that  tho  measurements  of  No,  ('»,  as  given  to  mo  by  Mr.  Har- 
vey, are  incorrect,  owing  to  his  mistake  in  supposing  that  4'2  foot  wae  tho  total  length, 
instead  of  tho  length  of  tho  longer  tentacular  arm. 


REPORT   OP   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.       [8] 

thick,  and  reddish  inside  as  well  as  out.  The  suction-cups  were  all 
clustered  together,  near  the  extremity  of  the  long  arm,  and  each  cup 
was  surrounded  by  a  serrated  edge,  almost  like  the  teeth  of  a  hand- 
saw. I  presume  it  made  use  of  this  arm  for  a  cable,  and  the  cups  for 
anchors,  when  it  wanted  to  come  to,  as  well  as  to  secure  its  prey,  for 
this  individual,  finding  a  heavy  sea  was  driving  it  ashore,  tail  first, 
seized  hold  of  a  rock  and  moored  itself  quite  safely  until  the  men 
pulled  it  on  shore.'' 

Mr.  Bennett,  in  a  memorandum  subsequently  given  to  Mr.  Sanderson 
Smith,  and  communicated  to  me  by  him,  states  that  both  the  tentacu- 
lar arms  were  present,  and  that  the  shorter  one  was  41.5  feet  in  length. 
The  large  diameter  of  the  short  arms,  compared  with  their  length  and 
with  that  of  the  long  arms,  and  their  shortness  compared  with  the 
length  of  the  body,  are  points  in  which  this  specimen  apparently  dif- 
fered essentially  fi'om  those  that  have  been  preserved  and  are  better 
known.  It  was  probably  a  female.  The  total  length,  as  I  understand 
the  measurements,  was  52  feet. 

No.  4. — BoNAviSTA  Bay  specimen.    {Architeuthia  Harveyif) 
Plato  III,  figures  4,  4a.    Plate  lY,  flgnres  1,  la. 

A  pair  of  jaws  and  two  of  the  suckers  from  the  tentacular  arms  were 
forwarded  to  me  by  Professor  Baird,  of  the  Sraithsonian  Institution. 
These  were  received  from  Eev.  A.  Munn,  who  writes  that  they  were 
taken  &om  a  specimen  that  came  ashore  at  Bonavista  Bay,  Newfound- 
land ;  that  it  measured  32  feet  in  length  (probably  the  entire  length, 
including  the  tentacular  arms)  and  about  C  feet  in  circumference.  The 
jaws  are  large  and  broad,  resembling  those  of  No.  5  both  in  size  and 
form,  but  much  thinner  than  those  of  No.  1,  and  without  the  deep 
notch  and  angular  lobe  seen  in  that  specimen.  The  suckers  also  agree 
with  those  of  No.  5,  but  are  a  little  smaller. 

No.'  5.— LoGiE  Bay  specimen,  1873     {Architeuthh  Earveyi,  type.) 
Plate  I.    Plato  II.    Plato  111.    Plate  IV,  figures  4-11.    Plato  V,  figures  1-5. 

A  complete  specimen  was  captured  in  November,  1873,  at  Logic  Bay, 
about  four  miles  from  Saint  John's,  Newfoundland.  It  became  entangled 
in  a  herring-net,  and  made  a  desperate  effort  to  escape.  It  was  killed 
by  the  fishermen,  with  some  difficulty,  and  only  t*fter  a  struggle,  during 
which  its  head  was  badly  mutilated  and  severed  from  the  body,  and  the 
eyes,  most  of  the  siphon-tube,  and  part  of  the  front  edge  of  the  mantle 
were  destroyed.  It  is  probable  that  this  was  a  smaller  specimen  of  the 
same  species  as  No.  2.  Fortunately,  this  specimen  was  secured  by  the 
Rev.  M.  Hairvey,  of  Saint  John's.  After  it  had  been  photographed  and 
measured,  he  attempted  to  preserve  it  entire  in  brine,  but  this  was 
found  to  be  ineffectual,  and  after  decomposition  had  begun  to  destroy 
some  of  the  most  perishable  parts,  ho  took  it  from  the  brine  and,  divid- 


lES.       [8] 

)S  were  all 
i  eacli  cup 
of  a  hand- 
le cups  for 
bs  prey,  for 
B,tail  first, 
il  the  men 

.  Sanderson 
he  tentacn* 
)t  in  length, 
length  and 
id  with  the 
)arently  dif- 
d  are  better 
understand 


arveyi t) 


ir  arms  were 

Institution. 

\,t  they  were 

,  Newfound- 

Dtiro  length, 

irence.    The 

in  size  and 

Lit  the  deep 

•s  also  agree 


rveyi,  type.) 

[giuoa  1-5. 


[9] 


CEPHALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OP  AMERICA. 


ing  it  into  several  portions,  preserved  such  parts  as  were  still  un- 
decomi)osed  in  strong  alcohol.  These  various  portions  have  all  been 
examined  by  mc,  and  part  of  them  are  now  in  my  possession,  and, 
with  the  photographs,  have  enabled  me  to  present  a  restoration,  be- 
lieved to  be  tolerably  accurate,  of  the  entire  creature  (Plate  II).  In 
this  figure  the  eyes,  ears,  siphon-tube,  and  front  edge  of  the  mantle 
have  been  restored  fi'om  a  small  squid  {Ommastrephea).  The  other 
parts  have  been  drawn  directly  from  the  photographs  and  speci- 
mens.* There  were  two  photographs  of  the  specimen,t  one  show- 
ing the  cutire  body,  somewhat  mutilated  anteriorly,  the  other  showing 
the  head  with  the  ten  arms  attached  (Plate  I,  fig.  1).  The  photographs 
were  made  by  Messrs.  McEenny  &  Parsons,  of  Saint.  John's.  The 
body  or  mantle  of  this  specimen  was  abont  7  feet  long  aud  between  5 
and  6  feet  in  circumference;  the  relatively  small  caudal  fin  was 
arrow-shaped  and  22  inches  broad,  but  short,  thick,  and  very  pointed 
at  the  end ;  the  two  long  tentacular  arms  were  24  feet  in  length  and 
2.5  inches  in  circumference,  except  at  the  broader  part  near  the  end ; 
the  largest  suckers,  which  form  two  regular  alternating  rows,  of  twelve 
each,  were  1.25  inches  in  diameter,  with  serrated  edges.  There  is  also 
an  outer  row  of  much  smaller  suckers,  alternating  with  the  large  ones, 
on  each  margin ;  the  terminal  part  is  thickly  covered  with  small  ser- 
ratA>d  suckers;  and  numerous  small  suckers  and  tubercles  are  crowded 
on  that  portion  of  the  arms  where  the  enlargement  begins,  before  the 
commencement  of  the  rows  of  large  suckers.  The  arrangement  of  the 
suckers  is  nearly  the  same  as  on  the  long  arm  of  No.  2,  but  in  the 
latter  the  terminal  portion  of  the  arm,  beyond  the  large  suckers,  as 
shown  in  the  photographs,  is  not  so  long,  tapering,  and  acute,  but 
this  may  be  due  to  the  different  conditions  of  the  two  specimens. 
The  eight  short  arms  were  each  6  feet  long ;  the  two  largest  were  10 
inches  in  circumference  at  base;  the  others  were  9,  8,  and  7  inches. 
These  short  arms  taper  to  slender,  acute  tips,  and  each  bears  more  than 
100  large,  oblique  suckers,  with  serrated  margins,  and  over  200  smaller 
ones  toward  the  tip. 

*  The  flgnre  was  originally  made,  from  the  photographs  only,  by  Mr.  P.  Roetter,  of 
the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  but  after  the  arrival  of  the  specimens  it  had  to 
be  altered  in  many  parts.  These  necessary  changes  were  made  by  the  writer,  after  a 
caroful  study  of  the  parts  preserved,  in  comparison  with  the  photographs  and  origi- 
nal measurements.  As  published  in  my  fi-st  paper  (1875),  the  eyes  and  back  of  the  head 
of  the  figure  wore  restored  as  in  Loligo.  Subsequent  studies  and  additional  specimens 
showed  that  this  genns  is  closely  allied  to  OmtMutrepkm.  Therefore,  the  head  would 
h8.ve  been  more  correctly  shown  had  it  been  restored  with  reference  to  that  genus,  as 
has  been  done  in  this  pai>er.  The  most  obvious  difference  is  in  the  eyes,  which  have 
distinct  lids  and  an  anterior  sinus. 

t  Cuts  made  ficom  these  photographs  have  been  published  in  several  magazines  and 
newspapers,  but  they  have  been  engraved  with  too  little  attention  to  details  to  be  of 
much  use  in  the  discrimination  of  specific  differences.  .  I  have,  therefore,  prepared 
new  figures  firom  these  photographs  with  the  greatest  care  possible  (Plate  I).  These 
figures  are  particularly  valuable,  as  showing  the  arrangement  of  the  suckers  on  the 
short  arms. 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF  FISH   AND   FISHERIES.       [10] 

The  portions  of  the  yen  in  my  possession  belong  to  the  posterior  part 
of  the  blade,  with  fragments  from  the  middle;  although  neither  the 
actual  length  nor  the  greatest  breadth  of  this  part  can  be  given,  we 
can  yet  judge  very  well  what  its  general  form  and  character  must  have 
been.  It  was  a  large,  broad  and  thin  structure,  of  a  yellowish  brown 
color,  and  translucent.  Its  posterior  portion  (Plate  III,  figure  3)  re- 
sembles that  of  LoUgo,  but  its  anterior  and  lateral  edges  are  entirely 
different,,  for  instead  of  having  a  regular  lanceolate  form,  tapering  to 
both  ends,  as  in  LoUgo,  it  expands  and  thins  out  toward  the  lateral  and 
anterior  borders,  fading  out  insensibly,  both  at  the  edges  and  end,  into 
soft  membrane.*  The  posterior  end,  for  about  an  inch  and  a  half,  rapidly 
narrows  to  a  point,  which  was  probably  involute  and  hooded  for  a  short 
distance;  from  this  portion  forward  the  width  gradually  increases  from 
1.2  inches  to  5  inches,  at  a  point  25  inches  from  the  end.  where  our 
specimen  is  broken  off;  at  this  place  the  marginal  strips  are  wanting, 
but  the  width  is  5  inches  between  the  lateral  midribs  {d,  d"),  which 
were,  perhaps,  far  from  the  margin.  Along  the  center  of  the  shell 
there  is  a  "♦irong,  raised,  smooth,  rounded  midrib,  which  is  very  con- 
spicuous in  the  middle  and  posterior  sections,  becoming  angular  near 
the  end.  On  each  side  of  the  midrib  is  a  lateral  rib  of  smaller  size. 
These  at  first  diverge  rapidly  from  the  central  one,  and  then  run  along 
nearly  parallel  with  the  outer  margin  and  about  .4  of  an  inch  from  it, 
but  beyond  11  inches  from  the  point  the  margins  are  torn  off;  the  lateral 
ribs  gradually  fade  out  before  reaching  the  anterior  border;  near  the 
place  where  they  finally  disappear  they  are  about  6  inches  apart.t 

No.  6  (OF  FORMER  ARTICLES)— SAME  AS  No.  3. 

No.  7.— Labrador  specimen. 

Dr.  D.  Honey  man,  geologist,  of  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  has  published, 
in  a  Halifax  paper,  a  statement  made  to  him  by  a  gentleman  who  claims 
to  have  been  present  at  the  capture  of  another  specimen  (No.  7),  in  the 
Straits  of  Belle  Isle,  at  West  Saint  Modent,  on  the  Labrador  side:  ''It 
was  lying  peacefully  in  the  water  when  it  was  provoked  by  the  push  of 
an  oar.  It  looked  fierce  and  ejected  much  water  from  its  funnel ;  it  did 
not  consider  it  necessary  to  discharge  its  sepia,  as  mollusca  of  this  kind 

*  Probably  there  may  have  been  a  narrow  prolongation  or  shaft  beyond  the  portion 
preserved,  bat  of  this  there  is  no  fragment. 

tMr.  Harvey  pablished  popular  aocouutB  of  this  apocimeu,  and  of  the  praviously 
captured  arm  of  the  larger  one  (No.  3),  in  the  Maritime  Monthly  Magazine  of  Saint 
John,  New  Bronswiok,  for  March,  1874,  and  in  several  newspapers.  Acknowledgments 
are  also  due  to  Mr.  Alexander  Murray,  provincial  geologist,  who  codperated  with  Mr. 
Harvey  in  the  examination  and  preservation  of  these  specimens,  and  who  has  also 
written  some  of  the  oooounts  of  them  that  have  been  published.  See  also  the  Ameri- 
can Naturalist,  vol.  viii,  p.  123,  February,  1874;  American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  vii, 
p.  460;  Nature,  vol.  ix,  p.  322,  February  26,  1874;  Appleton's  Journal,  January  31, 
1874 ;  Forest  and  Stream,  p.  356  (with  figure),  January,  1674. 


[10] 

ior  part 
her  the 
ven,  we 
ist  have 
1  brown 
•e  3)  re- 
entirely 
ering  to 
eral  and 
}nd,  into 
',  rapidly 
r  a  short 
ises  from 
here  our 
wanting, 
'),  which 
the  shell 
rery  con- 
alar  near 
iller  size, 
run  along 
h  from  it, 
he  lateral 
near  the 
,rt.t 


tublished, 
[ho  claims 

7),  in  the 
Iside:  "It 
le  push  of 
[el;  it  did 

this  kind 

Itho  portiou 

praviously 
ae  of  Saint 
vledgments 
LvrlthMr. 
jio  has  also 
I  the  Ameri- 
Ice,  vol.  vli, 
lanaary  31, 


[11]       CEPHALOPODS  OF  NOBTHEASTEBN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

generally  do  in  order  to  cover  their  escape.  The  men  in  the  boat  de* 
termined  to  secure  it.  After  it  had  taken  tJie  boat  in  its  arms,  they 
tried  to  ship  it  with  their  oars.  One  of  these  broke,  but  another  boat 
coming  to  aid  in  the  capture,  the  squid  was  taken  hold  of  by  a  grapnel 
and  rolled  into  a  seine-boat.  The  boats  were  engaged  in  the  herring- 
fishing.  This  also  appears  to  have  been  the  squid's  occupation  about 
the  time  of  its  capture.  The  length  of  its  longest  arm  was  37  feet ;  the 
length  of  the  body  15  feet ;  whole  length  52  feet.  The  bill  was  very  large. 
The  suckers  of  its  arms  or  feet,  by  which  it  lays  hold,  about  2  inches  in 
diameter.  The  monster  was  cut  up,  salted,  and  barreled  for  dog's  meat.*^ 
In  this  account  the  length  given  for  the  <<  body  "  evidently  includes  the 
head  also.  This  creature  was  probably  disabled,  and  perhaps  nearly 
dead,  when  discovered  at  the  surfoice,  and  this  seems  to  have  been  the 
case  with  most  of  the  specimens  hitherto  seen  living.  Animals  of  this 
sort  probably  never  float  or  lie  quietly  at  the  surface  when  in  good 
health. 

Kos.  8  Am>  9. — ^Lamaline  specimens,  1870-'71. 

Mr.  Harvey  refers  to  a  statement  made  to  him  by  a  clergyman,  Bev. 

A.  E.  Gabriel,  of  Portugal  Gove,  that  two  specimens  (Nos.  8  and  9), 

measuring  respectively  40  and  47  feet  in  total  length,  were  cast  ashore 

.at  Lamaline,  on  the  southern  coast  of  Newfoundland,  in  the  winter  of 

1870-'71. 

No.  10.~SpebM'WHALe  speoimbn.    {Arehiteuthis  prinoeps.) 

Plate  XI,  figures  1,  2. 

This  specimen,  consisting  of  both  jaws,  was  presents  to  the  Peabody 
Academy  of  Science,  at  Salem,  Mass.,  by  Gapt.  N.  E.  Atwood,  of  Frov- 
incetown,  Mass.  It  was  taken  from  the  st(»nach  of  a  sperm-whale,  but 
the  precise  date  and  locality  are  not  Inown.  It  was  probably  from  the 
North  Atlantic.  The  upper  jaw  was  imperfectly  figured  by  Dr.  Packard 
in  his  article  on  this  subject.*  It  is  one  of  the  largest  jaws  yet  known, 
and  belonged  to  an  apparently  imdescribed  species,  which  I  named 
Arohiteuthift  priiweps^  and  described  in  my  former  papers,  with  figures 
of  both  j^wci. 

No.  11.-  -Second  Bonavista  Bay  specimen,  1872. 

The  Bev.  M.  Harvey,  in  a  letter  to  me,  stated  that  a  specimen  was 
cast  ashore  at  Bonavista  Bay,  December,  1872,  and  that  his  infbrmant 
told  him  that  the  long  arms  measured  32  feet  in  length,*  and  the  short 
arms  about  10  feet  in  length,  and  were  "thicker  than  a  man's  thigh." 
The  body  was  not  measured,  but  he  thinks  it  was  about  14  feet  long 
and  very  stout,  and  that  the  largest  suckers  were  2.5  inches  in  diameter. 
The  size  of  the  suckers  is  probably  exaggerated,  and  most  likely  the 

*  American  Naturalist,  vol.  vii,  p.  91, 1873. 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OP   PISH   AND    FISHERIES.       [12] 

length  of  the  body  also.  It  is  even  possible  that  this  was  the  same 
specimen  from  which  the  beak  and  suckers  described  as  No.  4,  firom 
Bonavista  Bay,  were  derived,  for  the  date  of  capture  of  that  specimen 
is  unknown  to  me.  The  latter,  however,  was  much  smaller  than  the 
above  measurements,  and  it  is,  therefore,  desirable  to  give  a  special 
number  (11)  to  the  present  one. 

No.  12.— Harbor  Graob  specimen,  1874-^75. 

Another  specimen,  which  we  have  designated  as  No.  12,  was  cast 
ashore,  in  the  winter  of  1874-^75,  near  Harbor  Orace,  but  was  destroyed 
before  its  value  became  known,  and  no  measurements  were  given. 

No.  13.— Fortune  Bat  specimen,  1874. 

Plato  IX,  figure  11. 

A  specimen  was  cast  ashore,  December,  1874,  at  Grand  Bank,  Fortune 
Bay,  Newfoundland.  As  in  the  case  of  several  of  the  previous  speci- 
mens, I  was  indebted  to  the  Bev.  M.  Harvey  for  early  information  con- 
coming  this  one,  and  also  for  the  jaws  and  one  of  the  large  suckers  of 
the  tentacular  arms,  obtained  through  Mr.  Simms,  these  being  the  only 
parts  preserved.  Although  this  specimen  went  ashore  in  December^ 
Mr.  Harvey  did  not  hear  of  the  event  until  March,  owing  to  the  unusual 
interruption  of  travel  by  the  severity  of  the  winter.  He  informed  me 
that  Mr.  G^rge  Simms,  magistrate  of  Grand  Bank,  had  stated  in  a 
letter  to  him  that  he  examined  the  creature  a  few  hours  after  it  went 
ashore,  but  not  before  it  had  been  mutilated  by  the  removal  of  the  tail 
by  the  fishermen,  who  finally  cut  it  up  as  food  for  their  numerous  dogs; 
an^that  the  long  tentacular  arms  were  2G  feet  long  and  16  inches  in 
circumference ;  the  short  arms  were  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  long 
ones;  the  "back  of  the  head  or  neck  was  36  inches  in  circumference" 
(evidently  meaning  the  head  behind  the  bases  of  the  arms) ;  the  length 
of  the  body  <<&om  the  junction  to  the  tail"  was  10  feet  (apparently 
meaning  from  the  ba  se  of  the  arms  to  the  origin  of  the  caudal  fins).  He 
thought  that  the  tail,  which  had  been  removed,  was  about  one-third  as 
long  as  the  body,  but  this  was  probably  overestimated.  In  No.  14  the 
tail,  from  its  origin  or  base,  was  about  one-fifth  as  long  as  the  balance 
of  the  body  and  head.  Applying  the  same  proportio7\s  to  No.  13,  the 
head  and  body  together  would  have  been  12  feet.  In  a  letter  to  me, 
dated  October  27, 1875,  Mr.  Simms  confirmed  the  above  measurements, 
but  stated  that  the  long  arms  had  been  detached,  and  that  the  bases  of 
the  arms  measured  as  those  of  the  tentacular  arms  (they  had  previously 
,  been  cut  off  about  a  foot  from  the  head),  were  triangular  in  outline,  the 
sides  being  respectively  5,  6,  5  inches  in  breadth,  the  longest  or  outer 
side  being  convex  and  the  two  lateral  sides  straight.  He,  moreover,  says 
that  all  vhe  arms  were  covered  with  large  suckers /roM  the  base  outward. 
Hence,  it  is  probable  that  he  made  a  mistake  as  to  these  stumps,  and 


S   ri21   I   [^^]   CEPHAL0P0D8  OP  NOETHEASTEBN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

that  they  really  belonged  to  a  pair  of  sessile  arms.  Probably  the  tentac- 
ular arms,  when  extended,  had  been  cut  off  so  dose  to  their  contractile 
bases  that  their  stumps  had  afterwards  become  contracted  within  their 
basal  poaches,  and  were  therefore  overlooked.  He  adds  that  the  body 
was  3  leet  broad  (doubtless  it  was  much  flattened  from  its  natural  form), 
and  that  the  measurements  were  made  while  the  body  lay  upon  uneven 
ground,  so  that  its  exact  length  could  not  be  easily  ascertained,  and 
that  the  caudal  fin  had  been  cut  off  at  its  base.  As  the  tail-fins  of  Nos. 
5  and  14  W3re  about  one-fifth  the  length  of  the  rest  of  the  body  and  the 
head  together,  this  specimen,  if  belonging  to  either  of  those  species, 
should  have  been  about  12  feet  from  the  base  of  the  arms  to  the  tip  of 
the  tail. 

The  large  sucker  in  my  possession  is  1  inch  in  diameter  across  the 
denticulated  rim,  and  in  form  and  structure  agrees  closely  with  those 
described  and  figured  by  me  from  the  tentacular  arms  of  Nos.  4,  5,  and 
14  (Plate  IV,  figures  1,  4,  and  Plate  IX,  figures  1, 1  a). 

The  jaws  are  still  attached  together,  in  their  natural  position,  by  the 
cartilages.  They  agree  very  closely  in  form  with  the  large  jaws  of  Arohi- 
teuthis  princess  V.  (No.  10),  figured  on  Plate  XI,  but  they  are  about  one- 
tenth  smaller. 

4 

No.  14.— Catalina  SPECIMBN,  1877.    {Arehite^ithi8  princes.) 

Plates  VIII-X. 

A  nearly  perfect  specimen  of  a  large  squid  was  found  cast  ashore,  after 
a  severe  gale,  at  Catalina,  Trinity  Bay,  Newfoundland,  September  22, 
1877.  It  was  living  when  found.  It  was  exhibited  for  two  or  three 
days  at  Saint  Jol.n's,  and  subsequently  was  carried  in  brine  to  New 
York,  where  it  was  purchased  by  Keiche  &  Brother,  for  the  New  T*rk 
Aquarium.  There  I  had  an  opportunity  to  examine  it  very  soon  after 
its  arrival.*  I  am  also  indebted  to  the  proprietors  of  the  aquarium  for 
some  of  the  loose  suckers.  Other  suckers  frt>m  this  specimen  were  sent 
to  me  from  Newfoundland,  by  the  Rev.  M.  Harvey.  Although  some- 
what mutilated,  and  not  in  a  very  good  state  of  preservation  when  re- 
ceived, it  is  of  great  interest,  being,  without  doubt,  the  largest  and  best 
specimen  ever  preserved.  The  Catalina  specimen,  when  fresh,  t  was  9.5 
feet  from  tip  of  tail  to  base  of  arms;  circumference  of  body,  7  feet;  cir- 
cumference of  head,  4  feet ;  length  of  tentacular  arms,  30  feet ;  length  of 

*  See  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  vol.  xlv,  p.  425,  November,  1877.  When 
examined  by  me  it  was  loose  in  a  tank  of  alcohol.  Dr.  J.  B.  Holder  gave  mo  valuable 
assistance  in  making  this  examination,  and  also  made  one  of  the  drawings  of  the  caudal 
fin.  It  was  afterwards  "prepared"  for  exhibition  by  a  taxidermist,  who  misplaced 
the  arms,  siphon,  and  other  parts,  and  inserted  two  large,  round,  flat,  red  eyes  close 
together  on  the  top  of  the  head  I  Continued  soaking  in  strong  alcohol  had  reduced  its 
dimensions  to  about  one-half  their  former  measurements  when  examined  by  mo  two 
years  later. 

t  Measurements  of  the  freshly-caught  apecimon  were  made  by  the  Eov.  M.  Harvey, 
at  Saint  John's,  and  communicated  to  me. 


REPORT  OP  COMMISSIONER   OP   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.      [14] 

longest  Bossile  arms  (ventral  onest),  11  feet;  circumference  at  base,  17 
inches ;  circumference  of  tentacular  arms,  5  inches ;  at  their  expanded 
portions,  8  inches ;  length  of  upper  mandible,  5.25  inches ;  diameter  of 
large  sucker^,  1  inch;  diameter  of  eye-openings,  8  inches.  The  eyes 
were  destroyed  by  the  captors.  It  agrees  in  general  appearance  with 
A.  Harveyi  (No.  5),  but  the  caudal  fin  is  broader  and  somewhat  less 
acutely  pointed  than  in  that  species,  as  seen  in  No.  5 ;  it  was  2  feet  and 
9  inches  broad,  when  fresh,  and  broadly  sagittate  in  form.  The  dried 
rims  of  the  large  suckers  are  white,  with  very  acutely  serrate  margins ; 
the  small  smooth-rimmed  suckers,  with  their  accompanying  tubercles, 
are  distantly  scattered  along  most  of  the  inner  face  of  the  tentacular 
arms,  the  last  ones  noticed  being  19  feet  firom  the  tips.  The  sessile 
arms  present  considerable  disparity  in  length  and  size,  the  ventral  ones 
being  somewhat  larger  and  longer  than  the  others,  which  were,  how- 
over,  more  or  less  mutilated  when  examined  by  me ;  the  serrations  are 
smaller  on  the  inner  edge  than  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  suckers.  On  the 
smaller  suckers  beyond  the  middle  of  the  arms  the  inner  edge  is  without 
serrations. 

No.  15.— Hammer  Cove  specimen,  1876. 

In  a  letter  from  Rev.  M.  Harvey,  dated  August  25,  1877,  he  states 
that  a  big  squid  was  cast  ashore  November  20, 1876,  at  Hammer  Gove, 
on  the  southwest  arm  of  Green  Bay,  in  Notre  Dame  Bay,  Newfoundland. 
When  first  discovered  by  his  informant  it  had  already  been  partially 
devoured  by  foxes  and  sea-birds.  Of  the  body,  a  portion  5  feet  long 
remained,  with  about  2  feet  of  the  basal  part  of  the  arms.  The  head 
was  18  inches  broad ;  tail,  18  inches  broad ;  eye-sockets,  7  by  9  inches; 
stump  of  one  of  the  arms,  3.5  inches  in  diameter. 

^e  only  portion  secured  was  a  piece  of  the  <peu'  about  16  inches 
long,  which  was  given  to  Mr.  Harvey. 

No.  16.— La  TOE  Cove  speoimeNj  1877.     (Architeuthis  princi^8f9,) 

In  a  letter  dated  November  27, 1877,  Mr.  Harvey  gives  an  account 
of  another  specimen  which  was  stranded  on  the  shore  at  Lance  Gove, 
Smith's  Sound,  Trinity  Bay,  about  twenty  miles  farther  up  the  bay  than 
the  locality  of  the  Gatalina  Bay  specimen  (No.  14).  He  received  his  in. 
formation  from  Mr.  John  Duffet,  a  resident  of  the  locality,  who  was  one 
of  the  persons  who  found  it  and  measured  it.  His  account  is  as  follows : 
<<On  November  21, 1877,  early  in  the  morning,  a  'big  squid'  was  seen 
on  the  beach  at  Lance  Gove,  still  alive  and  struggling  desperately  to 
escape.  It  had  been  borne  in  by  a  <  spring  tide'  and  a  high  inshore 
wind.  In  its  struggles  to  get  off  it  ploughed  up  a  trench  or  furrow 
about  30  feet  long  and  of  considerable  depth,  by  the  stream  of  water 
that  it  ejected  with  great  force  from  its  siphon.  When  the  tide  receded 
it  died.  Mr.  Duffet  measured  it  carefully,  and  found  that  the  body  was 
nearly  11  feet  long  (probably  including  the  head),  the  tentacular  arms 


base,  17 
ixpanded 
imeter  of 
rhe  eyes 
knee  with 
irhat  less 
i  feet  and 
rhe  dried 
margins; 
tubercles, 
entacolar 
be  sessile 
itral  ones 
rere,  how- 
ttions  are 
i.   On  the 
is  without 


he  states 
mer  Cove, 
bundlaud. 
L  partially 

feet  long 
The  head 

9  inches; 

16  inches 


ftcep«f  9 .) 

account 
ace  Cove, 
bay  than 
edhisin. 
10  was  one 
s  follows : 
was  seen 
erately  to 
inshore 
[)r  furrow 
of  water 
e  receded 
body  was 
lar  arms 


[15]   CEPHALOPODS  OF  NOBTHEASTEBN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

33  feet  long.  He  did  not  measure  the  short  arms,  but  estimated  them 
at  13  feet,  and  that  they  were  much  thicker  than  a  man's  thigh  at  their 
bases.  The  people  cut  the  body  open  and  it  was  left  on  the  beach.  It 
is  an  out-of-the-way  place,  and  no  one  knew  that  it  was  of  any  value. 
Otherwise  it  could  easily  have  been  brought  to  Saint  John's  with  only 
the  eyes  destroyed  and  the  body  opened."  It  was  subsequently  carried 
off  by  the  tide,  and  no  portion  was  secured. 

This  was  considerably  larger  than  the  Oatalina  specimen. 

The  great  thickness  of  the  short  arms  of  this  specimen,  and  of  some 
of  the  others,  indicates  a  species  distinct  from  A.  Harveyif  unless  the 
sexes  of  that  species  differ  more  than  is  usual  in  this  respect  among 
the  smaller  squids.  The  length  of  the  sessile  arms,  if  correctly  stated, 
would  indicate  that  this  specimen  belonged  to  A.  princepa.  In  the 
female  Ommastrephes  illccebrostis,  the  common  northern  squid,  the  head 
is  usually  larger,  the  short  arms  are  stouter,  and  the  suckers  are  often 
larger  than  in  the  male,  of  the  same  length. 

No.  IT.—Trinity  Bay  specimen,  1877. 

Mr.  Har^'^ey  also  states  that  he  had  been  informed  by  Mr.  Dufi'et  that 
another  very  large  'big  squid'  was  cast  ashore  in  October,  1877,  about 
five  miles  farther  up  Trinity  Bay  than  the  last.  It  was  cut  up  and  used 
for  manure.  No  portions  are  known  to  have  been  preserved,  and  no 
measurements  were  given. 

No.  18.— Thimble  Tickle  specimen,  1878. 

The  capture  of  this  specimen  has  been  graphically  described  by  Mr. 
Harvey,  in  a  letter  to  the  Boston  Traveller  of  January  30, 1879 :       ,, 

"On  the  2d  day  of  November  last,  Stephen  Sherring,  a  fisherman 
residing  in  Thimble  Tickle  (Notre  Dame  Bay),  not  far  from  the  locality 
where  the  other  devil-fish  (No.  19)  was  caat  ashore,  was  out  in  a  boat 
with  two  other  men;  not  far  &om  the  shore  they  observed  some  bulky 
object,  and,  supposing  it  might  be  part  of  a  wreck,  they  rowed  toward 
it,  and,  to  their  horror,  found  themselves  close  to  a  huge  fish,  having 
large  glassy  eyes,  which  was  making  desperate  efforts  to  escape,  and 
churning  the  water  into  foam  by  the  motion  of  its  immense  arms  and 
tail.  It  was  aground  and  the  tide  was  ebbing.  From  the  funnel  at  the 
back  of  its  head  it  was  ejecting  large  volumes  of  water,  this  being  its 
method  of  moving  backward,  the  force  of  the  stream,  by  the  reaction 
of  the  surrounding  medium,  driving  it  in  the  required  direction.  At 
times  the  water  from  the  siphon  was  black  as  ink. 

<' Finding  the  monster  partially  disabled,  the  fishermen  plucked  up 
courage  and  ventured  near  enough  to  throw  the  grapnel  of  their  boat, 
the  sharp  flukes  of  which,  having  barbed  points,  sunk  into  the  soft 
body.  To  the  grapnel  they  had  attached  a  stout  rope,  which  they  had 
carried  ashore  and  tied  to  a  tree,  so  as  to  prevent  the  fish  from  going 


REPORT   OF  COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.     [16] 

out  with  the  tide.  It  wuh  a  happy  thought,  for  the  devil-fish  found 
himself  efi'ectually  moored  to  the  shore.  His  struggles  were  terriflo  as 
he  flung  his  ten  arms  about  in  dying  agony.  The  fishermen  took  care 
to  keep  a  respectful  distance  from  the  long  tentacles,  which  ever  and 
anon  darted  out  like  great  tongues  from  the  central  mass.  At  length 
it  became  exhausted,  and  as  the  water  receded  it  expired. 

<<The  fishermen,  alas  I  knowing  no  better,  proceeded  to  convert  it 
into  dog's  meat.  It  was  a  splendid  specimen — the  largest  yet  taken— 
the  body  measuring  20  feet  fh)m  the  beak  to  the  extremity  of  the  tail. 
It  was  thus  exactly  double  the  size  of  the  New  York  specimen  [No.  14], 
and  5  feet  longer  than  the  one  taken  by  Budgell.  The  circumference 
of  the  body  is  not  stated,  but  one  of  the  arms  measured  35  feet.  This 
most  have  been  a  tentacle.'' 

No.  10.— Three  Arms  specimen,  1878.    (Architeuthia  princes  t) 

Mr.  Harvey  has  also  given  an  account  of  this  specimen  in  the  same 
letter  to  the  Boston  Traveller,  referred  to  under  No.  18.  This  one  was 
found  cast  ashore,  after  a  heavy  gale  of  wind,  December  2, 1878,  by  Mr. 
William  Budgell,  a  fisherman,  residing  at  a  place  called  Three  Aims, 
on  the  south  arm  of  Notre  Dame  Bay.  It  was  dead  when  found,  and 
was  cut  up  and  used  for  dog-meat.    Mr.  Harvey's  account  is  as  follows: 

«  My  informant,  a  very  intelligent  person,  who  was  on  a  visit  in  that 
quarter  on  business,  arrived  at  Budgell's  house  soon  after  he  had 
brought  it  home  in  a  mutilated  state,  and  carefully  measured  some  por- 
tions with  his  own  hand.  He  found  that  the  body  measured  15  feet 
ftom  the  beak  to  the  end  of  the  tail,  whfch  is  5  feet  longer  than  the 
New  York  specimen.  The  circumlerence  of  the  'jody  at  its  thickest 
part  was  12  feet.  He  found  only  one  of  the  short  arms  perfect,  which 
was  16  feet  in  length,  being  5  feet  longer  than  a  similar  arm  of  the 
New  York  specimeu,  and  he  describes  it  as  <  thicker  than  a  man's 
thigh.'" 

The  statement  that  the  sessile  arms  were  longer  than  the  head  and 
body  together,  indicates  that  this  was  a  specimen  of  A.  princes,  like 
No.  14,  but  larger. 

No.  20.— Banquereau  specimen,  1870. 

This  consists  of  the  terminal  part  of  a  tentacular  arm,  which  was  taken 
by  Capt.  J.  W.  Collins  and  crew  of  the  schooner  "  Marion  "  from  the 
stomach  of  a  large  and  voracious  fish  (Alepidosaurm  ferox),  together  with 
the  first  specimen  discovered  of  the  remarkable  squid,  Histioteuthis 
ColUnaii  V.  The  fisli  was  taken  on  a  halibut  trawl-line,  north  latitude  42° 
40',  west  longitude  62°  57',  off  Nova  Scotia,  January,  1870.  This  frag- 
ment, after  preservation  in  strong  alcohol,  now  measures  18  inches  in 
length.  It  includes  all  the  terminal  club,  and  a  portion  of  the  naked 
arm  below  it.  This  club  is  narrow,  measuring  but  .75  of  an  inch  across  its 
front  side,  while  the  naked  arm  is  1.25  broad,  and  rather  flat,  where  cut 


ss. 


[16] 


Ash  found 

terrifloas 

took  care 

ever  aud 

At  length 

convert  it 
)t  taken— 
)f  the  tail. 
in[No.l4], 
iumference 
feet.    This 

rineefpst) 

n  the  same 
lis  one  was 
378,  by  Mr. 
iree  Anns, 
found,  aud 
as  follows: 
mit  in  that 
;er  he  had 
1  some  por- 
red  15  feet 
sr  than  the 
its  thickest 
feet,  which 
arm  of  the 
m  a  man's 

head  and 
•incepSj  Uke 


I  was  taken 
I "  from  the 
^ether  with 
listioteuthis 
latitude  42° 
This  frag- 
inches  in 
I  the  naked 
Ih  across  its 
1,  where  cut 


[1 7]       CEPHALOPODS  OP  NOilTlIEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

off.  From  the  commencement  of  the  large  suckers  to  the  tip  it  meas- 
ures 9.25  inches.  It  had  lost  most  of  its  suckers,  so  that  it  cannot  be 
identified  with  certainty.  Part  of  the  large  suckers  and  some  of  the 
marginal  ones  still  remain,  though  the  homy  rings  are  gone;  Diameter 
of  large  suckers,  .50  of  an  inch ;  of  marginal  ones,  about  .12  of  an  inch. 
The  suckers  have  the  same  form  and  arrangement  as  in  the  larger  spec* 
imens  of  Architeuthis.    It  may  have  belonged  to  a  yottng  A.  ffarveyi. 

No.  21.— Gape  Sablb  specimen.    {8tkenoteuthi»  megaptera  Y.) 

Plate  XVI. 

This  specimen  was  found  thrown  on  the  shore,  near  Gape  Sable,  Nova 
Sootia,  siter  the  very  severe  gale  in  which  the  steamer  '<  Gity  of  Boston" 
was  lost  several  years  ago.  It  is  preserved  in  alcohol,  entire  and  in 
good  condition,  in  the  Provincial  Museum  at  Halifax,  where  it  is  well 
exhibited  in  a  large  glass  jar.  It  is  the  type-specimen  of  Arohiteuthis 
megaptera,  described  by  me,  September,  1878.*  It  is  a  comparatively 
small  species,  its  total  length  being  but  43  inches ;  its  head  and  body 
together,  19  inches ;  body  alone,  14  inches ;  its  tentacular  arms,  22  and 
24  inches ;  short  arms,  from  6.5  to  8.5  inches ;  tail-fin,  13.5  inches  broad 
and  0  iuches  long. 

This  species  differs  widely  from  all  the  others  in  the  relatively  enor- 
mous size  aud  breadth  of  its  caudal  fin,  wbich  is  nearly  as  broad  as  the 
body  is  long,  and  more  than  twice  as  broad  as  long.  It  has  been  made 
the  type  of  a  new  generic  group. 

No.  22.— Brious  specimen,' 1879. 

Mr.  Harvey  states  that  portions  of  another  large  squid  were  cast  ashore 
near  Brigus,  Conception  Bay,  in  October,  1879. 

Two  of  the  short  arms,  each  measuring  8  feet  in  length,  were  found 
[with  other  mutilated  parts,  after  a  storm. 

No.  23. — James's  Cove  specimen,  1879. 

From  Mr.  Harvey  I  have  also  very  recently  received  an  account  of 
mother  specimen,  wliich  was  captured  entire,  about  the  first  of  Novem- 
jer  1879,  at  James's  Cove,  Bona  vista  Bay,  Newfoundland.  It  seems  to 
lave  been  a  fine  and  complete  specimen,  about  the  size  of  the  Catalina 
Jay  specimen  (No.  14).  Unfortunately,  the  fishermen,  as  usual,  indulged 
immediately  in  their  propensity  to  cut  and  destroy,  and  it  is  doubtful  if 
my  portion  was  preserved.  The  account  referred  to  was  published  in 
the  Morning  Chronicle  of  Saint  John's,  Newfoundland,  December  9, 1879, 
md  was  credited  to  the  Harbor  Grace  Standard.  The  author  of  the 
irticle  is  not  given.  The  following  extract  contains  all  that  is  essential: 
j"A  friend  at  Musgrave  Town  sends  us  the  following  particulars  relative 
jto  the  captiu-o  of  a  big  squid  at  James's  Cove,  Goose  Bay,  about  a  month 

•American  Journal  of  Science,  xvi,  p.  207,  1878. 


IP 


BEPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF    FISH   AND   FISHERIES.     [18] 

ago.  Our  corroMpondent  says :  <  Mr.  Thomas  Moores  and  several  others 
saw  something  moving  about  in  the  water,  not  far  from  the  stage.  Oef- 
ting  into  a  pant  they  went  alongside,  when  they  were  suntrised  to  seed 
monstrous  aqoid.  One  of  the  men  struck  at  it  with  an  oar,  and  it  im- 
me<1iately  stmok  for  the  shore,  and  went  quite^upon  the  beach.  The 
men  then  suooeeded  in  getting  a  ro])e  around  it,  and  hauled  it  quite 
ashore.  It  measured  38  feet  altogether.  The  body  was  about  0  feet  in 
length,  and  two  of  its  tentacles  or  horns  wore  20  feet  each.  There  were 
several  other  smaller  horns,  but  they  were  not  so  long.  The  body  was 
about  0  feet  in  circumference.  Whou  I  saw  it,  it  was  in  the  water,  and 
wa^  very  much  disfigured,  as  one  of  the  men  had  thoughtlessly  cut  off 
the  two  longest  tentacles,  and  had  ripped  the  body  partly  open,  thereby 
completely  spoiling  the  appearance  of  the  creature.  The  foregoing  par- 
ticulars I  obtained  from  Mr.  Moores.' " 


No.  24.— The  Grand  Banks  specimen,  1880. 

Plate  V,  fignreH  5-7.    Plato  VI. 

This  spoolmen,  which  I  have  designated  as  No.  24,  was  found,  dead 
and  mutilated,  floating  at  the  surface,  at  the  Grand  Banks  of  Newfound- 
land, April,  1880,  by  Capt.  O.  A.  Whitten  and  crew  of  the  hooner  "Wm. 
H.  Oakes,"  and  by  them  it  was  well  preserved  and  i  sented  to  the 
United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries.  It  is  of  great  inter- 
est, because  it  furnishes  the  means  of  completing  the  description  of  parts 
that  were  lacking  or  badly  preserved  in  the  larger  specimens,  especially 
the  sessile  arms  and  the  buccal  membranes. 

The  specimen  consists  of  a  part  of  the  head,  with  all  the  arms  attached, 
and  with  the  suckers  in  a  good  state  of  preservation  on  all  the  arms, 
though  the  tips  of  all  the  short  arms,  except  the  left  of  the  second  pair, 
are  destroyed,  and  all  of  the  arms  are  more  or  less  injured  on  their  outer 
surfaces.  The  jaws  and  buccal  membranes,  with  the  odontophore  and 
oesophagus,  are  intact!  Parts  of  the  cartilaginous  skull,  with  some  of 
the  ganglia  and  the  collapsed  eyes,  are  present,  but  the  external  surface 
of  the  head  is  gone  and  the  eyelids  are  badly  mutilated.  No  part  of  the 
body  was  preserved.  The  tentacular  arms,  with  all  the  suckers,  are  in 
good  preservation.  Unfortunately,  the  distal  portions  of  both  the  ven- 
tral arms  had  been  destroyed,  so  that  the  sex  could  not  be  determined. 
The  color  of  the  head,  so  far  as  preserved,  and  of  the  external  surfaces 
of  the  sessile  arms,  is  much  like  that  of  the  common  squids. 

Eeprodiiotion  of  lost  parts. 

This  creature  had  been  badly  mutilated  long  before  its  death,  as  its 
healed  wounds  show,  and  to  this  fact  many  of  the  imperfections  of  the  [ 
specimen  are  due.    At  the  time  of  its  death,  or  subsequently,  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  ventral  arms  and  of  the  third  right  arm  appear  to  have : 
been  destroyed,  besides  other  injuries.    But  both  the  dorsal  arms  and] 


IE8.     rt8]     I    [19]       CEPHALOPODA  OP  A'OBTHEASTEBN  COAST  OP  AMERICA. 

both  the  lateral  arms  of  tho  left  aide  had  previously  been  truncated  at 
12  to  13  inches  from  their  bases.  The  ends  had  not  only  healed  up  en- 
tirely, but  each  one  had  apparently  commenced  to  reproduce  the  lost 
portion.  The  reproduced  part  consists,  in  each  case,  of  an  elongated, 
acute,  soft  papilla,  arising  fh>m  the  otherwise  obtuse  end  of  the  arm. 
At  its  base  one  or  two  small  suckers  have  already  been  reproduced,  and 
minute  rudiments  of  others  can  be  detected  on  some  of  them.  Whether 
these  arms  would  have  been  perfectly  restored  in  course  of  time  is,  per- 
haps,  doubtful,*  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  a  partial  restoration 
^ould,  at  least,  have  been  effected.  On  the  basal  half  of  several  of  the 
arms  some  of  the  suckers  had  also  been  previously  lost,  and  these  were  all 
in  the  process  of  restoration.  The  restored  suckers  were  mostly  less  than 
one  half  the  diameter  of  those  adjacent,  and  iu  some  cases  less  than  one- 
third.  Among  the  restored  suckers  were  some  malformations.  One  has 
a  double  aperture,  with  a  double  horny  rim.  In  one  case  two  small  suck- 
ers, with  pedicels  in  close  contact,  occupy  the  place  of  a  single  sucker. 
In  another  instance  a  small  pediceled  sucker  arises  from  the  pedicel  of 
a  larger  one,  near  its  base. 

Nos.  25,  26,  &c. 

Architeuthis  abundant  in  1875  at  the  Orand  Banks. 

From  Gapt.  J.  W.  i.  oUins,  now  of  the  United  States  Fish  Commission, 
I  learn  tb  ,  in  October,  1875,  an  unusual  number  of  giant  squids  were 
found  flouting  at  the  surface  on  tho  Grand  Banks,  but  mostly  entirely 
dead  and  more  or  less  mutilated  by  birds  and  fishes.  In  very  few  cases 
they  were  not  quite  dead,  but  entirely  disabled.  These  were  seen  chiefly 
between  north  latitude  44°  and  44°  SCV,  and  between  west  longitude  49° 
W  and  49°  50'.  He  believes  that  between  25  and  30  specimens  were 
secured  by  the  fleet  from  Gloucester,  Mass.,  and  that  as  many  more  were 
probably  obtained  by  the  vessels  from  other  places.  They  were  cut  up 
and  used  as  bait  for  codfish.  For  this  use  they  are  of  considerable  value 
to  the  fishermen.  Captain  Collins  was  at  that  time  in  command  of  the 
schooner  "  Howard,"  which  secured  five  of  these  giant  squids.  These 
were  mostly  from  10  to  15  feet  long,  not  including  the  arms,  and  aver- 
aged about  18  inches  in  diameter.  The  arms  were  almost  always  muti- 
lated. The  portion  the  t  was  left  was  usually  3  to  4  feet  long,  and  at  the 
[base  about  as  large  as  a  man's  thigh. 

One  specimen  (No.  25),  when  cut  up,  was  packed  into  a  large  hogs- 

I  head-tub  having  a  capacity  of  about  75  gallons,  which  it  filled.    This 

tub  was  known  to  hold  700  pounds  of  codfish.    The  gravity  of  the  Archi- 

uthis  is  probably  about  the  same  as  that  of  the  fish.    This  would  indicate 

more  nearly  the  actual  weight  of  one  of  these  creatures  than  any  of  the 

/*T1iat  mutilations  of  the  arms  in  species  of  Octoput  are  regularly  restored  ia  well 
known,  but  it  has  been  stated  by  Steenstrup  that  this  does  not  occur  in  the  ten-armed 
forms.    I  have  repeatedly  observed  such  restorations  in  Loligo  and  Ommastrephea. 


REPORT  OP   COMMISSIONER   OF   PISH  AND   FISHERIES.     [20] 

mere  estimates  that  have  been  made,  which  are  usaally  much  too  great. 
Allowing  for  the  parts  of  the  arms  that  had  been  destroyed,  this  sped- 
men  would,  probably,  have  weighed  nearly  1,000  pounds. 

Among  the  numerous  other  vessels  that  were  fortunate  in  securing 
this  kind  of  bait.  Captain  Collins  mentions  the  following: 

The  schooner  <^  Sarah  P.  Ayer,"  Captain  Oakly,  took  one  or  two. 

The  "  E.  R.  Niokerson,"  Cp.ptain  McDonald,  secured  one  that  had  its 
arms  and  was  not  entirely  dead,  so  that  it  was  harpooned.  Its  tentac* 
alar  arms  were  36  feet  long  (No.  26). 

The  schooner  <<  Tragabigzanda,'^  Captain  Mallory,  secured  three  in  one 
afternoon.    These  were  8  to  12  feet  long,  not  including  .the  arms. 

TSiese  statements  are  confirmed  by  other  fishermen,  some  of  whom 
state  that  the  '<  big  squids  "  were  also  common  during  the  same  season 
at  the  "  Flemish  Cap,"  a  bank  situated  some  distance  northeast  from  the 
Grand  Banks. 

The  cauoe  of  so  great  a  moi'tality  among  these  great  Cophalopods  can 
only  be  conjectured.  It  may  have  been  due  to  some  disease  epidemic 
among  them,  or  to  an  unusual  prevalence  of  deadly  parasites  or  other  ene- 
mies. It  is  worth  while,  however,  to  recall  the  fact  that  these  were  ob- 
served at  about  the  same  time,  in*  autumn^  when  most  of  the  specimens 
have  been  found  cast  ashore  at  Newfoundland  in  different  years.  This 
time  may,  perhaps,  be  just  subsequent  to  their  season  for  reproduction, 
when  they  would  be  so  much  weakened  as  to  be  more  easily  overpowered 
by  parasites,  disease,  or  other  unfavorable  conditions. 

HlMtloteuthia  Collinsii  Verrill. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing  examples,  all  of  which,  except  No.  21,  are 
believed  to  be  referable  to  the  genus  Architeuthis,  I  have,  in  former  arti- 
cles* described  a  very  remarkable  large  squid,  belonging  to  the  genus 
Histioteuthis,  in  which  a  broad  thin  membrane  or  web  unites  the  six 
upper  arms  together  nearly  to  their  tips,  while  the  lower  ones  have  a 
shorter  web  uniting  them  to  the  rest.  Although  small,  when  contrasted 
with  the  gigantic  specimens  of  Architeuthis,  it  is  considerably  larger 
than  any  of  the  common  small  squids,  and  as  it  inhabits  the  same  locali- 
ties with  Architeuthis,  and  has  some  points  of  resemblance  to  the  latter 
genus,  especially  in  having  the  smooth-rimmed  suckers  for  uniting  to- 
gether the  long  tentacular  arms,  I  have  thought  it  best  to  mention  it  in 
this  part  of  my  article,  in  connection  with  the  species  of  Architeuthis. 
The  only  specimen  known  was  obtained  (with  No.  20)  from  the  stomach 
of  a  large  and  voracious  fish  {Alepidosaurusferox),  having  a  formidable 
array  of  long,  sharp  teeth,  eminently  adapted  for  the  capture  of  sucli 
prey*  It  was  taken  by  Capt.  J.  W.  Collins  and  crew,  of  the  schooner 
"Marion,"  in  deep  water  oft'  the  coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  presented  to 
the  Unitea  States  Fish  Commission.  This  spef'ies  (JET.  Collinsii)  is  flg*- 
ured  bn  Pln-te  XXIII,  and  will  be  described  farther  or. 

•American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  xvii  p.  241,  1879;  vol.  xix,  p.  29,  pi.  14,"  1880; 
Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  pp.  195,  234,  pi.  22. 


[ES. 

[20] 

I  too  great, 
this  speci* 

[21]        CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OP  AMERICA. 

Moroteuthis  robusta  (Dall,  sp.)  Verrill. 

In  this  connection  I  may  also  refer  to  a  gigantic  Pacific  Ocean  species, 
obtained  by  !«Ir.  W  H.  Dall,  on  the  coast  of  Alaska,  in  1872,  which 
will  be  described  as  fully  as  possible  in  another  part  of  this  article, 
when  discussing  the  foreign  species  of  lar^e  Oephalopods  (see  Plates 
XJIf  and  XIV).  Three  specimens  were  observed  and  mbas'"'«^d  by  Mr. 
Dali.  The  largest  one  measured,  from  the  base  of  the  "rms  to  the  end  of 
the  body,  8.5  feet.  The  ends  of  all  the  arms  had  been  destroyed  in  all  the 
specimens.  It  was  originally  t  briefly  described  by  me  under  Mr.  Dall's 
MSS.  name,  Ommastrephes  robustiiSf  but  a  more  careful  study  of  the 
parts  preserved,  especially  the  '  cone'  of  the  'pen'  and  the  odontophore, 
convinced  me  that  it  belongs  to  the  family  TcuthidtB,  characterized 
especially  by  having  rows  of  sharp  claws  or  hooks  on  the  'club'  of  the 
tentacular  arms,  instead  of  suckers,  j:  It  was  of  spec  'al  interest,  to  add 
I  another  generic  type  to  the  list  of  gigantic  specie^. 


t  American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  zii,  p.  236, 1876. 
t  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v.,  p.  246. 


BEPOBT   OP   COMMISSIONER   OF  FISH  AND   FISHERIES.     [22] 

is 


;:!iiii 


[23]       CEPHALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


SPECIAL  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  ATLANTIC  COAST  SPECIES. 

Arohiteutfcis  Steenstrup. 

ArMteuthus  Steenstrup,  Oplysninger  om  Atlanter,  CoUossale  Bltoksprutter, 
Forhandlinger  Skaad.  Naturf.,  1856,  vol.  yii,  p.  182,  Christiana,  1857  (name 
proposed,  but  no  generic  characters  given). 

ArchiteuthU  Harting,  Yerh.  K.  Akad.,  Weten.,  Natuurk.,  IX,  1860. 

Megaloteuthia  Kent,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  London,  1874,  p.  178  (no  generic  charac- 
ters given). 

Size  large.  Body  stout,  nearly  round,  swollen  in  the  middle.  Caudal 
fin,  in  the  typical  species,  relatively  small,  sagittate.  Head  large, 
short.  Eyes  very  large,  oblong-ovate,  with  well-developed  lids  and  an- 
terior sinus.  Sessile  arms  stout,  their  suckers  large,  very  oblique,  with 
the  edges  of  the  homy  rings  strong'y  serrate,  especially  on  tlie  outer 
margin.  The  suckers  of  the  badal  half  of  all  the  arms,  except  the  ven- 
tral ones,  differ  from  the  distal  ones  in  being  denticulated  all  around 
and  less  oblique.  The  margin  has  around  it  a  free-edged  membrane', 
which  closely  surrounds  the  denticles  when  the  sucker  is  used,  and 
allows  a  vacuum  to  be  produced.  Tentacular  arms  very  long  and  slender, 
in  extension,  the  proximal  part  of  the  club  furnished  with  an  irregular 
group  of  small,  smooth-rimmed  suckers,  intermingled  with  rounded 
tubercles  on  each  arm,  the  suckers  on  one  arm  corresponding  with  the 
tubercles  of  the  other,  so  that  by  them  the  two  arms  may  be  firmly 
attached  together  without  injury,  and  thus  used  in  concert ;  other  simi- 
lar suckers  and  tubercles,  doubtless  for  the  same  use,  are  distantly 
scattered  along  the  slender  part  of  these  arms,  one  sucker  and  one 
tubercle  occurring  near  together.  A  small  cluster  of  smooth-edged 
suckers  also  occurs  at  the  tips.  The  internal  shell  (imperfectly  known 
in  one  species  only)  has  a  thin  and  very  broad,  lanceolate  posterior 
blade,  expanding  forward  from  the  end,  with  divergent  ribs. 

This  genus  is  closely  allied  to  Ommastrephea,  from  which  it  may  be 
best  distinguished  by  the  presence  of  the  peculiar  connective  suckers 
and  tubercles  for  uniting  the  tentacular  arms  together. 

ArchiteuthiB  Harveyi  Vorrill.— (Harvey's  Giant  Squid.) 

Megaloteuthia  Harveyi  Kent,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1874,  p.  178. 
ArchiteuthU  monaohus  Yerrill,  Amer.  Journal  Science,  vol.  ix,  pp.  124,  177,  pi. 

2,  3,  4,  1875;  vol.  xii,  p.  236,  1876.    American  Naturalist,  vol.  ix,  pp. 

22,  78,  figs.  1-6,  10,  1875  (f  non  Steenstrup). 
Ommastrephea  Harveyi  Kent,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1874,  p.  492. 
Omma8trephea  {ArcMteuthie)  monaehut  Tryon,  Manual  of  Conchology,  vol,  i,  p. 

184,  pi.  83,  fig.  379,  pi.  84,  figs.  380-385,  1879.    (Descriptions  compiled  and 

figures  copied  from  the  papers  by  A.  E.  V. ) 
Architeuthis  Harveyi  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  pp.  197,  259,  pis.  13- 

16  a,  26,  1879-'80.    Amer.  Journal  Science,  vol.  xlx,  pp.  284,  287,  pi.  13, 

1880. 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FTSIl   AND   FISHERIES.     [24] 

Plates  I— VI. 

The  diagnostic  characters  of  this  species,  so  far  as  determined,  are 
as  follows:  Sessile  arms  unequal  in  size,  nearly  equal  in  length,  de- 
cidedly shorter  than  the  head  and  body  together,  and  scarcely  as  long 
as  the  body  alone,  all  bearing  sharply  serrated  suckers;  their  tips 
slender  and  acute.  Tentacular  arms,  in  extension,  about  four  times  a^ 
long  as  the  short  ones ;  about  three  times  as  long  as  the  head  and  body 
together.  Caudal  flu  small,  less  than  one- third  the  length  of  the  mantle, 
sagittate  in  form,  with  the  narrow  lateral  lobes  extending  forward 
beyond  their  insertions ;  the  posterior  end  tapering  to  a  long,  acute  tip. 
Jaws  with  a  smaller  notch  and  lobe  than  in  A.  princeps.  Larger  suck- 
ers, toward  the  base  of  the  lateral  and  dorsal  arms,  with  numerous  acute 
teeth  all  around  the  circu'  aference,  all  similar  in  shape,  but  those  on 
the  inner  margin  smJillo'*  rhan  those  on  the  outer.  Eemainder  of  the 
suckers  on  these  arms,  and  all  of  those  on  the  ventral  arms,  toothed 
on  the  outer  margin  only.  Sexual  characters  are  not  yet  determined. 
*  Special  description  of  the  specimen  No.  5. — The  preserved  parts  of  this 
specimen  (see  p.  8)  examined  by  me  are  as  follows:  The  anterior 
part  of  the  head,  with  the  bases  of  the  arms,  the  beak,  lingual  ribbon, 
&c.;  the  eight  shorter  arms,  but  without  the  suckers,  which  dropped  off 
in  the  brine,  and  are  now  represented  only  by  a  few  of  the  detached 
marginal  rings ;  the  two  long  tentacular  arms,  which  are  well  pre- 
served, with  all  the  suckers  in  place ;  the  caudal  fin ;  portions  of  the 
pen  or  internal  shell;  the  ink-bag;  and  pieces  of  the  body. 

The  general  appearance  and  form  of  this  species*  are  well  shown  by 

*Mr.  W.  Saville  Kent, from  tho  popular  descriptions  of  this  species,  gave  it  new 
generic  and  specific  names,  viz,  Megaloteulhia  Harveyi,  in  a  communication  made  to 
the  Zoological  Society  of  London,  March  3,  1874  (Proceedings  Zool.  Soc,  p.  178;  see 
also  Nature,  vol.  ix,  p.  375,  March  12,  and  p.  403,  March  19).  My  former  identifica- 
tion was  based  on  a  comparison  of  the  jaws  with  tho  jaws  of  A.  tnonachus,  well  fig- 
ured and  described  by  Steenstrup  in  proof-sheets  of  a  paper  which  is  still  uqpub- 
lished,  thoughin  part  printed  several  years  ago,  and  referred  to  by  Harting.  The  agree- 
ment of  the  jaws  is  very  close  in  nearly  all  respects,  but  tho  beak  of  the  lower  jaw  is 
a  littlo  more  divergent  in  Steenstrnp's  figure.  His  specimen  was  a  little  larger  than 
the  one  here  described,  and  was  taken  from  a  specimen  cast  ashore  at  Jutland  in 
1853.  Mr.  Kent  was  probably  unacquainted  with  Steeustrup's  notice  of  that  specimen 
when  he  said  (Nature,  vol.  ix,  p.  403)  that  A.  monacltua  "  was  instituted  for  the  recep- 
tion of  two  gigantic  Cephalopods  cast  on  the  shores  of  Jutland  in  tho  years  1639  and 
1790,  and  of  which  popular  record  alone  remains."  In  his  second  communication  to 
the  Zoological  Society  of  London,  March  18,  1874  (Proc,  p.  490),  he  states  (on  the 
authority  of  Crosse  and  Fischer)  that  a  third  specimen  "  was  stranded  on  the  coast 
of  Jutland  in  1854,  and  upon  the  pharynx  and  beak  of  this,  the  only  parts  preserved', 
.  the  aaiue  authority  founded  his  species  ArchiteuthU  dux."  The  specimen  here  referred 
to  is  evidently  the  same  that  Steenstrup  named  A.  monachus,  in  186C.  The  confusion 
in  reference  to  these  names  is  evidently  due  to  this  mistake. 

The  statement  that  Arohiteuthia  dux  Steenstrup  is  known  from  the  beak  alone  is  evi- 
dently erroneous.  Steenstrup  himself,  Harting,  and  Dr.  Packard,  in  their  articles  on 
this  subject,  all  state  that  the  suckers,  parts  of  the  arms,  and  the  internal  shell  or 
pen  were  preserved,  and  they  have  been  figured,  but  not  published,  by  Professor  Steen* 


lES.     [24]      B  [25]       CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


rmined,  are 
length,  de- 
;ely  as  long 
their  tips 
>ur  times  a^ 
bd  and  body 
the  mantle, 
Dg  forward 
p:,  acute  tip. 
jarger  suck- 
lerous  acute 
tut  those  on 
inder  of  the 
•ms,  toothed 
determined, 
larts  of  this 
'he  anterior 
gual  ribbon, 
L  dropped  oflf 
he  detached 
:e  well  pre- 
rtions  of  the 

sU  shown  by 

8,  gave  it  new 
ation  made  to 
loc,  p.  178;  see 
liuer  identifica- 
chus,  well  fig- 
jis  still  uqpub- 
ig.    The  agree- 
le  lower  jaw  is 
:le  larger  than 
at  Jutland  in 
that  specimen 
for  the  recep- 
[years  1639  and 
unication  to 
[states  (on  the 
on  the  coast 
trts  preserved, 
here  referred 
The  confusion 

Lk  alone  is  evi- 
T  .  ■•     •* 

lielr  articles  on 

emalsheUor 
kofessor  Steen- 


Plates  I  and  II.  The  body  was  relatively  stout.  According  to  the 
statement  of  Mr.  Harvey,  ic  was,  when  fresh,  about  213""  (7  feet)  long 
and  5A  feet  in  circumference.  The  'tail'  or  caudal  fin  (Plate  I,  fig.  2, 
and  Plato  IV,  fig.  M)  is  decidedly  sagittate,  and  remarkably  small  in 
proportion  to  the  body.  It  is  said  by  Mr.  Harvey  to  have  been  55.9=™ 
(22  iuches)  across,  but  the  preserved  specimen  is  considerably  smaller, 
owing,  undoubtedly,  to  shrinkage  in  the  brine  and  alcohol.  The  pos- 
terior termination  is  unusually  acute,  and  the  lateral  lobes  extend  for- 
ward considerably  beyond  their  insertion.  In  the  preserved  specimen 
the  total  length,  from  the  anterior  end  of  the  lateral  lobes  to  the  tip  of 
the  tail,  is  58.4™'  (23  inches) ;  from  the  lateral  insertions  to  the  tip,  48.2"" 
(19  inches);  total  breadth,  about  38""  (15  inches);  width  of  lateral  lobes, 
15.2™  (6  iuches).  The  eight  shorter  arms,  when  fresh,  were,  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Harvey's  measurements,  182.9^"  (6  feet)  long,  and  all  of 
equal  length,*  but  those  of  the  different  pairs  were,  respectively, 
25.4"",  22.9™,  20.3"="',  and  17.8™  (10,  9,  8,  and  7  inches)  in  circumference.t 

strap.  Harting  has  also  given  a  figure  of  the  lower  jaw,  copied  from  a  figure  by 
Steeustrup.  In  the  proof-sheets  that  I  have  seen  this  specimen  is  referred  to  as  "A. 
titan,"  hat  Harting  cites  it  as  A.  dttx  Steenstrnp,  which  is  the  name  given  to  it  by 
Steenstrup  in  his  first  "notice  of  it,  in  1856.  Therefore,  two  distinct  species  were  con- 
founded under  this  name  by  Kent.  His  rejection  of  the  generic  name,  Archiieuthia, 
might,  perhaps,  have  been  justified  on  the  ground  that  Steenstrnp  had  never  pub- 
lished any  definite  description  of  it,  and  that  he  had  mentioned  no  distinctive  generic 
characters  in  his  brief  notice,  had  not  Harting's  article  given,  indirectly,  sufficient 
information  to  justify  us  in  adopting  the  genus.  But  Kent's  genus  rests  on  no  better 
foundation  than  Architeuthi8,  for  he  gave  to  it  no  characters  that  can  be  considered 
generic.  Actual  generic  characters  of  Architeuthis  were  first  given  in  my  articles  in  1875, 
but  those  then  given  for  the  pen  and  <Ien(t(ton  were  erroneous.  Previous  to  that  time 
no  characters  had  been  published,  either  by  Steenstrnp,  Harting,  or  Kent,  sufficient  to 
distiuguish  the  genus  from  Ommastrephea  and  Loligo,  much  less  from  Sthenoteuthis,  to 
which  it  is  most  closely  allied. 

I  have  more  recently  been  led  to  consider  our  species  distinct  from  the  true  A.  mo- 
nachua  by  correspondence  with  Professor  Steenstrnp,  from  whom  I  learn  that  the  cau- 
dal fin  in  his  species  does  not  agree  with  that  of  the  species  here  described,  and  that 
n  his  species  the  ventral  arms  differ  from  the  others,  both  in  form  and  in  the  charac- 
er  of  the  suckers.    Certain  differences  in  the  arms  can  be  detected  in  the  photograph 
f  our  specimen  (reproduced  on  Plate  I),  in  which,  fortunately,  the  ventral  arms  are 
ell  displayed.    Unless  these  differences  prove  to  be  sexual  characters,  which  is  not 
kely,  they  would  indicate  a  specific  difference.    Therefore,  I  have,  for  the  present, 
dopted  the  specific  name  given  by  Kent  to  the  Newfoundland  specimens.    The  name 
as  given  as  a  well-merited  compliment  to  the  Rev.  M.  Harvey,  who  has  done  so  much 
bring  these  remarkable  specimens  into  notice.    Nevertheless,  it  is  probable  that 
hen  the  original  specimens  of  A.  monaehm  shall  have  been  fully  described  and  fig- 
•ed,  so  as  to  make  the  species  recognizable,  one  of  our  species  may  prove  to  be  idon- 
cal  with  it.    At  present  I  am  nnable  to  decide  whether  the  affinities  of  A.  monachua 
ay  not  be  with  A.  princepa  rather  than  with  A.  Harveyi.    Recently  I  have  had  an  op- 
ortunity  to  study  the  suckers  of  a  young  specimen  of  our  species  (No.  24)  In  place, 
this  the  suckers  on  the  basal  part  of  the  ventral  arms  differ  from  the  corresponding 
mes  of  the  other  arms  in  being  denticulate  only  on  the  outer  side. 
*It  is  possible  that  they  may  have  been  originally  somewhat  unequal,  and  that 
utilation  of  their  tips  made  them  appear  more  nearly  equal  than  they  were  in  life, 
tin  the  original  statement  it  is  not  mentioned  to  which  pairs  of  arms  these  dimen- 
ions  apply.    After  having  been  five  years  in  alcohol,  the  ventral  arms  now  measure 


< 


EEPOET   or   COMMISSIONEB   OF   FISH  AND   FISHERIES      [26] 

They  are,  except  the  ventral,  compressed  trapezoidal  in  form^  and 
taper  very  gradually  to  slender,  acute  tips;  their  inner  faces,  along  the 
proximal  half  of  their  length,  are  occupied  by  two  alternating  rows  of 
large,  obliquely  campanulate  suckers,  with  contracted  apertures,  sur- 
rounded by  broad,  oblique,  thin,  aorny,  marginal  rings,  much  broader 
on  the  outer  side  than  on  the  inner,  and  armed  with  strong,  acute  teeth 
around  their  entire  circumference,  but  the  teeth  are  largest  and  most 
oblique  on  the  outside  (Plate  IV,  figs.  5-8).  The  suckers  gradually 
diminish  in  size  to  the  tips  of  the  arms,  where  they  become  very  small; 
those  toward  ihe  tips  of  the  arms  appear  to  have  been  denticulate  on 
the  outer  side,  and  entire,  or  nearly  so,  on  the  inner  margin.  The  ven- 
tral arms  still  have,  as  they  show  in  the  photograph,  the  inner  face 
much  broader  than  it  is  in  the  others,  especially  near  the  base,  and 
they  are  more  nearly  square  than  any  of  the  others.  Their  suckers  are 
more  numerous,  farther  apart  transversely,  and  closer  together  in  the 
longitudinal  series,  there  being  about  46  on  the  proximal  half  (3G  inches) 
of  each,  while  on  each  of  the  subventral  arms  there  are  only  about  30  on 
the  corresponding  portion ;  the  suckers  also  diminish  rather  abruptly  i?r 
size  at  about  26  to  30  inches  from  the  base,  beyond  which  they  are 
scarcely  more  than  half  as  large  as  those  on  the  sec^"^d  and  third  pairs 
of  arms,  at  the  same  distance  from  the  base;  it  is  probable,  judging 
froia  the  small  specimen  (No.  24),  that  all  the  suckers  of  the  ventral 
arms  were  denticulate  only  on  the  outer  margin.  The  largest  of  these 
suckers  are  said  by  Mr.  Harvey  to  have  been  about  an  inch  in  diam 
eter  when  fresh.  The  largest  of  their  marginal  rings  in  my  possession 
are  16"""  to  17"""  in  diameter  at  the  serrated  edge,  and  18"""  to  21"'"'  be 
neath. 

The  horny  rings  are  yellowish  horn- color,  obnque,  and  more  than  twice 
as  high  on  the  back  side  as  in  front.  A  wide  peripheral  groove  runs 
entirely  around  the  circumference,  just  below  the  denticulated  margin; 
it  is  narrower  and  deeper  on  the  inner  side.  On  the  inner  side  of  the 
largest  kind  (c,  d,  e,  g)  the  edge  is  nearly  vertical,  and  the  denticles  point 
upward  pr  are  but  slightly  incurved ;  but  on  the  outer  side  the  edge  and 
denticles  are  bent  obliquely  inward;  along  the  lateral  sides  the  edge  is  , 
more  or  less  incurved,  and  the  denticles  are  inclined  more  or  less  forward, 
toward  the  inner  edge  of  the  sucker  (figs.  5, 6, 6a) .  The  denticles  are  golden 
yellow,  or  when  dry  silvery  white;  those  on  the  outer  and  lateral  mar- 
gins are  largest,  flat,  lanceolate,  with  sharply  beveled  lateral  edges  and 
acuminate  tips ;  those  on  the  front  margin  are  shorter,  narrower,  acutely ; 
triangular,  and  in  contact  at  their  bases.  On  the  largest  of  these  suckers 
there  are  forty-eight  to  fifty  denticles.  Some  of  the  suckers  (figs.  7, 7a,  8) 
of  rather  smaller  size  (a,  b)  are  more  oblique,  with  the  outer  side  of  the 

7.5  inches  in  circumference,  and  one  of  the  lateral  ones  (perhaps  one  of  the  third  pair] 
8  inches.    The  marginal  membranes  and  crests  had  decayed,  apparently,  before  the 
arms  were  preserved.    The  terminal  portions  of  the  arms  are  also  gone,  so  that  their  real  ] 
length  cannot  be  given. 


■Av' 


ERIES   [26]  m     ["27]   CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


in  fonn^  and 
ces,  along  tlie 
lating  rows  of 
pertures,  sur- 
much  broader 
ig,  acute  teeth 
^est  and  most 
:ers  gradually 
De  very  small; 
lenticulate  on 
^n.  The  ven- 
the  inner  face 

the  base,  and 
eir  suckers  are 
together  in  the 
lalf  (30  inches) 
ily  about  30  on 
ler  abruptly  ijv 
R'hich  they  are 
and  third  pairs 
)bable,  judging 
I  of  the  ventral 
argest  of  these 

inch  in  diam- 
I  my  possession 
gmm  ^Q  21"""  be- 

Qore  than  twice 

•al  groove  runs 

olated  margin; 

ler  side  of  the 

denticles  point 

e  the  edge  and 

des  the  edge  is 

or  less  forward, 

icles  are  golden 

ad  lateral  mar- 

eral  edges  and 

prower,  acutely 

■f  these  suckers 

■8  (figs.  7, 7a,  8) 

iter  side  of  the 

of  the  third  pair) 
rently,  before  the 
i,80thattheicreal 


hoiay  rings  relatively  wider  and  more  incurved;  the  denticles  of  the 
outer  margin  are  strongly  incurved  and  decidedly  narrower  and  more 
acute  than  the  lateral  ones,  which  are  broad-triangular ;  the  inner  or 
front  denticles  are  rather  smaller,  aeute-triangular,  and  usually  inclined 
somewhat  inward.  On  these  there  are  forty  to  forty-six  denticles.  The 
rings  of  the  smaller  suckers  are  still  more  oblique  and  more  contracted 
at  the  ax>erture  than  those  of  the  larger  ones,  with  the  teeth  more  in- 
clined inward,  those  on  the  outer  margin  being  largest. 

Among  the  loose  sucker^rims  there  are  some  which  differ  firom  the 
others  in  having  the  rim  more  oblique,  and  the  inner  edge  with  nearly 
obsolete  teeth.  These  suckers  of  the  second  kind  differ  fh>m  the  cor- 
responding ones  of  A.  princepa  in  having,  on  the  outer  margin,  more 
numerous,  more  slender,  and  sharper  teeth,  which  taper  regularly  from 
base  to  tip  and  are  not  so  flattened.  The  larger  of  these  sucker-rims 
(i)  are  li.S"'"' in  diameter  across  the  base;  aperture,  O""";  height  at  back, 
ymm.  J^  fifont,  2™";  number  of  large  denticles  on  outer  margin,  ten  to 
fourteen ;  the  inner  margin,  except  in  the  smaller  ones,  is  either  finely 
toothed  or  distinctly  crenulated,  and  there  are  usually  one  or  more  irreg- 
ular, broad,  sharp  lobes  or  imperfect  teeth  on  the  lateral  margins.  The 
teeth  of  the  outer  margin  are  regular,  strongly  incurved,  tapering  from 
the  base  to  the  very  sharp  tips,  and  sharply  beveled  on  the  edges.  A 
smaller  one  (j),  ll"*"*  across  the  base  and  4.5"""  across  the  aperture,  with 
height  of  back  0"""",  has  five  regular  sharp  teeth  on  the  outer  margin, 
two  broad  irregular  ones  on  each  side,  while  the  front  edge  is  nearly 
entire.  These  are  supposed  to  come  from  the  ventral  arms.  Others  (h) 
are  completely  intermediate  between  the  two  principal  forms,  having 
very  oblique  rims,  with  a  small  aperture,  but  distinctly  denticulate  all 
around,  the  denticles  on  the  inner  margin  being  distinctly  smaller  than 
on  the  outer. 

Measurements  of  sucker-rims  from  short  arms  {in  millimeters). 


a. 
(ale.) 

b. 
(ale.) 

e. 
(ale.) 

d. 
(dry.) 

«. 

/• 

ff- 

A. 

t. 

J- 

Diameter,  outside,  at  base..... 

17 
13 

7.6 

3 
46 

17 

10 

9 

3 

41 

20 
16 

8 

3.6 
60 

18 

14 

7 

3 

49 

21 

17 

8 

3 

19 
16 

7.5 

3 

48 

20.6 
16.5 

7.6 

3 
49 

16 
9.6 
9.5 
3 

34 

14.6 

9 

7 

2 
14 

11 

Diameter  of  aperture 

4.5 

Height  of  liomy  ring,  back  side 

Heiglit  of  liorny  ring,  front  side 

Kumber  of  distinct  denticles 

6 

1.5 

7 

The  two  long  tentacular  arms  are  remarkable  for  their  slendemess  and 
great  length  when  compared  with  the  length  of  the  body.  Mr.  Harvey 
states  that  they  were  each  731.5'""  (24  feet)  long  and  7'"=  (2.75  inches)  in 
circumference  when  fresh.  In  the  brine  and  alcohol  they  have  shrunk 
greatly,  and  now  measure  only  411.5'"'  (13.5  feet)  in  length,  while  the 
circumference  of  the  slender  portion  varies  from  5.7'""  to  7.25™  (2.25  to 
3.25  inches).  These  arms  were  evidently  highly  contractile,  like  those 
of  many  small  species,  and  consequently  the  length  and  diameter  would 


REPORT   OP   COMMISSIONER   OF   I  J^H   AND   FISHERIES.      [28] 

varj-  greatly  according  to  the  state  of  contraction  or  relaxation.  The 
length  given  (24  feet)  probably  represents  the  extreme  length  in  an  ex- 
tended or  flaccid  condition,  such  as  usually  occurs  in  these  animals  soon 
after  death.  The  slender  portion  is  nearly  three-cornered  or  triquetral 
in  form,  with  the  outer  mgle  rounded,  the  sides  slightly  concave,  the 
lateral  angles  promicf'nt,  and  the  inner  face  a  little  convex  and  gener- 
ally smooth  (Plate  I,  flg.  1,  e  e.) 

The  terminal  portion,  bearing  the  suckers,  is  76.2°'"  in  length  and  ex- 
pands gradually  to  the  middle,  where  it  is  11.4'="'  to  12.7""  in  circumfer- 
ence (15.3'™  when  fresh)  and  3.9""  to  4.1™  across  the  face.  The  sucker- 
bearing  portion  may  be  divided  into  three  parts.  The  first  regio".  (» to  t  i) 
occupies  about  17.8'="'  (7  inches);  here  the  arm  is  rounded-triquetral, 
with  margined  lateral  angles,  and  gradually  increases  up  to  c  maxi- 
mum size,  the  inner  face  being  convex  and  bearing  about  forty  irregu- 
larly scattered,  small,  flattened,  saucer-shaped  suckers,  attachexl  by  very 
short  pedicels,  and  so  placed  in  depressions  as  to  rise  but  little  above 
the  general  surface.  The  larger  ones  are  5""™  to  6'"""  in  external  diameter ; 
3"""  across  aperture;  1.5"""  high.  The  smaller  ones  have  a  diameter  of 
4'""' ;  aperture,  2.5™"" ;  height,  l""".  The  horny  ring  (Plate  IV,  Figs.  9, 9a) 
is  circular,  thin,  and  of  about  uniform  breadth  all  around ;  the  edge  is 
smooth  and  even,  slightly  everted ;  just  below  the  edge  there  is  a  groove 
all  around ;  below  this  a  prominent,  rounded  ridge  surrounds  the  pe- 
riphery, below  which  the  lower  edge  is  somewhat  contracted.  A  thick, 
soft  membrane  surrounds  the  edge.  These  suckers  are  aC  first  distantly 
scattered,  but  become  more  crowded  distally,  forming  six  to  eight  irreg- 
ular alternating  rows,  covering  the  whole  width  of  the  inner  face,  which 
becomes  4.1'='"  broad.  Scattered  among  these  suckers  are  about  an  equal 
number  of  low,  broad,  conical,  smooth,  callous  verrucse,  or  wart-like 
prominences,  rising  above  the  general  surface,  their  central  elevation 
corresponding  in  form  and  size  to  the  apertures  of  the  adjacent  suckers. 
These,  without  doubt,  are  intended  to  furnish  sepure  points  of  adhesion 
for  the  corresponding  suckers  of  the  opposite  arm,  so  that,  as  in  some 
other  genera,  these  two  arms  can  be  fastened  together  at  this  wrist-like 
portion,  and  thus  may  be  used  unitedly.  By  this  means  they  must 
become  far  more  efficient  organs  for  capturing  their  prey  than  if  used 
separately.  The  absence  of  denticulations  prevents  the  laceration  of 
the  creature's  own  flesh,  which  the  sharp  teeth  of  the  other  suckers 
would  produce  under  pressure,  and  the  verrucse  prevent  the  lateral 
slipping,  to  which  unarmed  suckers  applied  to  a  smooth  surface  would 
be  liable.  Between  these  smooth  suckers  and  the  rows  of  large  ones 
there  is  a  cluster  of  about  a  dozen  small  suckers,  with  sharply  serrate 
margins,  from  5"""  to  8"""  in  diameter,  attached  by  slender  pedicels.  They 
are  arranged  somewhat  irregularly  in  four  rows,  those  of  the  outer 
rows  more  oblique,  and  corresponding  in  form  with  the  larger  marginal 
suckers. 

The  second  division  (ii  to  iii),  35.6'='"  in  length,  succeeds  the  small  suck- 


JIE8.      [28]      I    [29]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


ation.  The 
th  in  an  ex; 
nimals  soon 
)r  triquetral 
joncave,  the 
:  ami  gener- 

igth  and  ex- 
n  circumfer- 
The  sucker- 
igio".  {itoii) 
d-triqnetral, 
to      e  maxi- 
forty  irregu- 
jhed  by  very 
little  above 
lal  diameter; 
I  diameter  of 
,  Figs.  9, 9a) 
;  the  edge  is 
•e  is  a  groove 
iinds  the  pe- 
d.    A  thick, 
rst  distantly 
)  eight  irreg- 
face,  which 
out  an  equal 
or  wart-like 
•al  elevation 
!ent  suckers, 
of  adhesion 
as  in  some 
is  wrist-like 
they  must 
than  if  nsed 
aceration  of 
her  suckers 
the  lateral 
[rface  would 
f  large  ones 
rply  serrate 
icels.    They 
the  oater 
er  marginal 

I  small  suck- 


ers. Here  the  arm  is  liattened  ou  the  face,  i-ouuded  on  the  back,  and 
provided  with  a  sharp  dorsal  carina,  increasing  in  width  toward  the  tip. 
It  bears  two  alternating  rows  of  about  twelve  very  large,  serrated  suck- 
ers, and»  an  outer  row  of  smaller  ones,  ou  each  side,  alternating  with  the 
large  ones.  The  upper  edge  is  bordered  by  a  rather  broad,  regularly 
scalloped,  marginal  membrane,  the  scallops  corresponding  to  the  large 
suckers,  while  prominent  transverse  ridges,  midway  between  the  lar^e 
suckers,  join  the  membrane  and  form  its  lobes.  On  the  lower  edge 
there  is  a  narrower  and  thinner  membrane,  which  runs  all  the  way  to 
the  tip  of  the  arm.  In  one  (the  lower)  of  the  rows  of  large  suckers  there 
are  eleven,  and  in  the  other  ten,  above  20"'°  in  diameter.  The  former  row 
has  one  additional  sucker  at  its  proximal  end,  15"'°  in  diameter,  and 
three  others  at  its  distal  end,  respectively  16*°°°,  12*"",  and  8""°  in  diameter. 
The  other  row,  of  ten  suckers,  is  continued  by  a  proximal  sucker  lO'"'"  in 
diameter,  and  by  two  distal  ones,  respectively  15"""  and  13"""  in  diameter. 
The  number  of  large  suckers  in  each  row  may,  therefore,  be  counted 
as  12, 13,  or  14,  according  to  the  fancy  of  the  describer,  there  being  no 
well-defined  distinction  between  the  larger  and  smaller  ones  in  either 
row.  The  largest  suckers,  along  the  middle  of  the  rows,  are  from  24°"" 
to  30""'  in  diameter  (Plate  IV,  fig.  4,  a).  They  are  attached  by  slender  but 
strong  pedicels,  about  lO"-"-  long  and  C"-""  to  7"'"'  in  diameter.  The  outer 
or  back  side  of  these  suckera  is  16""^  to  18" "  high;  the  inner  side  10"™  to 
ll""",  so  that  the  rim  is  about  24""  to  28""'  above  the  surface  of  the  arm. 
The  horny  rings  are  7"'"'  to  8 " ""  high  and  have  the  aperture  20"""'  to  23'""'  in 
diameter.  Each  one  is  situated  in  the  center  of  a  pentagonal  depressed 
area,  about  25"""  across,  bounded  by  ridges,  which  alternate  regularly 
and  interlock  on  the  two  sides,  so  as  to  form  a  zigzag  line  along  the  mid- 
dle of  the  arm.  These  large  suckers  are  broadly  and  obliquely  campan- 
ulate,  but  much  less  oblique  than  those  of  the  short  arras;  the  marginal 
ring  is  strong,  and  sharply  serrate  all  around;  the  denticles  are  acute- 
triangular  and  nearly  equal.  The  rings  are  somewhat  calcified  and 
rather  rigid  when  dried;  a  well-marked  broad  groove  runs  around  the 
entire  circumference,  below  the  bases  of  the  denticles. 

The  small  marginal  suckers  (fig.  4,  b)  are  similar  in  structure,  but  much 
.  more  oblique,  and  mostly  9'""  to  11'" "  in  diameter;  they  are  attached  by  • 
[much  longer  and  more  slender  pedicels,  and  their  marginal  teeth  are 
[relatively  longer,  sharper,  and  more  incurved,  especially  on  the  outer 
\  margin.  The  peripheral  groove  is  broad  and  deep,  but  is  interrupted  on 
I  the  outer  side  for  about  a  third  of  the  circumference ;  the  outer  third 
I  portion  of  the  homy  ring  is  somewhat  flattened  from  the  circular  form. 

The  terminal  division  (iii  to  iv)  of  the  arm  is  22.8'^"'  long.  It  gradually  be- 
comes compressed  laterally,  and  tapers  regularly  to  the  tip,  which  is  flat, 
bluut,  and  slightly  incurved.  Just  beyond  the  large  suckers,  where  this 
region  begins,  tlie  circumference  is  9™.  The  face  is  narrow  and  bears  a 
large  number  of  small  pediceled  suckers  (Plate  IV,  figs.  10,  10  a),  ar- 
ranged in  four  regular,  alternating  rows,  gradually  diminishing  in  size 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.      [30] 


to  near  the  tip  of  the  arm,  where  the  rows  expand  into  a  small  cluster 
of  about  ten  smooth-edged  suckers.  The  suckers,  except  in  the  final 
group,  are  much  like  the  marginal  ones  of  the  previous  division,  and  at 
first  are  5"""  to  T"""  in  diameter,  but  decrease  to  about  2.5"™  near  the  tip  of 
the  arm.  They  have  sharply  serrate,  oblique,  marginal  rings,  higher 
on  the  outer  side,  with  a  peripheral  groove  on  the  inner  and  lateral  sides 
only.  In  our  preserved  specimens  the  rings  are  gone  from  many  of  these 
small  suckers,  but  those  of  the  two  rows  next  to  the  lower  margin  appear 
to  have  been  larger  than  the  others. 

The  suckers  of  the  final  group  are  close  to  the  tip,  which  is  slightly 
recurved  over  them.  They  are  flat,  attached  to  short  pedicels,  and  pro- 
vided with  a  narrow  homy  rim,  which  has  the  edge  smooth,  or  nearly  so, 
and  surrounded  by  a  thick  membranous  border.  The  diameter  of  these 
suckers  is  from  .5"""  to  2""".  They  are  rather  crowded,  and  the  cluster  is 
broader  than  long. 

The  color  of  the  body  and  arms,  where  preserved,  is  pale  reddish,  with 
thickly  scattered,  small  spots  of  brownish  red. 

The  form  of  the  jaws*  of  this  specimen  is  well  shown  by  Plate  III, 
tigs.  1,  2.  When  in  place  the  tips  of  these  jaws  constitute  a  powerful 
beak,  looking  something  like  that  of  a  parrot  or  hawk,  except  that  the 
upper  jaw  shuts  into  the  lower,  instead  of  the  reverse,  as  in  birds.  The 
color  is  dark  brown,  becoming  almost  black  toward  the  tip,  where  its 
substance  is  thicker  and  firmer,  and  smoothly  polished  externally.  The 
upper  jaw  (Plate  III,  fig.  1),  in  1875,  measured  79"""  in  total  length, 
25'""'  in  transverse  breadth,  and  66™""  in  breadth  or  height.  The  lower 
jaw  (fig.  2)  was  76™""  long,  70""'  transversely,  and  67™"'  broad,  vertically. 
It  was  larger  when  first  received,  but  has  subsequently  shrunk  con- 
siderably more,  in  alcohol. 

The  upper  mandible  has  the  rostrum  strong,  convex,  acute,  and 
curved  considerably  forward,  with  concave  cutting  edges,  and  a  slight 
notch  at  its  base.  The  anterior  edges  of  the  alse  are  irregular  and 
uneven.    The  palatine  lamina  is  broad  and  thin. 

The  lower  mandible  has  the  rostrum  stouter  and  less  curved,  the  tip 
acute,  with  a  distinct  notch  just  below  the  tip,  the  cutting  edges  nearly 
straight,  and  with  a  moderately  deep  and  rather  narrow  notoh  at  its 
base ;  a  ridge  runs  backward  from  near  the  tip,  in  a  curved  line,  cir- 

*In  order  to  explain  the  terms  employed  in  describing  the  various  parts  of  the  jaws 
of  Cephalopoda,  as  used  in  this  article,  I  have  introduced  figures  of  the  jaws  of  one  of 
our  common  small  squids  (£oIi(;o  j>a!!(<IaV.)  from  1.  2.     . 

Long  Island  Sound.    The  nomenclature  adopted  is 
essentially  that  used  by  Professor  Steenstrup. 

Fig.  1.  Upper  mandible:  a,  rostrum  or  tip  of  the 
beak;  b,  the  notch;  c,  the  inner  end  of  ala;  d,  the 
frontal  lamina;  e,  the  palatine  lamina;  ai,  the  cut- 
ting edge  of  beak ;  he,  anterior  or  cutting  edgo  of  , 
ala. 

Fig.  2.  Lower  mandible:  a,  rostrum;  db,  cutting  edge;  be,  anterior  edge  of  ala;  d, 
mcntum  or  chin ;  e,  gular  lamina. 


1RIE8.      [30]     9  [31]     CEPHALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


small  cluster 
t;  in  the  final 
vision,  and  at 
lear  the  tip  of 
rings,  higher 
I  lateral  sides 
nany  of  these 
largin  appear 

Bh  is  slightly 
eels,  and  pro- 
,  or  nearly  so, 
neter  of  these 
the  cluster  is 

reddish,  with 

by  Plat«  III, 
te  a  powerful 
Ecept  that  the 
n  birds.  The 
tip,  where  its 
ternally.    The 

total  length, 
t.  The  lower 
lad,  vertically. 
J  shrunk  con- 
acute,  and 
;,  and  a  slight 

irregular  and 

orved,  the  tip 

edges  nearly 

H  notch  at  its 

rved  line,  cir- 

arts  of  the  jaws 
le  jaws  of  one  of 
2. 

X 


edge  of  ala ;  d, 


3umscribing  a  more  flattened  area,  on  which  are  grooves  and  ridges 
Iparallol  with  the  notch.  Beyond  the  notch,  on  the  anterior  edges  of 
Ithe  aliB,  there  is,  on  each  side,  a  broad,  low,  obtuse  lobe  or  tooth,  be- 
,'ond  which  the  edge  is  even  and  sUghtly  concave  to  near  the  end  of 
the  alte.  The  lamina  of  the  mentum  is  short  and  strongly  emarginate 
v^^in  the  median  line.  Detailed  measurements  of  the  parts  are  given  in 
the  table  of  measurements  on  a  subsequent  page. 

The  roof  of  the  mouth,  or  palate,  between  the  anterior  portions  of  the 
palatine  laminic,  is  lined  with  a  rather  firm,  somewhat  chitinous  or 
mrchment-like  membrane,  having  its  surface  covered  with  strong,  acute, 
recurved,  yellowish  teeth,  apparently  chitinous  in  nature,  attached  by 
broad,  oval,  or  roundish  flattened  bases  (Plate  V,  figs.  4,  5).  These 
teeth  are  mostly  <!urved,  and  very  unequal  in  size  and  form,  the  various 
sizes  being  intermingled.  They  are  arranged  in  irregular  quincunx,  in 
lany  indefinite  rows.  Many  irregular,  roundish,  rough,  white,  stony 
[granules  are  also  attached  to  this  membrane,  among  the  teeth.  Similar 
[granules  (Plate  V,  fig.  4rt)  occur  in  large  numbers  on  the  thinner  exten- 
sion of  this  membrane,  which  everywhere  lines  the  mouth  and  pharynx. 
The  radula  is  about  Cd""""  in  total  lengtb,  with  the  dentigerous  por- 
tion, where  widest,  about  11"'"'  in  width.  The  teeth  are  in  seven 
rows,  with  an  exterior  row  of  small,  unarmed,  thin,  rhomboidal  plates 
)n  each  side,  thus  conforming  to  the  arrangement  in  the  other  ten-armed 
[Jephalopods.  The  teeth  are  deep  amber-color  to  dark  brown,  and  not 
[unlike  those  of  Loligo  and  Ommastrq^hes  in  form.  Those  of  the  median 
[row  have  three  fangs,  the  central  one  longest ;  those  in  the  next  row, 
[on  either  side,  have  two  fangs,  while  those  of  the  two  outer  lateral  rows, 
[on  each  side,  are  acute  and  strongly  curved ;  the  outermost  longest  and 
[simple,  the  next  to  the  outer  often  having  a  small  denticle  on  the  outer 
[side,  near  the  base.    (See  Plate  V,  figs.  1, 2,  3.) 

The  membrane  of  the  odontophore  is  broad,  firm,  and  thick;  the 
[dentigerous  portion  occupies  only  about  a  third  of  its  width,  in  the 
[middle  or  broader  portion,  where  it  is  bent  abruptly  back  upon  itself. 
[The  lower  or  ventral  portion  measures,  from  the  anterior  bend  to  the 
[end,  20"""';  it  narrows  gradually  to  the  broad,  obtuse  end,  the  width  of 
|the  dentigerous  portion  decreasing  from  S""""  to  5'""",  the  naked  lateral 
membrane  decreasing  from  8"""  to  a  very  narrow  border.  The  upper 
jortion,  from  the  bend  to  the  end,  measures  42"°""  in  length  (in  a  straight 
^ine).  The  upper  surface  is  deeply  concave  and  infolded,  at  first,  with 
the  lateral  membrane  broad  and  recurved;  farther  back  it  becomes 
lore  flattened,  with  the  dentigerous  portion  broader  (ll""""),  while  the 
lateral  membrane  is  abruptly  narrowed  and  then  extends  to  the  end  as 
very  narrow  border.  Toward  the  end  the  rows  of  teeth  become  more 
Iseparated  and  the  teeth  smaller  and  paler,  while  the  membrane  becomes 
Ithinner  and  narrower. 

The  internal  shell,  or  pen,  was  represented  by  numerous  detached 
I  pieces,  which,  after  much  trouble,  I  succeeded  in  locating  and  match- 


y 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OK    FISH    AND   FI8HEKIE8.      [32] 

ing,  HO  iiH  to  r«Htore  the  i>o8terior  end  and  Home  of  the  middle  portions, 
givitig  gome  idea  an  to  what  its  original  Htructaro  munt  luivo  been.  The 
texture  and  structnre  of  this  pait  of  the  pen  was  somewhat  like  that  of 
Loligo,  but  it  was  thinner,  and  had  leHH  definite  outlines,  and  less  of  the 
peculiar  quill-shape  seen  in  the  latter.  The  anterior  end  of  the  blade, 
instead  of  being  even  and  regular  in  outline,  appears  to  have  been  broadly 
rounded,  or  somewhat  abnii>t,  with  an  indefinite  outline,  thinning  out 
gradually  on  all  sides  into  a  soft,  llbrous  membrane,  while  the  shaft,  or 
or  quill-portion,  was  not  so  distinctly  diifei-entiated  from  the  broad,  thin 
blade,  which  tapered  to  the  posterior  end,  and  was  probably  slightly 
hooded  at  the  tip.  The  fragments  in  my  possession  belong  to  four  moie 
or  less  separated  sections.  The  first  section  includes  11  inches  of  the 
posterior  end,  f^om  close  to  the  extreme  tip  forward ;  the  second  section 
includes  about  9  inches,  belonging  to  the  posterior  portion,  and  extends 
to  about  25  inches  from  the  posterior  end,  but  lacks  the  extreme  lateral 
margins  outside  the  costse  (Plate  III,  fig.  3) ;  the  third  section  consists 
of  about  7.5  inches,  belonging  to  the  middle  region,  but  does  not  include 
the  whole  width  on  either  side  of  the  midrib ;  the  fourth  section  is  about 
10  inches  in  length,  and  probably  came  from  near  the  anterior  end  of  the 
blade,  apparently  representing  nearly  the  whole  width  on  both  sides. 

From  these  fragments  we  can  restore  pretty  accurately  the  last  25  inches 
and  12  inches  or  more  of  the  middle  portion,  though  the  precise  form  of 
the  indefinite  anterior  end  of  the  blade  must  remain  doubtful.  The  ex- 
treme posterior  tip  is  broken  ofi',  but  it  was  evidently  pointed  and  thin 
as  in  Ommastrephea.  At  the  mutilated  end  the  breadt'i  is  now  about  a 
third  of  an  inch.  From  th  "^  i)oint  the  lateral  edges  diverge  rapidi/,  with 
a  slightly  concave  outline,  i  about  1.25  inches,  where  the  breadth  be- 
comes 1.20  inches ;  beyond  thi^j  .  'nargins  are  nearly  straight,  and  di- 
verge gradually  to  the  end  of  the  iiio.  'action,  at  11  inches  from  the  tip. 
At  this  place  the  breadth  is  3.10  inches,  tue  marginal  portions  outside  of 
the  lateral  costse  being  about  .40  of  an  inch  and  the  midrib  about  .25  of 
an  inch  broad.  Beyond  this  point  a  section  about  4.75  inches  long  is 
entirely  wanting,  and  the  succt^dding  section  lacks  the  marginal  iM>r- 
tions,  the  lateral  costie  forming  tl  3  margins  on  both  sides.  At  19.50 
inches  from  the  tip  the  breadth  between  the  lateral  costse  is  3.75  inches; 
at  25  inches  it  is  5  inches  bro^ti.  Whether  the  marginal  portions  origi- 
nally extended  to  this  point  with  a  breadth  as  great  as  they  have  at  11 
inches  is  uncertain,  for  their  breadth  decreases  somewhat  to  that  point, 
from  a  poirt  about  4  inches  from  the  tip,  where  their  breadth  is  .GO  of 
an  inch.  The  midrib  is  strongly  marked,  being  raised  into  a  semi-cylin- 
drical form,  and  of  somewhat  thicker  material  than  the  lateral  portions; 
its  breadth  and  liight  steadily  increases  throughout  both  these  sections 
and  the  following  one,  until  it  becomes  nearly  half  an  inch  broad,  but 
in  the  section  fi'om  nearer  the  middle  it  is  low  and  narrow,  and  de- 
creases rapidly  toward  the  end.  The  lateral  costre  are  well  marked, 
considerably  elevated,  and  well  rounded ;  they  run  at  first  close  to  and 


[i\:\]     CEPIIALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OP  AMERICA. 

j  nearly  parallel  with  tlio  inidril),  but  ufter  the  first  3  inches  they  diverge 

quite  n'f-iihirly  to  the  point,  «t  25  inches  from  the  end,  beyond  which  we 

cannot  traeo  them,  until  they  reappear  in  the  first  part  of  the  anterior 

I  section,  where  they  are  (luite  small  and  soon  fiide  out  entirely,  at  some 

'distanwi  from  the  extreme  end.    Near  the  posterior  end,  between  the 

principal  costie  and  the  margin,  there  are  on  each  side  two  additional 

Icosta^,  much  less  distinct,  and  w.Any  faint  radiating  lines .    But  these  dl- 

rerge  more  rapidly,  ard  mostly  run  into  the  margin  at  0  to  8  inches  fh)m 

[the  posterior  end.    The  anterior  portions  and  posterior  portions  are  pale 

irellow  or  bluflP,  fading  to  whitish  at  the  thin  margins,  and  deei)ening  into 

jale  amber  at  the  midrib.    Their  substance  is  flexible,  translucent,  and 

^very  thin— scarcely  thicker  than  parchment,  except  at  the  midrib  and 

BOStfl). 

The  third  station  evidently  came  from  the  middle  region,  where  the 
Ibhell  was  thickest  and  broadest.    This  piece  is  7.50  inches  long  and  4.10 
jroad,  with  a  strongly  convex  midrib,  .30  to  .35  of  an  inch  broad,  run- 
Ining  through  the  center,  but  without  any  lateral  coSta».     In  this  portion 
|tho  sluill  is  much  thicker  and  firmer  than  in  the  others,  and  of  a  decided 
jrownish  yellow  or  dii"  amber-color,  but  quite  transhuieut;  it  is  finely 
striated  with  close,  nearly  parallel  lines.    The  breadth  and  form  of  this 
niddle  portion  must  remain  undetermined  for  the  present.    The  ante- 
rior section  is  quite  incomplete,  but  is  over  10  inches  long,  and  shows 
in  extreme  width  of  about  0  inches,  or  5.75  where  the  lateral  custie  dis- 
ippear.    Some  of  the  fragments  extend  forward  8  inches  or  more  be- 
yond that  point,  and  gradually  fade  out,  both  at  the  ends  and  lateral 
margins,  into  a  white,  soft  but  tough,  fibrous  membrane.    So  far  as  this 
jortion  is  preserved,  it  indicates  a  broadly  rounded  and  ill-defined  an- 
jrior  mj^rgin. 

To  this  species  I  refer,  with  some  doubt,  the  tentacular  arm  of  No.  2, 
)reserved  in  the  museum  of  Saint  John's,  Newfoundland.  It  agrees  essen- 
tially in  form  and  size,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  description^and  meas- 
irements,  with  the  corresponding  arms  of  No.  5.  Still,  it  must  be  re- 
lembered  that,  as  yet,  no  reliable  distinctions  have  been  made  out 
jetween  the  tentacular  arms  of  A.  Harveyi  and  A.  princeps. 
The  total  length  of  the  tentacular  arm  of  No.  2  was  estimated  at  30  to 
•  feet.  The  portion  saved  measured,  when  fresh,  579.12 ""  (19  feet).  The 
bircumference  of  the  slender  portion  was  9""  to  10  " ;  of  the  enlarged 
pcker-beariug  i)art,  15.24""  (6  inches);  length  of  the  part  bearir.g 
buckers,  70.2""  (30  inches) ;  dii>  meter  of  the  largest  suckers,  3.17""  (1.25 
jches).  Calculating  from  the  photograph,  the  portion  bearing  the  larger 
suckers  Avas  about  45.7™'  (18  inches)  in  length,  and  about  G.35™  (2.5 
Inches)  broad  across  the  face;  distance  between  attachments  of  large 
Suckers,  4.27' "  (1.G8  inches) ;  outside  diameter  of  larger  suckers,  2.95™  to 
'"  (1.10  to  1.25  inches) ;  inside  diameter,  l.SG '"  to  2.54""  (.74  to  1  inch); 
imeter  of  the  small  suckers  of  the  outside  rows,  1.02 ""  to  1.22""  (.40  to 
j.48  of  an  ^lich).    Mr.  Harvey  afterwards  sent  to  me  a  full  scries  of  meas- 


REPORT    OF   COMMISSIONER   OF    FISH   AND   FISHERIES.     [34] 

urenients  of  this  arm,  as  then  preserved.  It  had  contracted  excessively 
in  the  alcohol,  and  was  only  13  feet  1  inch  in  length  (instead  of  19 
feet,  its  original  length),  the  enlarged  sucker-bearing  portion  being  27 
inches ;  the  large  snckers  occupied  12  inches ;  the  terminal  part  bear- 
ing small  suckers,  9  inches;  circumference  of  slender  portion,  3.5  to  4.25 
inches  J  of  largest  part,  C  inches;  breadth  of  face,  among  large  suckers, 
2.5  inches;  from  face  to  back,  1.62  inches ;  diameter  of  largest  suckers 
outside,  .75  of  an  inch ;  ai)erture,  .63  of  an  inch.  It  will  be  evident 
from  these  measurements,  when  compared  with  those  made  while  fresh 
and  from  the  photograph,  that  the  shrinkage  had  been  chiefly  in  length, 
the  thickness  remaining  about  the  same,  but  the  suckers  (which  had 
lost  their  horny  rims,  and  therefore  their  size  and  form)  were"  consid- 
erably smaller  than  the  dimensions  previously  given.  Comparing  all 
these  dimensions  with  those  of  the  Logic  Bay  specimen,  and  calculathig 
the  proportions  as  nearly  as  possible,  it  follows  that  this  specimen  was 
very  nearly  one-third  larger  than  the  latter,  but  the  large  suckers  ap- 
pear to  have  been  relatively  smaller,  for  they  were  hardly  onc-twelftb 
larger  than  in  the  Logie  Bay  specimen.  As  the  relative  size'of  the  large 
suckers  is  a  variable  sexual  character  in  certain  species  of  squids,  it  i.s 
possible  that  the  difference  may  be  a  sexual  one  in  this  case. 

A  few  of  the  horny  rings  from  the  small  distal  and  lateral  suckers 
(Plate  IV,  ligs.  3,  3  a)  were  sent  to  me  by  Mr.  Harvey.  These  agree 
well  with  the  corresponding  suckers  of  No.  5. 

To  this  species  I  formerly  referi-ed  the  jaws  and  two  large  suckers  a 
from  the  'club'  of  the  tentacular  arms  of  the  Bonavista  Bay  specimen | 
(Xo.  4,  see  p.  8).    In  form,  size,  and  proportions  the  jaws  resemble 
those  of  the  specimen  (I^b.  5)  described  above,  so  that  the  size  of  these ; 
two  individuals  must  have  been  about  the  same.    These  jaws  had  beens 
dried,  and  were  very  badly  broken  when  received,  so  that  only  part  of  I 
their  dimensions  could  be  ascertained  at  first,  but  I  have  recently  par- 
tially repaired  them,  so  as  to  study  them  more  fully  (see  tablo  under  A. 
princcps)^  The  total  length  of  the  upper  mandible  was  about  lOS"""; 
tip  of  beak  to  notch,  16""";  notch  to  end  of  proper  catting  edge  of  ala-, 
75"".    The  lower  mandible  (Plate  III,  figs.  4,  4  a)  shows  both  sides  of  i 
the  rostrum  and  alae.    The  notch  and  tooth  are  well  marked,  and  the 
tooth  in  '"rent  of  it  is  narrower  and  much  more  elevated  on  one  side 
than  on  the  other.    It  is,  therefore,  quite  possible  that  it  belongs  to  A. 
princeps.     The  suckers  (Plate  IV,  figs.  1,  1  a)  had  been  dried,  and 
have  lost  their  true  form,  but  the  marginal  rings  are  perfect,  and  only 
23.4""  (.92  of  an  inch)  in  diameter,  but  though  somewhat  smaller  than 
in  the  specimen  just  described,  they  have  the  same  kind  of  denticula  ; 
tiou  around  the  margin.    Their  smaller  size  may  indicate  that  the  speci 
men  was  a  male,  but  they  may  not  have  been  the  largest  of  those  on 
the  tentacular  arm. 

To  this  species  I  also  refer  a  young  specimen  (Yo.  24)  which  was 
louud  floating  at  the  surface,  at  the  Grand  Banl.  of  Jfcwfoundlandl 


RIES.    [34] 

excessively 
istead  of  19 
ion  being  27 
il  part  beax- 
n,  3.5  to  4.25 
irge  suckers, 
:gest  suckers 
1  be  evident 
e  while  fresh 
ifly  in  length, 
s  (which  had 
wore"  consid- 
Jomparing  all 
id  calculathig 
specimen  was 
o  suckers  ap- 
ly  one -twelfth 
/.eof  the  large 
)f  s(iuids,  it  is 

ise. 

literal  suckers  1 

These  agree  *^ 


large  suckers 
Bay  specimeu 
aws  resemble 
e  size  of  these  | 
jaws  had  been 
it  only  part  of 
recently  par- 
abio  under  A. 
about  105"""; 
edge  of  ala*, 
both  sides  ofi 
rked,  and  the 
,cl  on  one  side 
belongs  to  A. 
en  dried,  and 
■ect,  and  onlv 
smaller  than 
of  denticula 
that  the  Rpeci 
st  of  those  oil 

>4)  which  was 
Newfoundland 


[35]  CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

April,  1880,  by  Capt.  O.  A.  Whitten  and  crew  of  the  schooner  "V^m. 
H.  Oakes,"  by  whom  li,  was  presented  to  the  United  States  Commission 
of  Fish  and  Fisheries.  It  furnishes  the  means  of  completing  the 
description  of  parts  .that  were  lacking  or  badly  preserved  in  the  larger 
specimens  described  above,  and  especially  of  the  sessile  arms  and  the 
buccal  membran;  i  (Plate  VI). 

■  The  coloi'  of  the  head,  so  far  as  preserved,  and  of  the  external  sur- 
faces of  the  sessile  arms,  is  a  rather  dark  purplish  brown,  duo  to  minute 
crowded  specks  of  that  color,  thickly  distributed,  with  a  pinkish  white 
ground-color  between  them.  The  outer  buccal  membrane  is  darker; 
the  inner  siurfaces  of  the  arms  are  whitish;  the  peduncular  portions  of 
the  tentacular  arms  have  fewer  color  specks,  and  are  i)aler  than  the 
pother  arms.  , 

f    This  creature  had  beeu  badly  mutilated,  as  described  on  p.  18,  long 
<^before  its  death,  as  its  healed  wounds  show,  and  to  this  circumstance 
many  of  the  imperfections  of  the  specimen  are  due. 


Sessile  arms. 

With  the  exception  of  the  left  arm  of  the  second  pair,  none  of  the 
sessile  arms  have  their  tips  perfect.  Therefore,  it  is  not  possible  to  ^ive 
their  relative  lengths. 

The  dorsal  arms  are  the  smallest  at  lyase,  and  the  third  pair  largest. 
Dhey  are  all  i)rovided  with  a  rather  narrow  marginal  membrane  along 
sach  border  of  the  front  side.    These  niembranqp  are  scarcely  wide 
enough  to  reach  to  the  level  of  the  rims  of  the  suckers,  though  they  may 
lave  done  so  in  life.    The  front  margin,  bearing  the  suckers,  is  narrow  on  all 
^he  arms,  but  relatively  wider  on  the  ventrals  than  on  any  of  the  others. 
Bach  sucker-pedicel  arises  from  a  muscular  cushion  that  is  slightly 
[raised  and  rounded  on  the  inner  side;  these,  alternating  on  the  two 
jlides,  leave  a  zigzag  depression  aloug  the  middle  of  the  arm ;  from  each 
|)f  these  cushions  two  thickened  rauscular  ridgss  run  outward  to  the 
kdge  of  the  lateral  membranes,  one  on  each  side  of  the  pedicels  of  the 
lackers.    These  transverse  muscular  ridges  give  a  scalloped  outline  to 
le  margin  of  the  membranes.     These  marginal  membranes  J^^re  nar- 
)we8t  aud  the  suckers  are  smallest  on  the  ventral  arms.    TI»e  dorsal 
id  lateral  arms  are  strongly  compressed  laterally,  but  slightly  swollen 
couvtx  in  the  middle,  and  narrowed  externally  to  a  carina,  which  is 
lost  i)rominent  along  the  middle  of  the  arms,  and  most  coTispicuous  on 
le  tV  f d  -p-^'     f  arms.     The  dOrsal  arms  are  rather  more  sUndcr  than 
le  second  pair,  and  were  probably  somewhat  shorter. 
The  left  arm  of  the  second  pair  has  the  tip  preserved,  with  all  its 
ickers  present.    On  this  arm  there  are  330  suck.:rs  in  all.    The  total 
pc^lii  of  the  arm  is  26.25  inches.    The  first  50  suckers  extend  to  12.25 
iches  from  the  base;  the  next  50  occupy  4.5  inches;  the  next  50  cover  3.5 
iches;  the  next  100  occupy  4.25  inches;  the  last  80  occupy  1.75  inches. 
Chis  arm  is  ,80  of  an  inch  in  transverse  diameter  near  the  base;  1.20 


RFPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OP*  FISH   AND   FISHERIES.      [36] 


inches  Ir  jm  front  to  back ;  breadth  of  its  front  or  sucker-bearing  surface 
(without  the  lateral  membranes)  is,  where  widest,  near  the  base  of  the 
aim,  .50  of  an  iach ;  the  width  gradually  decreases  to  .18  of  an  inch  at 
20  incnes  ixom  the  base ;  beyond  this  the  arm  tapers  to  a  very  slender 
tip,  with  numerous  small,  crowded  suckers  in  two  regular  rows.  At  the 
base  (Plate  VI,  fig.  4)  there  is  first  one  very  small  sucker;  this  is  suc- 
ceeded by  two  or  three  much  larger  ones,  increasing  a  little  in  size; 
beyond  these  are  the  largest  suckers,  extending  to  about  the  25tb, 
beyond  which  they  gradually  change  their  form  and  regularly  diminish 
in  size  to  the  tips.  The  larger  proximal  suckers,  up  to  the  25th  to  30th, 
are  relatively  broader  than  those  beyond,  and  have  a  wider  and  more 
open  aperture,  and  a  more  even  and  less  oblique  horny  ring,  which  is 
sharply  denticulate  around  the  entire  circumference,  witb  the  denticles 
ratJier  smaller  on  the  inner  than  on  the  outer  margin,  jut  similar  in 
form.  These  are  about  .31  of  an  inch  iA  external  diameter.  They  show 
a  gradual  transition  to  those  with  more  obUque  rims  and  smaller  aper» 
tures.  Beyond  the  30th  the  horny  rims  become  decidedly  more  obliu  i : 
and  one-sided,  with  the  denticles  nearly  or  quite  abortive  on  the  inm  , 
Bide,  and  larger  and  more  incurved  on  the  outer  margin,  while  tLe  aper- 
ture becomes  more  contracted  and  oblique.  At  first  there  are  eight  to 
ten  denticles  on  the  outer  marghi,  but  these  diminish  in  number  as  the 
suckers  diminish  in  size,  till  at  about  6  inches  from  the  tip  there  are 
mostly  but  two  or  three,  and  the  aperture  is  very  contracted.  Still 
nearer  the  tip  there  are  but  two  blunt  ones;  then  these  become  reduced 
to  a  single  bilobed  one ;  and  finally  only  one,  which  is  squarish,  appears 
in  the  minute  suckers  of  the  last  two  inches  of  the  tip.  The  first  two  or 
three  suckers  at  the  base  of  the  arm  are  more  feebly  denticulated  than 
those  beyond,  with  smaller  apertures. 

On  Tnany  of  the  suckers  (Platfe  IV,  fig.  2  a)  there  are  stUl  remaining, 
in  more  or  less  complete  preservation,  a  circle  of  minute  horry  plates, 
arranged  radially,  or  transversely  on  the  edge  of  the  membrane  around 
the  aperture,  similar  in  arrangement  to  those  described  in  another  part 
of  tnis  article  on  the  suckers  of  Sthenoteuthis  pteropm  (Plate  XVII,  fig. 
9).  They  are  less  developed,  however,  than  ih  that  species,  being  thin- 
ner and  more  delicate,  nor  do  their  ends  appear  to  turn  up  in  the  form 
of  hooks.  They  seem  to  be  generally  very  thin,  oblong,  scale-like  struct- 
ures, with  rounded  or  blunt  ends  and  slightly  thickened  margins.  These 
structures  will  probably  be  found  to  vary  with  age,  and  perhaps  with 
the  season.  They  appear  to  be  easily  deciduous,  and  are  often  absent 
in  preserved  specimens. 

On  the  dorsal  and  third  pairs  of  arms  the  suckers  have  essentially  the 
same  arrangement,  form,  and  structure,  and  on  these  three  pairs  of  arms 
the  larger  suckers  difler  but  slightly  in  size.  The  character  and  arrange- 
ment of  the  suckers  on  the  distal  portion  of  these  arms  is  well  shown  on 
PJ  te  VI,  figs.  3, 3  «,  which  rei'.coont  a  portion  of  one  of  the  tliiid  pair 
of  arms,  commencing  at  tl  e  OVth  sucker. 


1- 


0i 


ro/.i     «r371      CEPHALOPODS  of  northeastern  coast  of  AMERICA. 

:ries.    [o6J    ■'■     -^ 


aricg  surface 
e  base  of  the 
of  an  iuch  at 
,  very  slender 
•ows.  At  the 
;  this  is  sac- 
Little  in  size; 
)ut  the  25th, 
larly  diminish 
1 25th  to  30th, 
der  and  more 
ring,  which  is 

the  deuticles 
jut  similar  in 
'.    They  show 

smaller  aper 

more  obllo'i : 
e  on  the  inm 
rhile  tLe  aper- 
re  are  eight  to 
aumber  as  the 
)  tip  there  are 
tracted.  Still 
scome  reduced 
arish,  appears 
he  first  two  or 

iculated  than 

|)ill  remaining, 
horcy  plates, 
ibrane  around 

another  part 
ite  XVII,  fig. 
^s,  being  thin- 
jip  in  the  form 

le-like  struct- 
Irgins.  These 
]  perhaps  with 

often  absent 

[ssentially  the 
I  pairs  of  arms 
'  and  arrange- 
7m\1  shown  on 
|ilic  tliird  pair 


The  ventral  arms  are  trapezoidal  in  section  at  base,  and  rather  stout. 
Breadth  of  front  surface,  near  the  base,  exclusive  of  membranes,  .55  of  an 
inch ;  transversa  diameter,  .95  of  an  inch ;  front  to  back,  1.25  inches.  The 
sucker-bearing  surface  is,  therefore,  broader  than  in  the  other  arms. 
The  suckers  are,  however,  distinctly  smaller,  and  the  proximal  ones  are 
different  in  form  from  the  corresponding  ones  on  the  other  arms.  They 
lare  narrower  and  deeper,  with  more  oblique  and  more  contracted  aper- 
es,  more  oblique  horny  rims,  which  are  denticulated  on  the  outer  mar- 
ins  only.  On  the  larger  ones  there  are  12  to  15  sharp,  incurved  denti- 
les.  In  fact,  the  proximal  suckers  on  the  ventral  arms  agree  better 
ith  the  middle  suckers,  beyond  the  30th,  on  the  other  arms,  for  there 
xe  none  having  wide-open  apertures,  surrounded  by  nearly  even  homy 
ms,  denticulated  all  around.  The  suckers  diminish  regularly  in  size, 
nd  in  the  number  of  denticles,  till  at  the  200th  (where  th^  arms  are 
roken  off)  there  are  but  three  denticles. 


Foun^  A.  Ilarveyi,  No.  24. — Meaaui  emenia  of  arms  (in  inchee) 

• 

Kcar 
ba«e. 

At 
5  in. 

At 

10  in. 

At 
15  in. 

At 

20  in. 

DORSAL  PAIB. 
RrAfulth  of  front  excladinff  merabrftnes. 

.35 

.20 

.75 

1.06 

.50 
.30 
.60 
.00 

.30 
.20 
.40 
.70 

KrAftftth  4ii'  ln.tArA.1  tneiubraues  ....................... 

SECOND  FAIR. 
TotAl  lentrth    

26.25 

Bread  til  of  front • 

.40 

.25 

.80 

1.20 

.50 

.20 

1.10 

1.08 

.40 

.20 

.98 

1.40 

.50 

.30 

.65 

1.20 

.50 

.25 

.70 

1.60 

.55 

.25 

.90 

1.12 

.35 
.15 
.35 

.85 

.40 

.15 

.40 

1.20 

.30 
.10 

.22 

.18 

Diaiiiet4'r,  transversely .--- -. 

.39 
.60 

.10 

Diameter  front  to bacK 

.40 

THIRD  I'AIB. 

Breailtb  of  fiont 

Diameter,  trri'  .  ■'e'^fiel 7 

Diameter,  frtr  t  ^.''  hiiclc .,,,■ 

rouilTll  PAIR. 
Breadtii  A    .11   , 

liread'.  i     f  !■    •.  v  irr.  •  t* 

Diameti     ti*.  '■  *' r>   'v --,..., 

Diameter,  tVout   .  hac'i 

'      ii.  1  ■  V  JLAK  ARMS. 

rotallength 

67 

58.75 

.46 

&25 

4.25 

2.60 

.70 

.60 

Diameter  of  slender  portion 

Eiengtli  of  club 

K.engtb  of  part  occupied  by  24  larsest  8ack«r8 

1-ength  of  part  occupied  by  small  di8b»1  iaokera  — 
wreatettt  breadth  of  club 

Spiameter,  front  to  back 

Sessile  arms,  from  base  to  particular  suckers. 

To 

35th. 

To 

50th. 

To 
100th. 

To 
160th. 

To 
200th. 

To 

250th. 

To 
300th. 

To 

tip. 

Dorsal  pair,  base  to  guokera    

7.6 
7.75 
7.26 
6.25 

12.25 
12.25 
12.25 
10 

Second  pair,  baae  to  suckers 

Tblrd  pair,  base  to  suckers 

16.75 

20.25 

22.90 

24.60 

25.75 

26. 2S 

Fourth  pair,  base  to  suckers 

18.50 

20.75 

w. 

REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OP   FISH  AND   FISHERIES.     [38] 

Measurements  of  tuckers  of  sessile  arms  {in  inches). 


On  first  pair  of  arms,  external  diameter 

On  first  pair  of  arms,  aperture  diameter. . . . 
On  second  pair' of  arms,  eztemnl  diameter. 
On  second  pair  of  arms,  aperture  diameter 
On  third  pair  of  arms,  external  diameter . . , 
On  third  pair  of  arms,  aperture  diuneter. . . 
On  fourth  pair  of  arms,  external  diameter. . 
On  fourth  pair  of  arms,  aperture  diiuueter . . 


15th. 


.31 
.25 
.31 
.26 
.81 
.22 
.25 
.15 


30th. 


.24 
.16 
.27 
.18 
.28 
.18 
.21 
.11 


Both. 


.16 
.10 
.20 
.11 
.22 
.12 
.10 
.10 


100th. 


.15 
.08 


.14 
.07 


Tentacular  arms. — (Plate  VI,  fig.  2.) 

The  tentacular  arms  are  both  entire,  with  all  the  suckers  well  pre- 
served. The  total  length  is  65  and  67  inches  respectively;  length  of  the 
expanded  portion  or  club,  8.25  inches ;  diameter  of  the  peduncuhtr  por- 
tion varies  froL  ^^  tn  ,70  of  an  inch ;  at  the  base,  .90  inch;  breadth  of 
the  proximal  paif  le  club,  where  it  is  broadest,  .70  inch ;  diameter, 

from  front  to  back,  6  ach ;  external  diameter  of  the  largest  suckers,  .35 
inch ;  height  of  their  cups,  .28  inch ;  of  lateral  suckers,  .18  inch  ;  of  the 
largest  marginal  suckers  on  the  distal  portion,  .14  inch. 

The  peduncular  portion  is  somewhat  thickened  and  rounded  at  the 
base,  but  through  most  of  its  length  it  is  slender,  varying  in  size,  and 
nearly  triangular  in  section,  with  the  corners  rounded,  each  side  ineas- 
uring,  where  largest,  .60  of  an  inch  in  breadth.  At  about  a  foot  from 
the  base  the  small  smjoth-rimmed  suckers  and  their  opposing  tubercles 
begin  to  appear  on  the  inner  surface.  At  first  these  are  placed  singly 
and  at  considerable  intervals  (2.5  to  3.5  inches),  each  sucker  alternating 
with  a  tubercle  on  each  arm ;  farther  out  they  are  nearer  together,  and 
toward  the  club  they  alternate,  two  by  two,  on  each  arm;  near  the 
commencement  of  the  club  they  become  more  numerous,  and  are  ar- 
ranged somewhat  in  two  rows;  just  at  the  commencement  of  the  club 
they  become  more  crowded,  forming  three  and  then  four  oblique  trans- 
verse rows  of  suckers,  with  the  same  number  of  tubercles  alongside  of 
them ;  on  the  basal  expansion  of  the  club,  which  is  its  thickest  portion, 
these  suckers  and  tubercles  become  very  numerous,  covering  nearly  the 
whole  inner  surface,  forming  rather  crowded  and  irregular  oblique  rows 
of  six  or  more.  These  smooth-rimmed  suckers  are  followed  by  an  irreg- 
ular group  of  about  twenty,  somewhat  larger,  denticulated  suckers,  oc- 
cupying the  entire  breadth  for  a  very  short  distance.  Then  follow  the 
two  median  rows  of  large  suckers,  alternating  with  a  row  of  marginal 
ones,  q{  about  half  their  size,  on  each  side.  The  first  three  or  four 
large  suckers  of  each  row  gradually  increase  in  size ;  then  follow  six  to 
eight  nearly  equal  ones  of  the  largest  size ;  these  are  followed  by  two  to 
four  distal  ones,  decreasing  in  size.  In  one  of  the  rows  there  are  foiu*- 
teen  that  distinctly  belong  to  the  large  series ;  in  tbe  other  row  there 
are  twelve.    The  distal  section  of  the  club  is  occupied  by  four  regular 


RIE8.     [38] 


m 

fiOtta. 

100th. 

1 

.16 

1 

.10 

.20 

.15 

,' 

.11 

.08 

.22 

1 

.12 

%ji 

.10 

.ii 

'■^ 

.10 

.07 

1 

ers  well  pre- 
lengtli  of  the 
iunculctr  por- 
1 ;  breadth  of 
h;  diameter, 
st  suckers,  .35 
!  mch  ;  of  the 

unded  at  the 
r  in  size,  and 
ich  side  meas- 
t  a  foot  from 
3ing  tubercles 
placed  singly 
,er  alternating 
together,  and 
[rm;  near  the 
and  are  ar- 
it  of  the  club 
•blique  trans- 
alongside  of 
Ickest  portion, 
g  nearly  the 
oblique  rows 
Id  by  an  irreg- 
|d  suckers,  oc- 
len  follow  the 
of  marginal 
three  or  four 
follow  six  to 
ed  by  two  to 
[here  are  four- 
Iher  row  there 
four  regular 


[39]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

rows  of  small  denticulated  suckers,  more  strongly  toothed  on  the  outer 
margins,  and  similar  in  form  to  the  mtifjinal  suckers  of  the  middle 
region.  Of  these  the  two  rows  next  the  lower  margin  are  decidedly 
larger  than  those  of  the  two  upper  rows.  Close  to  the  tip  there  is  a 
group  of  about  a  dozen  u^inute  suckers,  with  smooth  even  rims.  The 
middle  portion  of  the  club  is  bordered  on  each  side  by  a  rather  broad, 
thin,  scalloped  membrane.  The  distal  section  has  a  broad  keel  on  the' 
outer  margin. 

Suckers  of  tentacular  arms  {in  inches). 

Diameter  of  largest  Buckers 35 

^  Hight  of  largest 28 

f;  Diameter  of  lateral 18 

Hight  of  lateral 09 

Diameter  of  smootb-rimmed  ones 10 

Diameter  of  tubercles 08 

Of  largest  lateral  suckers  of  diptal  seot'on 14 

Of  median  lateral  ones  of  distal  section 11 

• 

Buccal  membranes  and  jaws. — (Plate  VI,  fig.  1.) 

This  specimen  fortunately  had  the  buccal  membranes  and  other  parts 

bout  the  mouth  perfectly  preserved,  which  has  not  been  the  case  in  the 

arger  specimens.    The  outer  buccal  membrane  is  broad  and  thin,  rather 

eeply  colored  externally.    Its  margin  extends  into  seven  acute  angles, 

ne  of  which  is  opposite  each  of  the  lateral  and  ventral  arms;  but  on 

jtLe  dorsal  side  there  is  only  one,  which  corresponds  to  the  interval  be- 

ween  the  two  dorsal  arms.    From  each  of  these  angles  a  membrane 

uns  to,  and  for  a  short  distance  along  the  side  of,  the  opposite  arm,  ex- 

ept  froui  the  dorsal  one,  which  sends  off  a  membrane  which  divides,  one 

art  going  to  the  inner  lateral  siirfacc  of  each  dorsal  arm.    The  mem- 

ranes  from  the  upper  lateral  and  ventral  angles  join  the  upper  lateral 

ides  of  their  corresponding  arms  ;  those  from  the  lower  lateral  angles 

o  to  the  lower  lateral  sides  of  the  third  pair  of  arms.    The  inner  surface 

f  the  buccal  membrane  is  whitish,  and  deeply  and  irregularly  reticulated 

y  conspicuous  soft  wrinkles  and  furrows,  which  become  somewhat  con- 

ntric  toward  the  margin.    Beneath  this  membrane  are  openings  to  the 

uiferous  cavities.    The  inner  buccal  membrane,  immediately  surround- 

the  beak,  is  whitish,  thickened  at  the  margin,  and  strongly  irreg- 

ly  wrinkled  and  puckered. 

The  jaws  have  sharp,  dark  brown  tips,  changing  to  clear  brown  back- 

ard,  with  tholaminsB  very  thin,  transparent,  and  whitish.    The  upper 

audible  has  the  rostrum  regularly  curved,  with  a  distinct  ridge,  in 

ntinuation  with  its  cutting  edges,  extending  down  the  sides,  and  only 

slight  notch  at  its  base. 

The  lower  mandible  has  a  notch  close  to  the  tip,  with  the  rest  of  the 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OP   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.     [40]      i  [4 

inner  edge  iiciirly  straight ;  at  the  base  is  a  rather  large  and  wide,  V-shaped    M  Ar 
notch,  the  tooth  beyond  it  being  broad-triangular  and  rather  large; 
•  beyond  the  tooth  the  aloe  are  white,  soft,  and  cartilaginous. 

Measurements  of  jaws  {in  inches). 

Transverse  diameter  of  buccal  mass 1.  50 

Vertical  diameter  of  buccal  mass 1.70 

Upper  mandible : 

Tip  to  end  of  frontal  lamina 1.25 

Tip  to  notch 57 

Tip  to  lateral  border  of  lamina 77    ^M*™ 

Lower  mandible :  W^®^ 

Tip  to  border  of  mentum 45    >%|of 

Tip  tu  lateral  border  of  alae 70      '^^ori 

Tip  to  inner  end  of  alse 1.02     ^f-pf 

Tip  to  bottom  of  notch 32      1. 

Hightof  tooth 06    J'*** 

Notch  to  inner  end  of  alae 80   JBlori; 

Mentum  to  inner  end  of  alio 1.20  S'jawi 

The  portion  of  the  oesophagus  preserved  is  14.75  inches  long  and  about  ,«"**^ 
.15  of  an  inch  broad,  in  its  flattened  condition.  9^*^ 

The  radula  (Plate  V,  figs.  5-7)  is  amber-colored,  .18  of  an  inch  broad,  m^  ^ 
The  tridentate  median  tefeth  have  moderately  long  but  not  very  acute  n^'  *' 
points,  of  which  the  middle  one  is  a  little  the  longest.    The  inner  lateral   9^^^ 
teeth  are  bideutate,  and  somewhat  broader  and  longer  than  the  median  wP    ^ 
ones  I  their  outer  denticle  is  well  developed,  but  considerably  shorter  Jf 
than  the  inner  one.    The  next  to  the  outer  lateral  teeth  are  larger  at  base  W; "' 
and  much  longer,  simple,  broad,  tapering,  flattened,  slightly  curved,  ^*^ 
acute  at  tip.    They  appear  net  to  have  the  small  lateral  denticle  observed  mf  "^ 
on  the  corresponding  teeth  of  the  adult  Architetithis  (see  Plate  V,  figs,  i^^^^ 
1,  2).    The  outer  lateral  teeth  are  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  rather  j^ 
longer  and  not  quite  so  broad  at  base.    The  marginal  plates  are  well- 1^^^ 
developed,  thin,  somewhat  rhomboidal.  W^     * 

The  internal  cavity  of  the  ears  is  somewhat  irregularly  three-lobed,  f^r  ^^ 

with  several  rounded  papillae  projecting  inward  from  its  sides,  very  much  ^y^™^ 

as  in  those  of  Ommastrephes.    Each  ear  contained  two  irregular-shaped  ^^F?f 

otoliths,  one  of  which  (Plate  V,  flg.  8)  was  much  larger  than  the  other,  ^E  ^ 

in  each  ear.  fSi^l 

«B)v  f'' 
The  eyes  were  both  burst,  and  most  of  their  internal  structure  was  de-  W .    ' 

stroyed.    So  far  as  preserved  they  closely  agree  with  those  of  Omma-  m  ^ 

strephes.    The  eyeballs  were  large  and  somewhat  oblong  in  form,  and  W  .    ^ 

appear  to  have  been  nearly  2  inches  broad  and  3  long.    The  eyelids  w 

are  badly  mutilated,  but  the  anttrior  sinus  can  be  imperfectly  made  -^  ^  * 

out.    It  seems  to  have  been  broad  and  rounded.    The  aquiferous  cavities  'W.  , . 

appear  to  have  been  like  those  of  Ommastrephes.    The  form  and,^uc   ;a 

ture  of  the  cartilaginous  <  brain-box*  also  appear  to  be  essentially  the  W 

same  as  in  the  genus  last  named.  ^^^p.^ 

•Tk 

lis  full 


ERIES.     [40]     ■[41]       CEPHALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OP  AMERICA. 


ride,V-8haped 
rather  large; 

18. 


1.50 

1.70 

1.25 

57 

77 

45 

70 

1.02 

•to 

06 

80 

1.20 

long  and  about 

"an  inch  broad, 
not  very  acute 
lie  inner  lateral 
ban  the  median 
lerably  shorter 
e  larger  at  base 
lightly  curved, 
snticle  observed 
)  Plate  V,  figs. 
Ing,  but  rather 
plates  are  well- 

rly  three-lobed, 
ides,  very  much 
Tegular-shaped 
than  the  other, 

ructure  was  de 
hose  of  Omma- 
ig  in  form,  and 
The  eyelids 
perfectly  made 
liferous  cavities 
"orm  and^truc 
essentially  the 


It 


I  Architeuthia  prlnceps  Verrill.— (King  of  Giant  Squids.) 

Aidiitenlhia  princepa  Verrill,  Amer.  Jour.  Science,  vol.  ix,  pp.  124,  181,  pL  5, 

187.').    American  Naturalist,  vol.  ix,  pp.  22,  79,  figs.  25-27,  1877.    Trana. 

Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  210,  pi.  17-20,  1879-'80.    Amor.  Jour.  Science,  vol. 

xix,  p.  288,  pi.  12,  April,  1880. 

Ommastrephea  (Architeutkis)  princepa  Tyron,  Manual  of  Conchology,  p.  185, 

pi.  85,  1879.    (Figures  copied  and  description  conipilod  from  papers  by 

A.  E.  V.) 

Plates  VII-XI. 

This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  length  and  inequality  of  the  short 
arms,  of  which  the  longest  (ventral  or  subventral)  exceed  the  combined 
length  of  the  head  and  body  by  about  one-sixth;  by  the  denticulation 
of  the  suckers  of  the  short  arms,  of  which  there  are  two  principal 
forms,  some  having  very  oblique  horny  rings,  with  the  outer  edge  very 
BtroL  iy  toothed  and  the  inner  edge  slightly  or  imi)erfectly  denticu- 
^ilated;  the  others  having  less  oblique  rings,  with.the  denticles  similar 'n 
brm  all  round,  iLi/Ugh  smaller  on  the  inner  margin;  by  the  stronger 
jiaws,  which  have  a  deeper  notch  and  a  more  elevated  tooth  on  the  ante- 
or  edge ;  and  by  the  caudal  fin,  which  is  short-sagittate  in  form,  with 
[the  posterior  end  less  acuminate  than  in  the  preceding'species.* 

This  species  wa^  originally  based  on  the  lower  jaw  mentioned  as  No. 
,  and  on  the  upper  and  lower  jaws  designated  as  No.  10,  in  the  first 
art  of  this  article.    The  jaws  of  No.  10  were  obtained  from  the  stomach 
f  a  sperm-whale  taken  in  the  North  Atlantic,  and  were  presented  to 
he  Essex  Institute  by  Capt.  N.  E.  Atwood,  of  Provincetown,  Mass., 
ut  the  date  and  precise  locality  of  the  capture  are  unknown.    The  size 
nd  form  of  these  jaws  are  well  shown  in  Plate  XI,  figs.  1,  2.    The  total 
ength  of  the  upper  jaw  (fig.  1)  is  127'""'  (5  inches);  greatest  transverse 
readth,  37"""  (1.45  inches) ;  front  to  back,  89™™  (3.5  inches) ;.  width  of 
%alatiue  lamina,  68.9"""  (2.32  inches).    The  frontal  portion  is  considerably 
broken,  but  the  dorsal  portion  remaining  appears  to  extend  nearly,  but 
.not  quite,  to  the  actual  posterior  end,  the  length  from  the  point  of  the 
eak  to  the  posterior  edge  being  SQA"""  (3.4  inches).    The  texture  is 
rmer  and  the  laminse  are  relatively  thicker  than  in  A.  Harveyi'.    The 
ostrum  and  most  of  the  frontal  regions  are  black  and  polished,  gradu- 
lly  becoming  orange-brown  and  translucent  toward  the  posterior  bor- 
er, and  marked  with  faint  striae  radiating  from  the  tip  of  the  beak,  and 
y  faint  ridges  or  lines  of  growth  parallel  with  the  posterior  margin ;  a 
bght  but  sharp  ridge  extends  backward  from  the  notch  at  the  base  of 
he  cutting  edge,  and  other  less  marked  ones  from  the  anterior  border 
f  the  alaj.    The  tip  of  the  beak  is  quite  strongly  curved  forward  and 
cute,  with  a  slight  shallow  groove,  commencing  just  below  the  tip,  on 
ach  side,  and  extending  backward  only  a  short  distance  and.  gradually 
'adiug  out.   The  front  or  cutting  edge  is  nearly  smooth  and  well  cunved, 
he  curvature  being  greatest  toward  the  tip ;  at  its  base  there  is  a  broad, 
ngular  notch,  deepest  externally.   The  inner  face  of  the  rostrum  is  con- 

*  The  possibility  that  this  and  A.  Harveyi  may  be  only  the  sexnal  forms  of  one  species 
lis  fully  recognized  by  the  author. 


REPORT   OP   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.     [42] 

vex  in  the  middle  and  concave  or  excavated  toward  the  margins,  which 
are,  therefore,  rather  sharp.  The  anterior  borders  of  the  alaj  are  convex, 
or  rise  into  a  broad  but  low  lobe  or  tooth  beyond  the  notch,  but  beyond 
this  they  are  nearly  straight,  but  with  slight,  irregular  lobes,  which  do 
not  correspond  on  the  tw^o  sides.  The  anterior  edges  of  the  alia  make 
nearly  a  right  angle  with  the  cutting  edges  of  the  rostrum.  The  pala- 
tine lamina  is  broad,  thin,  and  dark  brown,becoming  reddish  brown  and 
translucent  posteriorly,  with  a  thin  whitish  border.  The  surface  is 
marked  with  unequal  divergent  strite  and  ridges,  some  of  which,  es- 
pecially near  the  dorsal  part,  are  quite  prominent  and  irregular;  the 
posterior  border  has  a  broad  emargination  in  the  middle,  but  the  two 
sides  do  not  exactly  correspond. 

The  lower  jaw  (Plate  XI,  flg.  2)  was  badly  broken,  and  many  of  the 
pieces,  especially  of  the  alee,  are  lost,  but  all  that  remain  have  been 
fitted  together.  The  extreme  length  is  92"""  (3.63  inches);  the  total 
breadth  and  the  distance  from  front  to  back  cannot  be  ascertained, 
owing  to  the  absence  of  the  more  prominent  parts  of  the  alse;  from  tip 
of  beak  to  posterior  ventral  border  of  mentum,  42.6"'"'  (1.68  inches);  from 
tip  of  beak  to  posterior  lateral  border  of  alae,  SS-O"""  (2.20  inches) ;  from 
tip  of  beak  to  posterior  ventral  border  of  gular  lamina,*60"'"'  (2.37  inches) ; 
from  tip  of  beak  to  bottom  of  not'^h  at  its  base,  20"'"'  (.80  inch) ;  tip  of 
beak  to  inner  angle  of  gular  lamiua,  47'""^  (1.85  inches);  height  of  tooth 
from  bottom  of  notch,  6.25""'  (.25  inch) ;  breadth  between  teeth  of  oppo- 
site sides,  15"""  (.60 inch);  breadth  of  gular  lamina,  in  middle,  44.5"'"'  (1.75 
inches).  The  beak  is  black,  with  faint  radiating  striae,  and  with  slight 
undulations  parallel  with  the  posterior  border;  the  rostrum  is  acute, 
slightly  incurved,  with  a  notch  near  the  tip,  from  which  a  very  evident 
gr(  ve  runs  back  for  a  short  distance,  while  a  well-marked  angular 
ridge  starts  from  just  below  the  notch  and  descends  in  a  curve  to  the 
ala,  opposite  the  large  tooth,  defining  a  roughened  or  slightly  corrugated 
and  decidedly  excavated  area  between  it  and  the  cutting  edges;  the 
cutting  edge  below  this  ridge  is  nearly  straight,  or  slightly  convex;  the 
notch  at  its  base  is  rounded  and  deep  and  strongly  excavated  at  bot- 
tom; the  tooth  is  broad,  stout,  obtusely  rounded  at  summit,  sloping 
abruptly  on  the  side  of  the  notch,  and  gradually  to  the  alar  edge.  The 
anterior  edge  of  the  ala,  beyond  the  tooth,  is  rounded  and  strongly 
striated  obliquely;  it  makes,  with  the  cutting  edge,  an  angle  of  about 
110°.  The  inner  surfaces  of  the  two  sides  of  the  internal  plate  of  the 
rostrum  form  an  angle  of  about  45°. 

The  lower  jaw  of  No.  1  (Plate  XI,  figs.  3, 3  a)  is  represented  only  by  its 
anterior  part,  the  alae  and  gular  laminae  having  been  cut  away  by  the 
person  who  removed  it.*  It  agrees  very  well  in  form  and  color  with  the 
corresponding  parts  of  the  one  just  described,  but  is  somewhat  smaller. 
The  lateral  ridges  of  the  rostrum  are  rather  more  prominent,  and  the 

*  The  specimen  waa  given  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  by  Mr.  G.  P.  Whitman,  of 
Kockport,  Mass.,  in  1872.    (No.  2524.) 


ERIES.     [42]  H[43]      CEPIIAL0P0D8  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


argins,  which 
DB  are  convex, 
I,  but  beyond 
1)68,  which  do 
the  alte  make 
n.  The  pala- 
sh  brown  and 
he  surface  is 
of  which,  es- 
irregular;  the 
),  but  the  two 

I  many  of  the 
in  have  been 
es);   the  total 
e  ascertained, 
alse;  from  tip 
1  inches) ;  from 
inches);  from 
"■(2.37  inches); 
0  inch) ;  tip  of 
leight  of  tooth 
teeth  of  oppo- 
lie,  44.5"""  (1.75 
kud  with  slight 
;rum  is  acute, 
|a  very  evident 
xked  angular 
a  curve  to  the 
tly  corrugated 
Ing  edges;  the; 
ly  convex;  the? 
savated  at  bot- 
[mmit,  sloping 
lar  edge.    The 
and  strongly 
mgle  of  about 
,1  plate  of  the 

[ted  only  by  its 
away  by  the 

I  color  with  the 

awhat  smaller. 

fnent,  and  the 
p.  Whitman,  of 


[area  within  it  is  narrower  ami  more  deeply  excavated,  especially  at  the 
(base  of  the  notch,  where  the  excavation  goes  considerably  lower  than 
the  uiner  margin.  The  notch  is  narrower  and  not  so  much  rounded  q.t 
lits  bottom.    The  tooth  is  about  the  same  in  size  as  that  of  No.  10,  and 

appears  to  be  even  more  prominent,  because  the  anterior  edge  of  the 
ala  is  more  concave  at  its  outer  base;  it  is  also  more  compressed  and 

[ess  regularly  rounded  at  summit.  This  jaw  measures  32.5'"'"  (1.30  inches) 
im  the  tip  to  the  posterior  ventral  border  of  mentum;  l?""""  from  the 

;ip  to  the  bo'ttom  of  the  notch ;  4"""  from  bottom  of  notch  to  the  tip  of  the 

;ooth. 

Both  these  lower  jaws  agree  in  having  a  very  prominent  tooth  on  the 
Jar  edge,  witi\  a  large  and  deeply  excavated  notch  between  it  and  the 
tutting  edge  c  f  the  beak,  and  in  this  respect  differ  from  the  lower  jaw 
>f  A.  Harveyi,  for  in  the  latter  the  tooth  or  lobe  is  broad  and  less  promi- 
lent,  while  the  notch  is  narrower  and  shallower.  This  seems  to  be  the 
test  character  for  distinguishing  the  jaws  of  the  two  species.  But  they 
Aso  differ  in  the  angle  between  the  alar  edge  and  the  cutting  edge  of 
;he  rostrum,  especially  of  the  lower  jaw,  for  while  in  A.  Harveyi  this  is 
lardly  more  than  a  right  angle,  in  A.  princepa  it  is  about  110°.  More- 
iver,  the  darker  color  and  firmer  texture  of  the  jaws  of  the  latter  seem 

be  characteristic. 

To  this  species  I  have  referred  the  Catalina  specimen  (No.  14,  p.  13), 
•reserved  in  the  New  York  Aquarium.    The  jaws  of  the  latter,  which 

ere  examined  and  carefully  measured  by  me,  agree  very  closely,  both 

form  and  size,  with  those  of  No.  10,  the  type  of  the  species,  but  are  a 

ifle  larger.  The  total  length  of  the  upper  mandible  is  133'"'";  greatest 
treadth,  99""";  from  inner  angle  of  anterior  edge  to  the  dorsal  end  of 

■ontal  lamina,  95"""';  tip  of  rostrum,  or  beak,  to  the  dorsal  end  of  frontal 

a,  92"'"' ;  tip  of  rostrum  to  bottom  of  notch,  19'""' ;  notch  to  inner  end 

Jpf  anterior  edge,  38"'"';  transverse  breadth  between  anterior  edges,  17""°. 

The  total  length  of  the  lower  mandible  is  95"'"';  breadth  from  gular 
[amina  to  inner  end  of  alae,  99"""";  front  edg^  of  jaw  to  posterior  end  o) 

liar  lamina,  83™"';  breadth  of  alae,  41'"'";  posterior  edge  of  alae  to  end 
tf  gular  lamina,  44.5"'"';  tip  of  beak  to  bottom  of  notch,  22"'"';  notch  to 
[nner  angle  of  aloe,  70""";  depth  of  notch,  3.5""". 

The  general  form  of  this  species  is  very  well  shown  on  Plate  VIII. 

!hi8  figure  has  been  made  from  the  sketches  and  measurements  made 

^y  me  soon  after  the  specimen  was  received  in  New  York  and  before  it 

been  "mounted"  (see  p.  13).    The  head  was,  liowever,  so  badly  in- 

•ed  that  it  could  not  be  accurately  figured,  and  this  part  is,  therefore, 

be  regarded  as  a  restoration,  as  nearly  correct  as  could  be  made  under 

le  circumstances.    It  may  require  considerable  corrections,  both  as  to 

ize  and  form.    The  caudal  fin  is  remarkable  for  its  small  size,  as  in  A. 

'harveyi.  Its  breadth  is  scarcely  more  than  that  of  the  greatest  diameter 
tf  the  body.  It  is  short- sagittate  in  form,  with  strongly  divergent  side 
[obes,  which  extend  forward  beyond  their  lateral  insertions,  and  end  in 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.      [44] 


a  rounded  or  blunt  angle.  The  posterior  end  is  somewhat  prolonged 
and  acute,  but  less  so  than  in  that  of  A.  Harvcyi,  which  it  otherwise  re* 
sembles.  One  of  the  figures  (Plate  X,  fig.  2),  was  made  by  me  several 
weeks  after  it  had  been  placed  in  strong  alcohol,  and  had  shrunk  con,- 
siderably ;  the  other  (fig.  1)  was  made  by  Dr.  J.  B.  Holder  after  it  hk\ 
been  in  alcohol  only  a  few  days. 

When  fresh,  the  caudal  fin  was  84"'  in  breadth,  but  when  sketched  by 
Dr.  J.  B.  Holder  its  breadth  was  71"";  its  length,  from  posterior  tip  to 
lateral  insertions,  48.3"";  from  tip  to  end  of  lateral  lobes,  61°*". 

The  length  of  the  body  and  head  together,  when  fresh,  was  about 
289"°  (9.5  feet),  but  when  measured  by  mo  it  was  about  218™. 

The  sessile  arms  were  unequal  in  size  and  length,  the  longer  ones  con- 
siderably longer  than  the  head  and  body  together.  Mr.  Harvey  found 
that  the  longest  arms,  said  to  be  the  ventral  ones,  were  335"°  (11  feet) 
long  and  43.2'^"'  (17  inches)  in  circumference  at  base.  When  first  «xani 
ined  by  me  the  ventral  arms  measured  10.5  feet,  and' were  longer  than 
any  of  the  others,  but  all  the  rest  were  more  or  less  mutilated  at  the 
tips,  and  several  had  thus  lost  a  considerable  portion  of  their  length,  so 
that  it  is  quite  probable  that  originally  the  subventral  arms  (or  third 
pair)  were  actually  longer  than  the  ventral  ones.  The  circumference  of 
the  third  pair  of  arms,  when  measured  by  me,  was  considerably  greater 
than  that  of  the  ventral  ones,  the  former  being  11.25  inches,  the  latter 
10  inches.  Hence,  I  have  inferred  that  the  greatest  circumference  (17 
inches),  measured  by  Mr.  Harvey,  applies  to  the  third  pair  of  arms. 

The  ventral  arms  have  both  outer  angles  bordered  by  a  strong,  thick 
marginal  membrane  about  an  inch  wide.  The  arms  are  all  more  or  less 
trapezoidal  in  form,  and  taper  to  very  slender  tips.  When  examined  by 
me  they  had  already  lost  nearly  all  their  suckers.  A  few  remained  near 
the  base  of  one  of  the  arms  of  the  third  pair.  These  were  25"""  (1  inch) 
in  diameter,  with  the  aperture  IS.S'""  (.62  inch)  across;  the  denticles  on 
the  outer  border  of  the  marginal  ring  were  broad -triangular,  acute,  and 
strongly  incurved,  much  larger  than  those  on  the  inner  margin. 

Of  the  detached  suckers,  I  have  been  able  to  study  with  care  18  speci- 
mens from  the  sessile  arms.  Part  of  these  are  represented  only  by  the 
horny  marginal  rings.  The  three  largest  difi'er  f^om  the  rest  in  having 
,  the  denticles  less  incurved  and  more  nearly  alike  all  around  the  margin, 
those  on  the  inner  edge  being  only  somewhat  smaller  and  more  slender 
than  those  on  the  outer  margin,  while  the  rings  themselves  are  less  ob- 
lique and  eccentric.  These  probably  came  from  the  basal  half  of  the 
lateral  arms.  The  other  suckers  all  belong  to  one  type,  like  those  seen 
npon  the  third  pair  of  arms,  described  abovo  They  differ,  however, 
very  muqh  in  size,  in  the  number  of  denticles,  and  in  the  presence  or 
absence  of  more  or  less  perfect  denticles  on  the  inner  margin,  this,  in 
the  smaller  ones,  often  being  without  any  distinct  denticles  whatever; 
the  horny  rings  are  very  oblique  and  the  aperture  eccentric.  Suckers 
of  this  kind  probably  originally  occupied  the  entire  length  of  the  ventral 


SRIES.    [44]   m  1^45 J     cepiialopods  of  northeastern  coast  of  America. 


[at  prolonged 
otherwise  re- 
by  me  several 
d  shrunk  con,- 
r  after  it  hi  \ 

a  sketched  by 
)sterior  tip  to 

}h,  was  about 

nger  ones  con- 
Harvey  found 
335«»  (11  feet) 
len  first  exani- 
re  longer  than 
iitilated  at  the 
heir  length,  so 
arms  (or  third 
rcumference  of 
erably  greater 
thes,  the  latter 
jumference  (17 
ir  of  arms. 
i  strong,  thick 
kU  more  or  less 
1  examined  by 
remained  near 
e  25"""  (1  inch) 
le  denticles  on 
lar,  acute,  and 
largin. 

I  care  18  spedi- 
ed  only  by  the 
rest  in  having 
ad  the  margin, 
I  more  slender 
res  are  less  ob- 
sal  half  of  the 

ike  those  seen 
iffer,  however, 
le  presence  or 

largin,  this,  in 
eles  whatever; 

trie.    Suckers 

of  the  ventral 


arniH  and  the  distal  half  or  the  other  arms.    The  diameters  vary  from 
8"""  to  li4"™  external! v;  the  apertures  from  31)"""  to  liO""". 

One  of  the  most     y:fect  of  these  suckers  (ft)  is  preserved  in  alcohol, 
with  the  soft  parts  (Plate  IX,  flgs.  5,  0),  and  was  sent  to  me  from  New- 
foundland by  Mr.  Harvey.    This  has  the  greatest  external  diameter 
22'""';  diameter  of  aperture,  lO™"';  height  of  cup  (outside),  16"";  height 
t  center,  15""";  height  near  inner  margin,  at  attachment  of  pedicel,  G""""; 
ength  of  pedicel,  14""";  diameter  of  pedicel,  1.5""".    In  a  side-view  the 
lucker  is  oblique  and  gibbous ;  the  lower  surface  is  convex  centrally,  but 
as  a  deep  notch  or  pit  near  the  ft'ont  margin,  in  the  bottom  of  which 
e  slender  but  strong  pedicel  is  attached,  and  the  horny  ring  has  a 
corresponding  notch ;  the  outer  or  back  portion  is  much  swollen  and 
produced  downward  and  backward,  and  here  the  homy  ring  is  corre- 
lipondingly  high.    The  aper.ture  is  nearly  circular,  but  is  rather  shorter 
■  ||from  front  to  back  than  transversely.    In  this  and  some  of  the  other 
iuckers  of  similar  size  the  entire  circumference  of  the  margin  is  ftir- 
ished  with  rather  large,  sharp  denticles,  which  are  -strongly  inclined 
nward  and  considerably  larger  on  the  outer  than  on  the  inner  margin, 
here  are  about  thirteen  of  the  large  teeth,  occupying  rather  more  than 
alf  the  circumference ;  these  are  broad  at  base,  beveled  ofT  to  an  acute 
ge  on  the  sitles,  and  somewhat  acuminate,  with  sharp  tips.    Those  on 
e  middle  of  the  outer  border  point  inward  to  the  center  of  the  sucker, 
ut  those  along  the  sides  point  rather  obliquely  to  the  front  margin, 
he  front  margin  is  occupied  by  about  seventeen  smaller,  unequal, 
cute  denticles,  those  in  its  center  the  smallest  and  most  regular ;  these 
re  acute-triangular  and  their  points  are  directed  more  upward  than 
hose  of  the  opposite  edge.    The  horny  rings  are  light*  yellow  (when 
ried  they  are  white  and  osseous),  their  denticles  yellowish  white,  and 
ften  silvery  white  and  lustrous  at  tip  and  along  their  edges,  especially 
hen  dried.    The  large  suckers  of  this  form  I  refer  to  the  basal  half  of 
he  lateral  and  dorsal  arms.    The  suckers  smaller  than  the  above  have 
ewer  of  the  larger  outer  teeth,  and  usually  fewer  and  less  perfectly 
bnned  teeth  along  the  front  margin.    Those  that  have  the  aperture 
or  less  in  diameter  usually  have  the  front  margin  of  the  ring  only 
regularly  fissured,  with  the  intervals  minutely  denticulate  or  crenulate, 
hile  the  outer  half  of  the  margin  may  bear  nine  or  ten  large  and  well- 
ieveloped  denticles,  with  broad,  stout  bases  and  sharp  edges  aid  lipuj 
e  edges  of  these  teeth  along  the  middle  are  usually  convex,  and  tiioii 
e  outline  is  incurved  to  the  acute  point.    One  of  the  smaller  suckers 
xamined  has  the  aperture  about  4.5"'"'  in  diameter,  with  the  same  form 
s  the  larger  ones ;  this  has  about  six  largo,  sharp  denticles,  like  those 
bove  described,  on  the  outer  half  of  the  margin  of  the  rings,  while  the 
ont  margin  is  nearly  entire  and  smooth.    The  smallest  one  (j)  is  simi- 
lar, with  but  four  distinct  large  denticles,  with  another  imperfect,  lobe- 
ike  one  on  one  side,  and  with  a  smooth  front  margin.    These  probably 
ame  from  the  distal  half  of  the  various  arms. 


REPORT    OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FI81I   AND   FISHERIES.     [46] 


The  three  largest  HuekerH  (Plate  IX,  fig.  0),  HiippoHed  to  be  from  near 
tlie  ba.se  of  the  lateral  arms,  have  about  45  marginal  denticles,  of  nearly 
uniform  Hi/e,  and  less  incurved  than  in  those  above  described.  In  these 
the  back  side  of  the  horny  ring  is  less  expanded,  and  therefore  the 
suckers  were  less  oblique  than  in  the  smaller  ones.  The  largest  of  these 
(rt)  had  the  aperture  20"""  in  diameter. 

Mfnaurementa  o/Huvkerit  of  short  arntH  {in  millimetera). 


TriiiiMvcrno  diameter,  outnide  . 
])iHnii-t«T  of  aperture,  inside  . . 
Hiuht  iif  liuruy  rinfi,  W-.k  Hide, 
Uijfht  of  homy  ring,  front  iil«l» 
Niiinber  of  luriiu  doutivleM  .... 
XiiiiilwrMif  Binall  dentii-leH 


I 


24 
20 
10 
6 
2.1 
22 


21 
10.. -5 


13 
17 


«. 


20 

0 
11 

8.S 
12 
10 


d. 


20 
» 

12 
8 

12 

17 


/ 


17 

H.  5 
11 

,1 

» 
12 


10 

H 
11 

2.6 
12 
15 


a- 

h. 

<. 

i- 

10 

7 
U 

.t 
10 

10 

s 

9.S 

2 

a 

8 

8.5 

0 

1.5 

4 



The  long  tentacular  arms  agree  very  closely  with  those  of  A.  Harveyi 
(No.  r>)  in  form  and  in  the  arrangement  of  the  suckers  on  the  'club.' 
When  fresh  they  measured  914.4 "  (30  feet)  in  length,  with  a  circumference 
of  abor.l  12.7 ""  (5  inches),  except  at  the  enlarged  club,  which  was 
20.32  "^  (8  inches)  in  the  miudle.  But  when  first  examined  by  me  they 
had  shrunk  to  731.5""  (24  feet)  in  length,  and  the  circumference  of  the 
slender  portion  was  9""  to  10""  j  that  of  the  club  was  15.24'^'"  (6  inches). 
At  that  time  the  club  was  77.47""  (30.5  inches)  long;  that  portion  bear- 
ing i-he  larger  suckers  was  48.26™  (19  inches);  the  wrist  or  portion  bear- 
ing the  smaller  and  partly  smooth-rimmed  suckers  and  tuber''  was 
15.24 ""  (6  iu^'hes)  long;  the  terminal  portion,  bearing  small  den1  ed 

suckers,  was  22.80"""  (9  inches) ;  the  breadth  of  the  front  of  the  cIud  was 
7.62 '"  (3  inche^.  The  terminal  portion  had  •  a  strong  emna-like  mem- 
brane or  crest  along  the  back,  and  was  here  5™  (2  inches)  wide  from 
front  to  back. 

The  large  suckers  (Plate  IX,  figs.  1, 1  a)  of  the  tentacular  arms  are 
nearly  circular  in  outline,  and  are  broad,  depressed,  little  oblique,  con- 
stricted just  below  the  upper  margin,  and  then  swelled  out  below  the 
constriction  to  the  base.  The  calcareous  ring  is  strong,  white,  and  so 
ossified  as  to  be  somewhat  rigid  and  bone-like.  The  margin  is  sur- 
rounded by  numerous  (about  45  to  50)  nearly  equal,  acute-triangular 
teeth,  sometimes  separated  by  spaces  equal  to  their  breadth,  at  other 
times  nearly  in  contact  at  their  bases ;  their  edges  are  so  beveled  as  to 
be  sharp,  while  there  is  a  triangular  thickening  in  the  middle  of  each 
at  base.  A  wide,  deep,  and  concave  groove  extends  entirely  around  the 
rim  a  short  distance  below  the  margin ;  below  this  the  lower  part  of  the 
rim  is  somewhat  expanded  and  irregularly  plicated,  varying  in  width. 
The  laigesc  ring  examined  by  me  measures  31"'"  in  its  greatest  diameter 
externally ;  the  aperture  is  26'""'  and  23 " ""  across  its  longer  and  shorter 
diameters;*  greatest  hight  or  breadth  of  rim,  11""';  least  hight,  8'""'; 
breadth  of  groove,  1 .5"'"  to  2'"'". 

•  *  This  specimen  is  somowhiit  warped  by  drying,  so  that  tlio  aperture  is  not  bo  cir- 
cular as  when  fresh. 


:RIF,S.     [46]  ■[*-  .  J    CEPITALOPODS   OF  NORTHEASTERN   COAST   OF   AMERICA. 


be  from  near 
lc8,  of  nearly 
ail.  In  these 
thcrelbre  the 
•gest  of  these 


A. 

i. 

i- 

10 

s 
..... 

0.S 

2 

6 



8 

8.5 
S 

1.5 

4 

1 

»f  A.  Harveyi 
m  the  'club.' 
jircumference 
►,  which  was 
tl  by  me  they 
ference  of  the 
i""  (6  inches), 
portion  bear- 
portion  be&r- 
tiibef  was 
deni  ed 

the  cluD  was 
ina-like  mem- 
js)  wide  from 

liar  arms  are 
oblique,  con- 
)ut  below  the 
Rrhite,  and  so 
irgin  is  sur- 
tetriangular 
dth,  at  other 
)eveled  as  to 

ddle  of  each 
y  around  the 

r.  part  of  the 

ug  in  width. 

est  diameter 
and  shorter 
hight,  8'"™; 


Tlic  marginal  suckers  (Plate  IX,  flg.  10),  alternating  with  the  largo 
ncH  on  the  club,  are  very  oblique,  with  the  rings  strong  and  very  one- 
ided,  the  height  of  the  back  being  more  than  twice  that  of  the  froi»t 
ii»rgin.  The  aperture  is  not  circular,  the  outer  portion  of  the  margiiA 
>eiug  incurved  or  straight.  The  groove  below  the  margin  is  narrov/ 
'  iuid  deep,  especially  on  the  sides,  but  only  extends  around  the  front 
jpind  sides,  being  entirely  absent  on  the  outer  third  of  the  circumference, 
^he  denticles  are  about  22  to  24,  slender,  acute,  not  crowded,  the  most 
f  them  being  separated  by  spaces  greater  than  their  breadth  at  base, 
he  outer  ones  are  strongly  incurved ;  those  along  the  sides  are  curved 
forward  obliquely  toward  the  front  margin,  while  those  on  the  front 

argin  point  upward  and  sometimes  rather  outward.  The  denticles 
re  of  nearly  equal  length,  but  those  of  the  front  margin  are  both  move 
ilender  and  more  acute ;   they  all  have  sharp,  beveled  edges  antl  a 

ickened  median  ridge  or  tubercle.  The  largest  ring  examined  was 
4"""  in  diimieter;  height  or  breadth  of  back  side  of  rim,  8""";  of  front 
ide,  3.5'""". 

The  small  suckers,  covering  the  last  division  of  the  club,  are  very 
iinilar  to  the  marginal  ones  last  described,  except  that  they  aio  much 
mailer  and  more  delicate,  with  a  narrower  and  less  oblique  rim.  The 
enticle.s  of  the  inner  margin  are  very  acute,  and  point  obliquely  out- 
ard  and  upward.  Greatest  diameter  of  the  one  <I  .scribed,  6""" ;  hight 
i'  back  side  of  rim,  4""" ;  of  front  side,  1.5""". 

The  small  terminal  group  of  smooth  rimmed  suckers,  seen  in  No.  6, 
ere  not  noticed,  but  they  were  not  looked  for  specially. 

To  this  species  I  have  also  referred  the  specimen  (No.  13)  from  Grand 
ank,  Fortune  Bay  (see  p.  12,  where  the  general  measurements  are 
iven).  Fortunately,  Mr.  Simms  was  able  to  obtain  the  jaws  in  pretty 
ood  condition,  and  also  one  of  the  largest  suckers  of  the  tentacular 

ms.  These  specimens  were  forwarded  to  me  by  the  Rev.  M.  Harvey, 
hey  had  been  dried,  and  the  jaws,  which  were  still  attached  together 
y  the  ligaments,  had  cracked  somewhat,  but  all  p3<rts  were  present 
ixcept  the  posterior  end  of  the  palatine  lamina,  which  had  been  cut  or 
roken  off.  Although  these  jaws  had  undoubtedly  shrunken  consider- 
ibly,  even  when  first  received,  they  were  afterwards  put  into  alcohol 

d  have  since  continued  to  shrink,  far  more  than  would  have  been 

ticipated,  so  that,  at  present,  the  decrease  in  some  of  the  dimensions 
(mounts  to  20  per  cent.,  while  even  the  harder  portions  have  decreased 

om  5  to  10  per  cent,  from  the  measurements  taken  when  first  received 
ly  me.*    Wlien  first  received,  in  1875,  the  upper  mandible  measured 

'  Thoro  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the  shrinkage  has  been  any  more  in  this  case 
iau  iu  the  others,  but  I  have  not  had  an  opportunity  for  making  comparative  meas- 
rements  from  the  same  specimens  when  recently  preserved,  and  again  after  long 

preservation  in  alcohol,  except  in  one  other  instance  (No.  5),  in  which  a  similar 

|hrinkago  was  evident.    (See  table  of  measurements,  p  22.) 


re  is  not  so  cir- 


EEl-ORT    OF    COMMISSIONER   OF    FISH    AND   FISHERIES. 


[48] 


111'"'"  in  total  Light  or  breadth;  88"'™  from  tip  of  beak  to  anterior  end 
of  palatine  lamina ;  20"""  from  tip  of  beak  to  the  bo+tom  of  the  notch. 
The  lower  mandible  measured  93™"'  in  total  length;  80"""  from  tip  of 
beak  to  inner  end  of  alas ;  19"'"  from  tip  to  bottom  of  notch. 

At  the  present  time  (January,  1880),  the  breadth  of  the  upper  man- 
dible is  about  90" "" ;  from  tip  of  beak  to  anterior  end  of  palatine  lamina 
(at  junction  with  anterior  edge  of  alae),  89'""' ;  tip  of  beak  to  bottom  of 
2otcb,  19"™ ;  breadth  of  palatine  lamina,  flS™"" ;  beak  to  posterior  end 
of  frontal  lamina,  90"'"';  beak  to  posterior  lateral  edge  of  alse,  43"^; 
notch  to  end  of  anterior  edge  of  alae,  SS""™ ;  notch  to  end  of  hardened 
or  black  portion  of  same  (proper  cutting  edge),  IT™"";  transverse 
breadth  at  notches,  16""".  The  lower  mandible  measures,  in  length, 
82"'"' ;  beak  to  inner  end  of  alae,  67™"' ;  to  bottom  of  notch,  IS"™ ;  breadth, 
alae  to  mentum,  TS"™ ;  end  of  aJae  to  outer  side  of  gnlar  lamina,  84"™" ; 
inner  side  of  gular  to  mentum,  50™™ ;  breadth  of  gular,  44™™ ;  breadth  of 
alse,  anterior  to  posterior  edge,  laterally,  29™™ ;  tip  of  beak  to  posterior 
ventral  end  of  mentum,  33™™ ;  tip  to  posterior  lateral  border  of  alae,  in 
line  with  cutting  edge  of  rostrum,  45'"'" ;  posterior  lateral  border  of  alae 
to  end  of  gular,  40™™;  depth  of  notch,  3'"'";  breadth  of  tooth,  8'"""; 
notch  to  end  of  cutting  or  hardened  edge  of  alae,  20™  " ;  to  inner  end  of 
alae,  55™™ ;  breadth  transversely,  across  teeth,  16""".  (See  also  the  fol- 
lowing table  of  measurements  of  jaws). 

The  beak  of  the  upper  mandible  is  sharp,  strongly  and  regularly 
curved,  mo<st  so  near  the  tip :  a  radial  ridge  runs  from  the  notch  to  the 
lateral  borders  of  the  aid? ;  the  anterior  or  cutting  edges  of  the  alae  are 
souiowhat  convex  and  irregularly  crenulate.  The  lower  mandible  has  a 
sharp  beak,  with  a  shght  notch  close  to  the  tip ;  the  cutting  edges  of 
the  rostrum  ar«»-  otherwise  nearly  straight ;  the  notches  at  the  base  are 
deep  and  narrow  V-fhaped.  The  teeth  are  rather  prominent,  obtuse, 
slightly  bilobed  at  the  summit ;  the  one  on  the  right  side  of  the  mandi- 
ble is  more  prominent  than  the  other,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  edge 
of  the  ala,  beyond  it,  is  more  concave  in  outline.  There  is  also  a  broad  j 
and  slightly  prominent  lobe  in  the  middle  of  the  anterior  edges  of  the 
alee.  The  sides  of  the  rostrum  are  strongly  excavated  toward  the  base 
and  around  the  notches,  and  radially  striated.  The  jaws  are  darkj 
brown,  becoming  blackish  toward  the  tips. 


lES.       [48]   Ji  49]     CEPHALOPODS   OF   NORTIIEASTEItN   COAST   OP   AMERICA. 


Comparative  measurmstiia  of  jawa  {in  incUea). 


upper  man- 
atine  lamina 
to  bottom  of 
►osterior  end 
►f  al»,  43™'"; 
of  hardened 
;  tmnsverso 
8,  in  length, 
jmm.  i)readth, 
lamina,  84"™ ; 
";  breadth  of 
k  to  posterior 
ier  of  ahe,  in 
border  of  alje 
,f  tooth,  B'""; 
3  inner  vend  of 
I  also  the  fol- 

^ud  regularly 
e  notch  to  the 
jf  the  alse  are 
landible  has  a 
tting  edges  of ' 
t  the  base  are 
inent,  obtuse, 
of  the  raandv 
that  the  edge 
8  also  a  broad 
edges  of  the 
ard  the  base 
,ws  are  dark 


UPrBR    UANDIBLB. 


engtb,  btiak  to  end  of  palatine 

Ireatest  breadth,  palatine  to  frontal 

Ireatest  transverse  diameter 

Qner  end  of  al»  to  dorsal  end  of  frontal. . 

lip  of  beak  to  same 

^p  to  anterior  end  of  palatine  lamina. . . . 

Jp  to  bottom  of  notcli 

Mtcli  to  end  of  anterior  edge  of  ale 

ansverse  breadth  at  T^otcE 

ansverse  breadth  between  edges  of  aln 

eadth  of  palatine  lamina 

ad  of  palatine  to  edge  of  fhintal  lamina 

ak  to  posterior  edge  of  alae,  laterally. . . 


2.00  + 


LOWEIl  HAN'DIULE. 

lotal  length.  Iicak  to  end  of  gulor 

lentuiu  to  inner  end  of  ulte 

otal  breadth,  gular  lamina  to  end  of  alic 

'eadth  of  t^ulor  lamina 

tttcrior  e<lge  of  aloe  to  end  of  gular 

lamina 

|p  of  beak  to  cud  of  nienturi,  medially. 

.1  to  end  01  gulur  lamina,  medially 

cadtl'.  of  ala;,  laterally '. 

^d  o:  Kular  lamina  to  tutt),  laterally 

1  of  beak  to  bottom  of  notch 62 

I  to  posterior  edge  of  ala;,  laterally 1. 67 

I  to  inner  end  of  alai 2.33 

Ip  to  inner  angle  of  gular  lamina 1. 20 

Btch  to  inner  angle  of  alaj ;  1. 92 

fepth  of  notch I    .12 

yadth  of  tooth  in  front  of  notch j    .30 

^read  of  jaws  between  teeth 


A.  Harveyi. 


8.S5 
2.49  + 


2.37  + 

Vra"' 
"."eo"" 


■S'S 


1= 


2.M 


2.06 


3.44 


in 

4 


A.  princeps. 


I 


3.85 

2.60 

1 

2.60 

2.55 


.61 
tlO 


1.18 


.68 


2.63 


1.70 
2.20 
1.40 


3 

2.55 
2.6a 
1.50 

2.45 

.85 
1.85 

.03  + 
1.50 

.60 

1.50  + 
2.10  + 
1.18 
1.77 

.12 


^ 


5 

8.50  + 
1.45 
8  + 
3.40  + 


.75 
1.15 


2.32 
3.15 
1.05  + 


3.03 


1.30  + 


.67 


.15 
.35 


1.75 

3.15 
1.68 
2.37 
1.50 
1.60 
.80 
2.20 


£ 


^ 


4.50 


3.07 
.81 


3/5  + 
d.64  + 
1.15 
2.06  + 
.X17 


.76 
V30 

.63 
1 
2.30 


.77 


1.85 


.15 
.32 
.60 


3.45 


1.70 


3.24 
3.08 
3.32 
1.74 

2.68 

1.31 

2.40 

1.15 

1.58 

.71 

1.78 

2.67 

1.28 

2.17 

.12 

.32 

.64 


1 


5.25 
3.68 


3.76 
3.62 


.75 
1.50 


.69 


3.75 
'3."  88 


3.25 


1.63 

1.75 

.87 


2.75 
.13 
.38 


'  K08.  1  and  10  had  been  dried  for  many  y "ars.    All  the  others  had  been  preserved  In  alcohol— Nos.  4 
d  13  for  several  years ;  No.  5  about  one  year ;  !No.  14  tor  only  a  few  days.    Tho  amount  of  shrinkage 
icoDsiderablc  in  those  i)re8erved  long  in  alcohol  or  dried. 


Comparalire  measurementa  of  Architduthia  Hcrveyi  and  A.  princepa  (i/i  incliea). 


No.  5. 
A.  Harveyi. 


No.  2. 
A.  Harveyi. 


No.  14. 
A.  princepa. 


r<i8li. 


al  length,  to  tips  of  short  arras '  166  ? 

allcngtli,  to  tipsof  tentacular  arms j  382) 

Mil  liiise  of  ariiiM  to  tip  of  tail 92? 

•til  luise  of  arms  to  origin  of  ilns !    75? 

nl,  from  base  of  anus  to  niantlo  (ubovri) 1    10  ( 

py,  e(ljj;e  of  niuiitle  to  lip  of  tail  (»bove) 82 

11)1  (ail  to  iuseltieii  of  flu 1     Igf 

mUli  of  eiuulal  tin ^...i    22 

bill  iiiil  of  liuily  to  outer  angle  of  llu '.'..'...      27  { 

but  eilge  or  (111,  outer  anslo  to  side  of  body I      2 

Tiiiuleicuee  ot  bitdy ', gg 

Biliii leieiiee  of  head  !!.!!!!!..!!!!!!".'."' 

Ik< li  of  tcudieiilar  arms ..""!!!!!!!!'..! i i .!    gg' " 

liilh  of  Hutkoi-boariug  portion '•    ,•)() 

h«lli  of  uons^l  hriiiH  (liist  pair) ,    72/ 

SKtIiot  lalenl  aiii-s  (aeroml  pair) J    72/ 

llUlli  or  l.ile'alariun  (thiril  pair) 72 ( 

ti^thot  veutral  aniiH  (fourtu  pair) ]    72 

leumler<'iie.)of  llistiiairof  annM,  at  baijo i      7 

r<  iinilev'^.e  ot'-Kcoud  i>air  of  arms,  ut  base b 

|eiiiiilereiiee  ol  second  pair.  3  feet  from  bfl80 


Tre- 
sorved. 


Fn-sh. 


Pre- 
served. 


I  Fresh. 


I 


17 

10 

23 

6. 


as 

«tO 

95 

HI 

loot 


161 

30 


33 


348  f 

30 


■|- 


27 


84 

48 

360 

30 


132 


Pro. 

served^ 


212 
372 

88 

67 

12 

74 

10 

28 

24.1 

IG 

6'J 


280 

30.: 

81 

100 

70 

120 

1) 

9.50 
7.00 


+ 
+ 
+ 


!■■■ 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.      [50]    |    [51 
Comparative  meaaurementa,  ^c. — Continued. 


Circumference  of  third  pair,  at  bade 

Circnmference  of  third  pair,  3  feot  from  base. . . 

Circumferenco  of  fourth  i)air,  at  base 

Circnmferenco  of  fourth  pair,  4  feet  from  base  . 

Circumtcrcnce  of  tentacular  arms 

Circumference  of  terniin.il  club  of  game 

Diameter  of  largest  sucker  of  tentacular  arms  . 

Diameter  of  largest  sucker  of  sess.lo  arms 

Aperture  of  latter 


DETAILH  OK  TE.NTACLLAU  ARMS. 

Length  of  '  club '  or  expanded  portion 

Of  part  of  club  bearing  24  largest  suckers 

Of  'wrist'  or  part  witli  group  of  small  suckers. 

Of  terminal  nart,  with  small  suckers 

Breadth  of  club  in  middle 

Breadth  of  wrist 

Breadth  of  slender  middle  portion 

Breadth  of  tip,  from  front  to  back 

Circunifereuco  of  club 

Circumference  of  wrist 

Circumference  of  middle  port  ions  of  arm 

IMstaneo  between  jxMlicels  of  large  suckers 

Distance  between  pedicids  diagoually 


DKTAILS  OF  SUCKERS  OF  CLUn. 

Largist  suckers,  diameter  in  middle 

Largest  suckers,  diameter  of  homy  ring 

Diameter  of  facets  around  suckers 

Largest  suckers,  hight  Irom  attachment 

Largest  suckers,  length  if  pedicels 

Lfirgest  suckers,  iight  of  ring  

Secondary  suckers,  next  t')  wrist,  d'ameter . 

Harginiil  suckers,  diameter  nf  rings 

Marginal  suckers,  hight  of  r.ngs,  outer  side. 

Sessile  suckers  of  wrist,  dia'ueter 

Suckers  of  terminal  section,  diameter 


No.  6. 
A.  Harveyi. 


No.  2. 
A.  Harveyi. 


Fresh. 


10 


3.75 


Pre- 
served. 


7.6 


31 

15 

7 

0 


2I-3J 


1.25 


2.75 

4.5 

LIS 

.84 
.68 


14 
7 
D 

1.5 
1.6 
1.15 
1.75 
4.5 
5 

2i-3J 
1.15 
1 


1.15 
.92 

1 

1 

.40 
.32 
.24 
.40 
.28 
.12 

i-A 


Ko.  14. 
A.  prinoepa. 


Fresh. 


4 
6 
L28 


30 

18 


2.5 
2.6 


Pre- 
served. 


1.25 


27 
14 


1.68 
1.32 


1.28 


0 

2.5 

1.5 


Fresh. 


17 


5 
8. 
1.25 
1 
.80 


Pre- 
served. 


1.5 
5.5 
6 

3Mi 
1.44 
1.31 


1.24 


1.40 


.48 


.28 


1.25 
1.15 


11.25 

9 
10 

8.5 

4 

6 

1 

1 
.80 


30.5 
19 

6 

9 

3 

3 

1.5 

2 

6 

6 

34-4 


1.15 
1.25 
.75 
.50 
.42 
.44 
.60 
.35 


The  dried  sucker  from  the  tentacular  arm  appears  to  have  been  one 
of  the  largest  (Plate  IX,  fig.  11).  At  the  present  time  the  transverse 
diameter  of  the  ring,  outside,  is  28""";  diameters  of  the  edge,  24"""  and 
22""";  greatest  hight  of  the  ring,  including  denticles,  9.5'""",  least  hight] 
on  inner  side,  CS"""'.  There  are  forty-eight  marginal  denticles,  which 
are  nearly  the  same  in  size  and  form  all  around.  They  are  narrow, 
triangular,  acute,  with  the  edges  beveled,  sharp,  and  with  a  cent»*al, 
thickened,  triangular  ridge  on  the  outside.  The  ring  is  white,  hard, 
smooth,  and  osseous  in  appearance. 

Of  the  other  specimens  enumerated  in  the  first  part  of  this  paper,  it 
is  probable,  judging  from  the  proportions  giyen,  that  Nos.  16, 18,  and 
19  also  belonged  to  A.  princeps.  Nos.  18  and  19  appear  to  have  been 
much  larger  than  any  of  the  examples  of  which  portions  have  been  pre- 
served, and  it  was  very  unfortunate  that  the  persons  who  secured  them 
did  not  know  their  value,  for  they  were  both  found  within  a  few  miles  of 
the  settlement  at  Little  Bay  Copper  Mine,  on  the  south  arm  of  Notre 
Damo  Bay,  and  could  easily  have  been  taken  to  Saint  John's. 


n,  p. 


ES.     [50]    I    [51]     CEPHALOPODS   OP   NORTHEASTERN   COAST   OF  AMERICA. 

Observations  on  Hie  specimens  described  from  foreign  localities. 


Ko.  14. 
A.  prinoepa. 


Fresh.  , 

Pre- 
erred. 

17 

11.25 

9 

10 

e.5 

5 

4 

8. 

6 

1.25 

1 

1 

1 

.80 

.80 

30.5 

19 

6 

D 

3 

3 

1.5 

2 

6 

6 

3H 

1.25 

1.15 

1    

1.25 

.75 

.50 

.42 

.44 

1    

.CO 

.35 

I 

ive  been  one  ] 

le  traHSverse  I 

ge,  24"""  and 

;  least  liight 

icles,  which 

are  narrow, 

h  a  central, 

white,  hard,  I 

Ihis  paper,  it 
).  16, 18,  and 
have  been  I 
Ive  been  pre- 
lecured  them  I 
1  few  miles  of  I 
rm  of  Notre  I 

.'8. 


A.— Atlantic  ocean  species. 

We  are  largely  indebted  to  Professor  Steenstrup  and  to  Dr.  Harting  for 
our  earliest  knowledge  of  the  specimens  preserved  in  European  museams^ 
or  cast  ashore  on  the  European  coasts.  Professor  Steenstrup*  has  given 
accounts,  compiled  from  contemporary  documents,  of  a  specimen  taken 
at  Malmu,  Sweden,  about  1546  or  1549,  and  of  two  specimens  of  huge 
Cephalopods  cast  ashore  at  Iceland,  in  1639,  and  November  or  Decem- 
ber, 1790. 

The  specimen  of  1790,  described  in  the  MSS.  of  Svend  Paulsen,  1792, 
had  tentacles  3  fathoms  long;  the  body  (with  head)  was  3^  fathoms 
long.  That  of  1639,  described  in  Olafsens  og  Povelsens  Reise  til  Island, 
ii,  p.  716,  was  4  to  5  fathoms  long. 

In  the  article  published  in  1857,  be  also  briefly  mentioned  a  specimen 
cast  ashore  at  Jutland,  December,  1853,  of  which  the  jaws  were  pre- 
served, and  on  which  he  then  based  the  species  Architeuthis  monachus; 
and  another  specimen,  which  he  named  Architeuthis  dux,  taken  by  Capt. 
Vilh.  Hygom  in  the  Western  Atlantic.  He  has  also  since  described  and 
flguredt  the  jaws  of  the  specimen  of  Architeuthis  monadiits  obtained  at 
Jutland  in  December,  1853. 

In  the  same  memoir,  of  which  I  have  seen  only  the  first  few  pages,  there 
are  references  to  a  description  and  figures  of  "A.  Titan,''^  obtained  in 
1855  by  Captain  Hygom  in  north  latitude  31°,  west  longitude  76°.  The 
j  latter  specimen  appears  to  be  the  same  as  that  referred  to  in  1856  as  A. 
I  dux,  and  the  same  that  Hartingf  mentioned,  under  the  name  ^^Architeu- 
this (lux  Steenstrup,"  as  collected  at  the  same  time  and  place,  ;nid  of  which 
I  be  published  an  outline  figure  (see  our  Plate  XII,  fig.  4)  of  t  lower  jaw, 
I  copied  from  a  drawing  furnished  to  him  by  Steenstrup. 

Harting  states  that  the  pen  or  'gladius'  of  this  specimen  is  6  feet 

[long.    Many  important  parts  of  this  specimen  were  secured,  and  I 

regret  that  I  have  been  unable  to  see  the  figures  and  description  of  it, 

referred  to  by  Harting  as  forming  part  of  Professor  Steenstrup's  unpub. 

lisbed  memoir.    But  to  judge  by  tbe  outlftie  figure  given  by  Harting,  it 

I  is  a  species  quite  distinct  from  those  described  by  me.    The  lower  jaw 

'Meddelelse  om  tvendo  Kiasmpestore  Blijekaprutter,  opur-«^'no  lfi39  og  1790  ved 
I  Islands  Kyst,  og  oin  nogle  andre  uordiske  Dyr.  Ftirhaudlinger  Skandinaviske  Natur- 
IforakercB,  v,  pp.  950-957,  1847,  Copenhagen,  1849. 

Oplysninger  om  Atlanter  colossule  Bltekspruttor,  Forliandlingcr,  Skand.  Naturf., 
1 1856,  vii,  p.  182,  Clirlstiania,  1857. 

tin  a  paper,  of  wbicli  I  have  seen  some  proof-sheets,  given  by  him  to  Dr.  Packard, 
I  entitled  "Spolia  Atlantica."  This  mcuioir  has  not  been  published.  The  plate  (1) 
Itbat  I  have  seen  is  marked  "Vid.  Selsk.  Skrifter,  V.  Raskke,  natnrv.  og  mathem. 
lAfd.  iv  Bind;"  and  there  are  references  to  three  other  iilatcs,  illustrating  "A,  Titan," 
l&c. 

}  Description  de  qnelqnes  fragnuuits  de  deux  C<^phalopode8  gigiintesqucs.  Publi^cs 
|iar  I'Acaddmio  Royale  des  Sc.iitnces  h  Amsterdam.  1860.  4to,  with  three  plates. 
I(Verh.  K.  Akad.  Weten.,  ix,  1861.)  The  figures  have  been  partly  copied  in  Tryon'a 
iManual  of  Conchology,  i,  plates  60  and  86. 


REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH   AND    FISHERIES.      [52]  I  [5I 


resembles  that  of  A.  Harvey  i  more  than  A.prineeps,  aud  is  a  little  larg'^r 
than  that  of  our  Ko.  5.  The  beak  is  more  rounded  dorsally,  less  acute, 
and  scarcely  incurved ;  the  notch  is  narrow,  aud  the  alar  tooth  is  not 
prominent. 

M.  Paul  Gervais,  in  the  Journal  de  Zoologie,  ix,  p.  90, 1875,  gives  a 
short  description  of  this  species,  based  apparently  on  the  proof-sheets 
and  unpublished  plates  (not  seen  by  me)  of  Steenstrup's  article  referred 
to  above.  He  describes  it  as  follows:  A  large  species,  of  which  a  frag- 
ment of  an  arm  preserved  in  the  Museum  of  Copenhagan  is  nearly  as  | 
large  as  the  arm  of  a  man.  The  sucker-bearing  surface  of  the  arm  is 
extended  bilaterally  into  a  membrane  exceeding,  on  each  side,  the  arm 
Itself.  Diameter  of  the  opening  of  the  suckers  0.020"" ;  of  the  suckers 
themselves  0.030"*.  Length  of  the  dorsal  bone  (pen)  2*";  breadth  [long-j 
ueur,  by  error],  measured  in  the  middle  of  its  length  [longueur],  0.17™. 
He  refers  to  Steenstrup's  Plates  III  and  IV. 

In  a  letter  to  the  writer,  dated  September  4, 1875,  Professor  Steen- 
strup  states  that,  in  addition  to  the  specimens  above  mentioned,  there  | 
are,  in  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Copenhagen,  two  complete  speci- 
mens of  ArchiteuthiSy  preserved  in  alcohol.  Both  are  of  comparatively! 
small  size.  One,  from  the  northern  coast  of  Iceland,*  he  refers  to  A.  \ 
monachus.  It  has  tentacular  arms  10  feet  long,  and  sessile  arms  4  feet  j 
long.  The  other  is  a  Still  smaller  one,  from  the  warmer  parts  of  the  J 
Atlantic,  possibly  the  young  of  A.  dux. 

It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  at  no  distant  day  most  of  the  remaining  | 
doubtful  points  in  respect  to  the  structure  and  relationship  of  the  spe- 
cies of  this  genus  can  be  cleared  up  by  Professor  Steenstrup,  even  ifj 
additional  specimens  should  not  be  obtained. 

The  publication  of  Professor  Steenstrup's  detailed  memoir  upon  thisl 
genus  would  give  great  pleasure  and  satisfaction  to  all  students  of  thisl 
class  of  animals.  His  thorough  knowledge  of  the  group,  and  his  numer  [ 
ous  and  important  investigations  of  the  Gephalopods,  published  duringj 
many  years,  will  give  special  value  to  his  conclusions. 

Harting,  in  the  important  memoir  referred  to,  describes  specimens  ofl 
two  species,  both  of  which  are  apparently  distinct  from  all  the  Newj 
foundland  specimens  enumerated  by  me. 

The  first  of  these  (his  Plate  i)  is  represented  by  the  jaws  and  buccal! 
mass,  witli  the  lingual  dentition  and  some  detached  suckers,  prescrvedl 
in  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Utrecht,  but  from  an  unknown  localT 
ity.  These  parts  are  well  figured  and  described,  and  were  referred  toj 
Architeuthis  dux  by  Harting.  The  form  of  the  lower  jaw  (see  Plate  XIJ,| 
fig.  1)  is  unlike  that  of  A.  dux,  for  the  beak  is  very  acute,  the  cut! 
ting  edge  is  concave,  the  notch  shallow  aud  broad,  and  the  alar  tootlj 
is  somewhat  prominent.  The  size  is  about  the  same  as  our  No.  5.  Tbej 
suckers  (Plate  XII,  fig.  2  a,2h)  are  from  the  sessile  arms,  aud  agree! 
pretty  nearly  with  those  of  A.  Harveyi,    The  edge  is  strengthened  bj[ 

*Thi8  one  ib  referred  to  by  Dr.  Packard,  Amer.  Nuturalitil,  vol.  vii,  p.  94,  1873. 


1^,  a,  I 


mES.  [52]  I  [53]  cephalopods  of  northeastern  coast  of  America 

an  oblique,  strongly  denticulated  ring,  which,  it  all  the  suckers  figured, 

including  both  larger  and  smaller  ones  from  the  short  arms,  has  regular, 

acute,  subequal  denticles  all  around  the  circumference,  in  this  respect 

agreeing  with  A.  Harveyi.    The  internal  diameter  of  the  largest  of  these 

suckers  is  .75  of  an  inch ;  the  external  1.05  inches.    They  were  furnished 

with  slender  pedicels,  attached  obliquely  on  one  side.    The  lingual  teeth 

I  (see  Plate  XII,  fig.  Ic,  copied  from  Harting)  are  in  seven  regular 

(rows,  and  i'esemble  closely  those  of  Loligo.    On  that  account  mainly,  in 

la  former  paper,  I  proposed  to  designate  it  by  the  name  of  Loligo  Hart- 

lingii.    But  since  that  time  I  have  been  able  to  study  the  dentition  of  the 

Ispecies  of  Architeuthis  and  Sthenoteuthis,  and  now  refer  Harting's  spe- 

jcies  to  Architeuthis,  without  hesitation,  although  the  dentition  is  poorly 

Iflgured.    Professor  Stccnstrup,  in  a  letter  to  me  subsequent  to  the  pub- 

llicatiou  of  my  former  papers,  also  expressed  the  opinion  that  Harting's 

jspecimen  belongs  to  A.  monachus.    If  distinct,  however,  as  is  possible, 

|it  may  be  called  Architeuthis  Hartingii. 

The  other  species  described  by  Harting  was  from  the  Indian  Ocean, 
jand  belongs  to  the  genus  Unoploteuthis  (Plate  XII,  fig.  4,  jaws). 

In  this  genus  there  are  large,  sharp,  curved  claws  (see  Plate  XV,  figs. 
1-5,  a,  h)j  both  on  the  club  of  the  tentacular  arms  and  on  the  sessile  arms, 
|in  place  of  the  suckers  of  ordinary  squids.  The  teeth  of  the  odonto- 
iphore,  in  Harting's  species,  are  remai'kably  small  and  simple  (see  fig. 

5,  c,  d,  after  Harting).    As  this  species  does  not  appear  to  have  had  a 
|special  name,  I  propose  to  call  it  Unoploteuthis  Hartingii. 

D'Orbigny*  gave  the  name  Enoploteuthis  Molince  to  a  large  species,  of 
I  which  the  body  was  estimated  to  be  about  4  feet  long,  found  floating 
land  mutilated  in  the  South  Pacific,  south  latitude  30°  44',  west  longitude 
jllOo  3i ',  by  Banks  and  Solander,  in  1709,  on  Captain  Cook's  second 
jvoyqge     Of  this,  fragments  are  preserved  in  the  Museum  of  the  College 

)f  Surgeons,  London.t 
A  similar  species,  perhaps  based  on  the  same  specimen,  was  recorded 
|by  Molina,  from  off  the  coast  of  Chili,  as  Seppia  unguiculata. 

Lieutenant  Bouyer,  of  the  French  steamer  "Alecton,"  encountered  a 

luge  Cephalopod,  in  November,  1860,  between  Madeira  and  Teneriffe. 

[t3  body  was  estimated  to  be  between  15  and  18  feet  in  length.    A  long 
land  laborious  attem^it  was  made  to  capture  it,  and  a  slip-noose  was 

passed  around  the  body,  but  on  attempting  to  hoist  it  on  board,  the  vope 

cut  through  the  soft  flesh  and  the  tail  alone  was  secured.    A  slreich  of 

the  animal  was  made  by  one  of  the  officers. 
Thf*  original  account  of  this  occurrence,  given  in  the  Comptes-K43ndus 

)f  the  French  Academy  of  Science  for  1861,  is  as  follows: 
M.  Flourens  read  the  following  report  made  to  the  minister  of  the 
larine  by  M.  Bouyer,  lieutenant  commanding  the  "Alecton."J 

*  Histoiro  Nat.  des  Cdphalopodes  Acdtabulifbres.  p.  339,  1845. 
t  See  also  Todd's  Cyclopedia  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  i,  p.  529. 
tComptes-Rendus  Acad,  of  Sciences,  vol.  liii,  p.  1263.    For  the  following  transla- 
tions I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Sanderson  Smith. 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   PISH   AND   FISHERIES.      [54]  ■     U 


*  "  Sainte-  Croix  de  T&NtRWVE, 

^^^Aleeton,^  December  2, 1861. 

"Monsieur  le  Ministre:  I  have  the  honor  to  inform  your  excellency 
that  I  anchored  at  T6n6rifife  the  Ist  of  December,  at  eight  o'clock  in  the  | 
morning. 

"From  Cadiz  to  T^n6riflfe,  that  is  to  say,  firom  the  27th  of  November 
to  Ist  of  December,  I  have  encountered  the  most  favorable  weather; 
thus,  making  use  of  my  sails,  setting  the  safety-valve  at  0.30 — in  a  word,  | 
economizing  fuel  as  much  as  possible,  I  have  been  sometimes  able  to  re- 
duce the  consumption  to  0  tons  a  day,  going  to  7  or  8  knots,  with  a  | 
moderate  breeze  from  the  northeast. 

"A  singular  incident  has  marked  my  voyage.    On  the  30th  of  Novem- ! 
ber,  40  leagues  from  T6n6riffe,  Jit  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  I  encoun- 
tered a  monstrous  animal  which  I  recognized  for  the  gigantic  cuttle-fish 
[poulpe  geant],  the  contested  existence  of  which  seems  to  ha^e  been 
consigned  to  the  realm  of  fable. 

"Finding  myself  in  the  presence  of  one  of  these  strange  beings  that  I 
the  ocean  sometimes  produces  from  its  depths  as  if  to  offer  defiance  to  j 
science,  I  resolved  to  study  nearer  by,  and  try  to  gain  possession  of  it. 

"Unfortunately,  a  heavy  swell,  taking  us  on  the  side,  caused  the  'Alec- 
ton'  to  roll  irregularly,  and  interfered  with  the  evolutions,  whilst  the  I 
animal  itself,  though  almost  always  at  the  surface  of  the  water,  nioved 
itself  with  a  kind  of  intelligence,  and  seemed  to  wish  to  avoid  the  vessel.  [ 

"After  several  encounters,  which  permitted  only  of  its  being  struck  by 
several  balls,  I  succeeded  in  approaching  near  enough  to  place  a  har- 
poon in  it,  as  well  as  to  get  a  running  noose  around  it.  We  were  pre- 
paring to  multiply  the  fastenings  when  a  violent  movement  of  the  ani- 1 
mal  caused  the  harpoon  to  come  out;  the  part  of  the  tail  where  the  cortlj 
was  fastened  broke  off',  and  we  brought  on  board  only  a  fragment,  weigh- 
ing 20  kilograms  [about  44  pounds]. 

"We  had  seen  the  monster  near  enough  to  make  an  exact  painting  of  j 
it.  It  is  the  giant  squid  [encornet],  bu^  the  form  of  the  tail  seems  toj 
make  of  it  an  undescribed  variety.  It  seemed  to  measure  15-18  feet  toj 
the  head,  shaped  like  a  parrot's  beak,  and  enveloped  by  8  arms,  from  I 
5  to  6  feet  long.  Its  appearance  was  frightful,  its  color  a  brick-red,  and! 
this  half-formed  being  [Stre  4bauchd],  this  colossal  and  slimy  embryo,  hasj 
a  repulsive  and  terrible  appearance. 

"Both  officers  and  men  begged  me  to  have  a  boat  lowered  and  to  goj 
and  seize  again  upon  the  animal  and  bring  it  alongside.  They  would,] 
perhaps,  have  succeeded,  but  I  feared  that  in  this  hand  to  hand  encoun- 
ter the  monster  might  throw  his  long  arms,  furnished  with  suckers,  over! 
the  sides  of  the  boat,  upset  it,  and  perhaps  strangle  some  sailors  witbj 
his  formidable  scourges,  charged  with  electrical  effluvia. 

"I  thought  that  I  ought  not  to  expose  the  lives  of  my  men  to  satisfy! 
a  sentiment  of  curiosity,  even  though  thih  curiosity  had  science  for  its? 
basis,  and,  notwithstanding  the  fjvei  of  excitement  which  accompanies] 


su 

ai 
frc 


r541  I  [^^1  CEPHAL0P6DS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

such  a  chase,  I  was  obliged  to  abandon  the  mutilated  animal,  which,  by 
a  sort  of  instinct,  seemed  to  carefully  avoid  the  vessel,  dived,  and  passed 
from  one  side  to  another  when  we  again  approached  it." 

The  following  is  a  translation  of  a  letter  addressed  to  M.  Moquin 
Tandon  by  M.  Sabin  Bertholet,  consul  of  France,  which  was  also  read 
before  the  Academy.    It  contains  some  additional  particulars: 

"SainteCroix  de  T]&n6rifpe,  December  12thj  1861. 

"On  the  2d  of  November  last  the  steam  dispatch-boat  'Alecton,' com- 
manded by  M.Bouyer,  lieutenant  commanding,  anchored  in  our  har- 
bor on  its  way  to  Cayenne.  This  dispatch-boat  had  encountered  in  the 
sea,  between  Madeira  and  T6n<Sriflfe,  a  monstrous  cuttle-fish  \Poulpe\, 
which  was  swimming  at  the  surface  of  the  water. 

"This  animal  measured  from  5  to  G  meters  in  length,  without  count- 
ing its  eight  formidable  arms,  covered  with  suckers,  which  crown  its 
head.  Its  color  was  brick-red.  Its  eyes,  not  rising  above  the  sur- 
face of  the  head,  had  a  prodigious  development  and  frightful  fixity.  Its 
mouth,  shaped  like  a  i)arrot's  beak,  might  have  measured  [offrir] 
about  half  a  meter.  Its  body,  spindle-shaped,  but  very  iiuich  swollen 
towards  the  center,  presented  an  enormous  mass  of  which  the  weight 
has  been  estimated  at  more  than  2,000  kilograms  [4,400  pounds].  Its 
fins,  situated  at  the  posterior  extremity,  were  rounded  into  two  tieshy 
lobes  of  very  great  size.  It  was  on  the  30th  of  November,  about 
half-past  twelve,  that  the  crew  of  the  'Alecton '  perceived  this  terrible 
Cephalopod  swimming  alongside.  The  commander  immediately  stopped 
the  vessel,  and  notwithstanding  the  dimensions  of  the  animal  he  ma- 
neuvered to  obtain  possession  of  it.  A  running  noose  was  arranged 
in  order  to  catch  it,  guns  were  loaded,  and  harpoons  prepared  in  all 
haste.  But  at  the  first  balls  which  were  fired  at  it  the  monster  dived, 
passing  under  the  vessel,  and  speedily  reappeared  on  the  other  side ; 
again  attacked  with  harpoons,  and  after  having  received  several  shots, 
it  disappeared  two  or  three  times,  each  time  showing  itself  some  min- 
utes afterwards  at  the  surface  of  the  water,  agitating  its  long  arms.  But 
the  vessel  followed  it  continually,  or  slackened  its  speed  according  to  the 
movements  of  the  animal.  This  chase  lasted  more  than  three  houis. 
The  commander  of  the  'Alecton'  desired,  at  any  cost,  to  fl'spose  of  this 
enemy  of  a  new  kind ;  still,  he  did  not  dare  to  risk  the  lives  of  his  sailors 
by  lowering  a  boat,  which  this  monster  might  upset  by  seizing  it  with 
a  single  one  of  his  formidable  arms.  The  harpoons,  which  were  thrown 
at  it,  penetrated  into  the  soft  flesh  and  came  out  wit^  3ut  success ;  sev- 
eral balls  had  traversed  it  uselessly.  Howes  er,  > '  x-eceived  one  which 
seemed  to  wound  it  grievously,  for  it  immedjittely  vomited  a  great 
quantity  of  foam  andbiood  mixed,  with  glutinous  substances  which  had 
a  strong  odor  of  musk.  It  was  at  this  instant  that  thoy  succeeded  in 
seizing  it  with  the  running  noose;  but  the  roye  slipped  along  the  elastic 
body  of  the  mollusk,  and  stopped  only  near  the  extremity  where  the 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.      [56] 

two  fins  originate.  They  tried  to  hoist  it  on  board.  Already  the  greater 
part  of  the  body  was  out  of  water,  when  the  enormous  weight  of  this 
mass  caused  the  running  noose  to  penetrate  the  flesh  and  separated  the 
posterior  part  from  the  rest  of  the  animal.  Then  the  monster,  released 
from  this  noose,  fell  back  into  the  sea  and  disappeared.  They  showed 
me,  on  board  the  *  Alecton,'  this  posterior  part.  1  send  you  a  sufficiently 
exact  drawing  of  this  colossal  poulpe,  made  on  board  by  one  of  the  of- 
ficers of  the  <  Alecton.* 

"  I  ought  to  add  I  have  myself  questioned  old  fishermen  of  the  Cana- 
ries, who  have  assured  me  that  they  have  several  times  seen,  in  the  open 
sea,  great  reddish  calamaries,  2  meters  or  more  long,  which  they  did 
not  dare  to  capture." 

Messrs.  Crosse  and  Fischer  have,  ftom  the  figure  and  this  narrative 
of  the  officers,!  proposed  to  establish  for  this  specimen  a  species,  which 
they  named  Loligo  Bouyeri.  The  figure  is  imperfect,  but  evidently  rep- 
resents a  ten-armed  cuttle-fish,  though  only  eight  arms  are  shown,  and 
the  tail  is  represented  as  truncated.f  In  fact,  these  figures  and  the  de- 
scription are  not  sufficient  to  indicate  specific  or  exact  generic  characters. 
The  eight  short  arms,  shown  in  the  figure,  are  stout,  tapered,  and  less 
than  half  the  length  of  the  head  and  body  together.  It  was  most  prob- 
ably a  species  of  Architeuthis,  to  judge  from  the  caudal  fin,  described  as 
consisting  of  two  lobes  of  small  size.  It  may  be  designated  provision- 
ally as  Architeuthis  Bouyeri. 

In  a  popular  work  entitled  "  Les  Monstrei?  Marins,"  by  Armand  Lan- 
drin,  Paris,  1867,  tJiere  is  also  a  detailed  acccuiic  of  this  encounter, 
which,  while  agreeing  in  most  points  with  those  already  quoted,  con- 
tains some  additional  i>articnlars.  Although  it  is  put  in  quotation- 
marks,  and  is  stated  to  be  by  M.  Botxyer  himself,  the  original  place  of 
publication  is  not  given,  ii  '  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain  its 
origin.  In  this  account  the  eyes  are  said  to  have  been  "  flat,  glaucous, 
and  as  large  as  saucers  [assiettes]."  "  The  part  of  the  tail  that  we  had 
on  board  weighed  14  kilograms ;  it  was  of  a  soft  substance,  exhaling 
a  strong  odor  of  musk.  The  part  which  corresponds  to  the  backbone 
[pen]  began  to  attain  a  sort  of  relative  hardness.  It  broke  easily,  with 
an  alabaster-white  fracture.  The  entire  animal,  according  to  my  esti- 
mate, weighed  two  or  three  tons  [4,000  to  6,000  livres].  It  blowed 
[soufflait]  energetically,  but  I  did  not  observe  that  it  ejected  the  black 
ish  substance  by  means  of  which  the  small  calamaries  of  Newfoundland 
destroy  the  transparency  of  the  water  in  order  to  escape  from  their 
enemies.  The  sailors  told  me  that  they  had  seen  to  ihe  south  of  Good 
Hope  poulpes  similar  to  this,  although  of  less  size." 

The  description  in  this  work  is  accompanied  by  a  cut  representing 

*  This  colored  drawing  was  shown  to  the  academy. 

t  Journal  de  Conchyliologie,  3d  ser.,  vol.  ii,  p.  138,  1862.  See,  also,  Tiyon'sManua 
of  Conchology,  vol.  i,  p.  87,  pi.  69,  1879  (figure  copied  firom  ''The  Universe"). 

t  One  of  the  published  figures,  as  explained  above,  shows  ten  arms  andaU  the  other 
essential  characters  of  Architeuthia, 


tIES.      [56]    ■[57]     CEPRAL0P0D8   OF   NORTHEASTERN   COAST   OP   AMERICA. 

the  creature  swimming  just  beneath  the  surface  of  the  sea.    This  is 
unhke  either  of  the  other  two  iUustrations  that  I  have  seen,  but  the 
lorigin  of  this  figure  is  not  given.    In  the  popular  work  "  The  Ocean 
Iworkl,"  by  Louis  Figuier  (London  edition,  1869,  p.  462),  there  is  also  an 
laccount  of  this  encounter,  which  is  for  the  most  part  a  translation 
jfroin  the  original  accounts  given  above,  accompjinied  by  a  figure  which, 
the  author  states,  "  is  copied  from  M.  Berthelot's  colored  representa- 
tion of  this  scene."    This  is  a  very  fair  representation  of  a  genuine  Archi- 
\teuthis,  and  is  of  especial  interest,  if  we  recollect  that  when  this  figure 
ras  made  there  was  no  figure  extant,  nor  any  authentic  description  of 
the  form  and  structure  of  Architetithis.    The  head  is  undoubtedly  rep- 
resented too  large,  but  the  form  and  proportion  of  the,  body  caudal  fin, 
irms,  and  tentacles  are  very  much  like  those  of  the  Newfoundland  ex- 
imples. 

Popular  accounts  of  this,  as  well  as  of  other  large  Cephalopods  of  ear- 
lier occurrence,  are  c<5ntained  in  many  other  general  works  besides  those 
referred  to  above.  * 

In  "Les  Monstres  Marins"  (p.  44),  referred  to  above,  there  is  the 

|following  accon.nt,  inclosed  in  quotation  marks,  but  without  any  state- 

lent  of  the  source  from  which  it  was  taken : 

"An  American  captain,  whom  I  knew  very  well,  in  New  York,"  says 

5.  H.  Itdvoil,  "  told  me  that  in  1836,  when  he  was  in  the  neighborhood 

jf  liucayes  Islands,  his  ship  had  been  attacked  by  a  cuttle-fish,  which, 

stretching  out  its  gigantic  arms,  had  reached  and  dragged  into  the  sea 

two  men  of  his  crew.    With  a  blow  of  his  hatchet,  the  chief  steersman 

cut  oft'  one  of  its  arms.    This  monstrous  appendage  measured  3  J  meters 

(Hi  feet)  in  length,  and  its  thickness  was  that  of  a  man.    I  have  seen 

[his  curious  specimen  of  natural  history  in  the  museum  of  Mr.  Bamum, 

|n  New  York,  where  it  is  preserved,  shriveled  and  folded  on  itself,  in  an 

enormous  jar  full  of  alcohol." 

Some  of  our  older  readers  may,  perhaps,  have  seen  such  a  specimen  in 
iarnum's  Museum,  which,  however,  has  not  been  regarded  in  thifi  coun- 
try as  a  very  reliable  source  of  scientific  information  on  such  subjects. 
*ossibly  this  specimen,  as  well  as  the  story,  may  have  been  an  ingenious 
Invention. 

Accord 'iig  to  Jeffreys  (British  Conchology,  vol.  v,  p.  124),  a  huge 

'ephalopod  was  stranded  in  1860  or  1861,  between  Hillswick  and  Scal- 

foway,  on  the  west  of  Shetland.    "From  a  communication  received  by 

^rofessor  AUman  it  appears  that  the  tentacles  were  16  feet  long,  the 

)edal  arms  about  half  that  length,  and  the  mantle-sac  7  feet;  the  man 

^le  was  terminated  by  fins ;  one  of  the  suckers  examined  by  Professor 

illman  was  ^  inch  in  diameter." 

Mr.  Kent,  in  the  articles  t  already  referred  to,  mentions  a  sessile  arm 

*  Among  these  popular  works,  of  peiinanent  value,  containing  such  accounts  should 
be  cited  "The  World  of  the  Sea,"  translated  and  edited  by  the  Rev.  H.  Martyn  Hart, 
jonddn,  Cassell,  Petter  &  Galpin,  from  "Le  Monde  de  la  Mer,"  by  M.  Moquin  Tandon. 

i  Proceedings  Zoological  Society  of  London  for  1874,  pp.  178  and  493. 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.*      [58]  I     [gf 

of  a  giaut  CepLalopod  which  has  been  long  preserved  iu  the  British 
Museum,  but  of  which  the  origin  is  unknown.  He  states,  in  the  first 
article,  that  it  is  just  9  feet  long  and  11  inches  in  circumference  at  the 
base,  tapering  off  to  a  fine  point.  There  are  about  150  suckers  in  each  of  I 
the  two  alternating,'  rows,  those  at  the  base  being  .75  of  an  inch  in 
diameter. 

In  his  second  article  he  refers  this  arm  doubtfully  to  Ommastrephes 
*odMriiSf  and  gives  the  following  description : 

''The  length  of  this  arm,  from  one  extremity  to  the  other,  is  just  9 
feet ;  the  circumference  at  the  base  11  inches ;  and  from  this  it  grad- 
ually decreases,  terminating  in  a  fine  point.    The  suckers  are  arranged 
in  two  rows  throughout  the  extent  of  the  arm,  numbering,  approxi- 
mately, 150  to  each  row,  or  a  total  of  300  to  the  whole  organ.    Forty- 
three  suckers  only  are  stationed  on  each  side  in  the  first  or  proximal 
half  of  the  arm ;  one  hundred  on  each  side  occupy  the  whole  length,  j 
with  the  exception  of  14  inches,  this  smaller  length  including  the  re- 
maining fifty  on  each  side,  which  are  very  minute  and  crowded  together.  1 
The  comparative  distances  between  the  suckers  throughout  the  whole 
length  in  each  row  are  as  follows:  Between  the  first  and  second  sucker,  i 
1^  inches ;  half  way  up  the  arm,  1  inch ;  at  three-quarters  of  the  entire  | 
length,  ^  inch;  and  within  6  inches  of  the  distal  extremity,  4  inch. 
The  relative  diameters  of  the  suckers  at  similar  distances  are :  At  the  I 
base,  extreme  outside  measurement,  ^  inch;  inside  measurement  of 
corneous  ring,  ^  inch ;  and,  those  suckers  a  little  past  the  first  few  being 
the  largest,  half  way  down,  ^  inch  outside  and  ^  inch  iuside  men«urement; 
at  three-quarters  length,  ^  inch;  and  at  6  inches  &om  the  extreme 
point,  ^  inch  outside  measurement,  gradually  diminishing  from  here  to  | 
the  size  of  a  pin's  heail. 

''The  shape<aud  structure  of  the  suckers  upon  this  British  Museum  I 
specimen  agree  with  those  of  Ommastrephes  todarm,  as  given  by  D'Or- 
bigny,  corresponding  also  with  those  figured  by  Harting,  referred  by 
him  to  the  same  species,  and  anticipated  by  the  same  authority  to  be  | 
also  identical  with  Professor  Steenstrup's  ArchiteutMs  dux.    More  mi- 
nutely they  may  be  described  as  hemispherical  in  shape,  the  stalk  or  I 
peduncle  being  attached  laterally  at  the  base  of  the  hemisphere,  the 
point  of  insertion  of  the  same  in  the  cup  being  marked  by  a  conspicuous 
pit-like  depression.    The  homy  ring  is  obliquely  set,  and  much  deeper  | 
at  the  side  opposite  the  insertion  of  the  stdlk ;  the  inner  margin  is  ser- 
rated; aad  in  most  examples  the  serratures  bordering  the  deeper  side  I 
are  considerably  larger  than  in  the  other  portions  of  the  circumference;! 
in  some  instances  the  serratures,  except  at  the  particular  point  men- 
tioned, are  altogether  aborted,  having  the  inner  margin  of  the  ring  quite  I 
smooth ;  in  other  examples,  and  more  especially  among  the  larger  suckers,  [ 
the  teeth  or  serratures  are  equal  or  subequal.    The  average  number  of  | 
the  teeth  of  the  largest  rings  is  twenty." 

Mr.  Kent,  unfortunately,  does  not  state  to  which  pair  this  arm  I 


4 


aiES.'  [58]  H  [59]  cephalopods  op  northeastern  coast  of  America. 


I  the  British 
I,  in  the  first 
sreuce  at  the 
)r8  in  each  of  | 
f  an  inch  in 

hnrntutrephea 

ber,  is  just  9 
this  it  grad- 
are  arranged 
iug,  approxi- 
•gan.    Forty- 
or  proximal 
vholQ  length, 
ading  the  re- 
ded together. 
>ut  the  whole 
Bcond  sucker, 
of  the  entire 
mity,  4  inch. 
)  are :  At  the 
asurement  of 
irst  few  being 
neasurement;! 
the  extreme 
from  here  to 

tish  Museum! 
ven  by  D'Or- 

referred  by  I 

ithority  to  be  | 

X,    More  mi- 

the  stalk  or  I 

nisphere,  the 

conspicuous ! 
much  deeper  j 
uargln  is  ser- 
e  deeper  side  I 
rcumference;] 
r  point  men- 
;he  ring  quite! 
rger  suckers, 
ge  number  of  i 

lir  this  arm 


belongs.  But  from  his  description  of  the  two  forms  of  suckers,  it  ia 
probably  one  of  the  lateral  arms,  if  it  is  in  this  respect  like  our  young 
A.  Harveyi  (No.  24).  It  evidently  belongs  to  an  ArchiteuthiSf  and  is 
very  near  to  our  A.  princep$. 

In  the  Zoologist,  London,  2d  series,  No.  118,  p.  4520,  July,  1876,  there 
is  an  article  entitled  "Notice  of  a  gigantic  Gephalopod  {DinoteuthU 
proboscideus),  which  was  stranded  at  Dingle,  in  Kerry,  two  hundred 
years  ago.  By  A.  G.  More,  F.  L.  8."  The  article  is  chiefly  a  reprint  of 
the  rude  but  interesting  jMpular  accounts  written  at  the  time  of  the 
capture,  and  upon  these  Mr.  More  proposed  to  found  a  new  genus  and 
species.  The  character  which  he  mainly  relied  upon,  as  of  generic  value, 
is  the  power  of  projecting  the  beak  in  the  form  of  a  proboscis.  But  this 
is  habitually  done  by  the  various  common  species  of  OmmMtrepliea,  Lo- 
ligo,  &c.,  and  perhaps  by  all  ten-armed  Cephalopods.  There  is  not  suf- 
ficient evidence,  from  the  published  accounts,  that  this  specimen  differed 
in  any  way  from  the  Architeuthis  monachua.  It  was  described  as  10  feet 
in  total  length;  the  long  arms  having  been  mutilated,  the  part  remain- 
ing was  11  feet  long,  and  as  thick  as  a  man's  arm;  the  short  arms  varied 
from  0  to  8  feet  in  length,  and  were  as  thick  as  a  man's  leg,  and  had  two 
rows  of  large  serrated  suckers ;  the  proboscis  (buccal  mass  with  beak) 
was  the  size  of  a  man's  fist;  the  beak  was  ''  somewhat  like  to  an  Eagle's 
Bill,  but  broader."  The  whole  animal  was  said  to  have  been  as  large  as 
a  large  horse.    The  length  of  the  head  and  body  together  was  8  feet. 

Mr.  More  has  kindly  sent  me  a  tracing  from  the  original  figure.  This 
shows  a  broad,  oval,  flat  body,  and  a  small  caudal  fin.  The  body  or 
mantle  had  evidently  been  split  open  and  spread  out  flat. 

This  fact  is  also  evident  from  the  original  descriptions,  reprinted  by 
Mr.  More,  m  which  the  sides  of  the  mantle  are  described  as  follows: 
"Over  this  Monster's  back  was  a  mantle  of  a  bright  Bed  Color,  with  a 
Mnge  round  it ;  it  hung  down  on  both  sides  like  a  Carpet  on  a  table, 
falling  back  on  each  side,  and  faced  with  white."  The  liver,  according 
to  the  descriptions,  had  been  removed:  "When  it  was  dead  and  opened 
the  liver  wayed  30  pound."  The  proboscis  had  also  been  removed  be- 
fore it  was  exhibited,  and  it  is  therefore  very  probable  that  the  figure 
and  descriptions  represent  it  as  more  extended  than  was  natural. 

The  measurements  given  indicate  a  specimen  smaller  than  several  of 
the  American  examples,  and  but  little  if  any  larger  than  our  No.  5,  from 
Logic  Bay. 

The  more  important  of  these  ancient  letters  are  hero  reproduced: 

'■^Letter  No.  2,  from  Thoma»  Hoohe  {Dublin)  to  Mr.  John  Wickim  (Lon- 
don) December  23, 1673. 

"  Loving  Friend  :  I  send  you  this  onely  pursuant  to  my  former  of  the 
Fish,  which  I  now  confirm  to  be  as  I  gave  you  the  first  Account  with 
this  addition  of  certainty,  that  knowing  the  man  by  name  James  Stew- 
ard, and  hearing  two  or  three  nights  since  of  his  being  at  a  Printers 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OP   FI3II   AND    FISIIERIE.S, 


[60] 


[^ 


neer  our  houso  to  got  tlio  Lord  liieutcnants  Order  Printed,  which  he 
gave  him  for  exposing  what  ho  hath  of  the  flsh  to  view,  I  sent,  desiring 
to  speak  with  him,  and  he  came,  having  then  the  Picture  with  him  of 
tho  Fish,  and  ho  gave  me  himself  the  full  account  of  it,  viz. 

"  That  in  the  month  of  October  last,  I  think  alK)ut  the  16th  day  he 
was  alono  riding  by  ihe  sea-side,  at  Diuglo-Icosh  and  saw  a  great  thing 
in  the  Sea,  which  drew  his  eye  towards  it,  and  it  came  just  to  him ;  when 
he  discerned  the  horns  it  began  to  look  ft-ightfully,  he  said  he  was  some* 
times  afraid  to  look  on  it,  and  when  ho  durst  look  on  it,  it  wa3  the  most 
splendid  sight  that  over  he  saw ;  The  Horns  were  so  bespangled  with 
those  Crowns,  as  he  calls  them ;  they  shewed  he  saith  like  Pearls  or 
precious  Stones ;  the  Horns  it  could  move  and  weild  about  the  Head  as 
a  Snail  doth,  all  the  ten ;  tho  two  long  ones  it  mostly  l)ore  forwards,  the 
other  eight  mov'd  too  and  fro  every  way ;  When  it  came  to  shore  its 
fore  parts  rested  on  the  shore,  and  there  lay ;  He  got  help  after  awhile, 
and  when  he  saw  it  stin'od  not  to  fright  them,  he  got  ropes  and  put 
them  about  the  hinder  parts,  and  began  to  draw  it  on  shore,  and  saw  it 
stir'd  not  to  hurt  them,  they  grew  bold,  and  went  to  pull  with  their  hands 
on  the  Horns,  but  these  Crowns  so  bit  them,  that  they  wore  forced  to  quit 
their  hold ;  the  crowns  had  teeth  under  every  one  of  them,  and  had  a 
power  to  fasten  on  anything  that  touched  them ;  they  moved  the  Horr^ 
with  handspikes,  and  so  being  evening  they  left  it  on  the  shore,  ai'd 
came  in  the  morning  and  found  it  dead.  The  two  long  Horns  are  about 
one  11  foot,  the  other  9 ;  the  other  8  Horns,  about  C  and  8  foot  lon^  a 
peice,  and  as  thick  as  a  man's  arm  every  one  of  them.  He  hath  brought 
up  to  Dublin  but  two  short  Horns  of  the  Crowned  ones,  and  the  little 
Head,  being  not  able  to  bring  the  rest  the  way  is  so  long. 

"The  certainty  is  attested  by  many  at  the  place,  and  is  no  doubt  a 
very  certain  truth,  the  mantle  was  all  red  on  the  out-side,  which  for  the 
colour  sake  he  kept  a  peice  of  it,  it  was  five  inches  thick,  and  white  un- 
der ;  when  they  cut  the  Fisli  it  had  not  a  drop  of  blood,  nor  scale,  nor 
fin,  my  man  took  a  draught  of  the  Picture  which  I  have  here  enclosed, 
he  said  it  was  as  big  as  any  horse  as  ever  he  saw,  it  had  no  leggs. 
"Your  loving  frir jd, 

"THOMAS  HOOKE." 

^^  Letter  No.  3,  from  Tiionias  Clear  to  hia  son,  dated  Drangon,  neer  Clonmell, 

December  19, 1673. 

"Dear  Son:  I  did  the  last  week  write  to  you,  which  1  hope  you 
have  received,  to  which  I  refer  yod.  This  inclosed  paper  is  a  form  of  a 
strange  and  monstrous  Fish,  that  was  cast  on  shore  in  the  County  of 
Kerry  in  Ireland,  about  a  month  since  by  a  storm,  you  need  not  doubt 
the  truth  of  it,  for  I  have  myself  seen  part  of  it,  and  have  one  of  the 
Crowns  by  me  to  produce,  I  refer  you  to  the  paper  for  a  relation  of  it ; 
remember  your  duty  both  to  God  and  man;  be  carefull  in  both,  and  the 


[61]    CKIMIALOPODS   OF   N0UTIIEA8TKBN   fOAST   OF   AMERICA. 

Lord  direct  you  witli  all  our  Dear  loves  to  you  and  all  friondH,  coucludos 
biui  that  i8  your  very  afl'ectiouatc  loviug  Father. 

"TUOMAS  CLEAB." 

"  The  Monster  Described. 

<'TLiH  Mouater  was  taken  at  Dingle- I-ea»li  in  tlie  eounty  of  Kerry, 
beiug  driven  up  by  a  groat  storm  in  the  Month  of  Oetober  last  1073; 
having  two  heads,  one  great  head  (out  of  which  sprung,  a  little  head 
two  foot,  or  a  yard  from  the  great  head)  with  two  great  eyes,  each  as 
big  as  a  pewter  dish,  the  length  of  it  beiug  about  nineteen  foot,  bigger 
in  the  body  than  any  horse,  of  the  shape  represented  by  this  tigure, 
having  upon  the  great  head  ten  horns,  some  of  six  some  of  eight  or  ten, 
one  of  eieven  foot  long,  the  biggest  horns  as  big  as  a  man's  Leg,  thet 
least  as  his  wrist,  which  horns  it  threw  from  it  on  both  sides;  And  to  it 
again  to  defend  it  self  having  two  of  the  ten  horns  plain,  and  smooth 
that  were  tho  biggest  and  middle  horns,  the  other  eight  had  one  hundred 
Crowns  a  peece,  placed  by  two  and  two  on  each  of  them,  in  all  800 
crowns,  each  Crown  having  teeth,  that  tore  any  thing  that  touched 
hem,  by  shutting  together  the  sharx)  teeth,  being  like  the  wheels  of  a 
A^itch,  l^e  Crowns  were  as  big  as  a  man's  thumb  or  something  bigger, 
that  a  man  might  put  his  finger  in  tho  hollow  part  of  them,  and  had  in 
the ji  something  like  a  pearl  or  eye  in  the  middle ;  over  this  Monster's 
back  was  a  mantle  of  a  bright  Red  Colour,  with  a  fringe  round  it,  it 
hung  down  on  both  sides  like  a  Carpet  on  a  table,  falling  back  on  each 
side,  and  faced  with  white;  the  crowns  and  mantle  were  glorious  to 
bohold :  This  monster  had  not  one  bone  about  him,  nor  flns  nor  scales, 
or  I'eet,  but  had  a  smooth  skin  like  a  man's  belly.  It  swoom  by  the 
)  ppits  of  the  mantle ;  The  little  head  it  could  dart  forth  a  yard  from 
tho  great,  and  draw  it  in  again  at  plesure,  being  like  a  hawk's  beak 
and  having  in  tho  little  head  two  tongues  by  which  it  is  thought  it 
1  eceived  all  its  nourishment ;  when  it  was  dead  and  opened  the  liver 
wayed  30  pounds.  The  man  that  took  it  came  to  Clonmel  the  4th  of 
this  instant  December,  with  two  of  the  horns  in  a  long  box  with  the 
little  head,  and  the  figure  of  the  fish  drawn  on  a  painted-cloth,  which 
was  the  full  proportion  of  it,  and  ho  went  up  to  Dublin,  with  an  intent 
to  shew  it  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant."  ,  .,.  , 

^^  Letter  No.  4,  manuscript. 

"In  a  Letter  from  a  very  Sober  person  in  Dublin  dated  27th  of 
December  1073. 

"Yesterday  I  went  to  See  part  of  the  Seji  Monster,  which  was  taken 
at  Dingle,  viz.  tho  two  Bigg  llornes  and  the  little  head,  the  Homes  aro 
iieare  foure  foot  long,  and  about  six  inches  thick  towards  tho  Koot,  and 
full  of  little  Coronetts  about  tho  Compass  of  a  groat,  and  teeth  in  every 
one  of  them,  they  were  flxt  to  tho  Home,  with  a  string  like  a  Veiue,  by 
which  I  conceive  they  received  Nourishment,  lather  then  that  the  nour- 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.      [62] 


ishment  should  be  conveyed  through  them  downe  the  Homes  to  the 
Beast.  The  head  was  not  soe  bigg  as  my  fist,  the  mouth  and  two  hard 
shells  upon  it  very  black  and  shap'd  somewhat  like  to  an  Eagles  Bill, 
but  broader;  In  the  mouth  there  was  two  tongues,  and  (as  the  Man 
declared  that  tooke  this  monster)  the  Beast  had  naturall  power  to  draw 
this  head  in  or  putt  it  out  of  the  Body  as  necessity  required." 

In  the  Zoologist,  June,  1875,  p.  4502,  and  August,  p.  4569,  and  in  the 
August  number  of  the  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History,  vol. 
xvi,  p.  123,  Mr.  More  also  gave  an  account  of  the  capture,  and  briefly 
described  the  beak,  odontophore,  and  portions  of  the  tentacles  and  arms 
of  another  specimen,  taken  off  Boffin  Island,  on  the  west  coast  of  Ire- 
land, April,  1875.  The  tentacular  arms  are  said  to  have  been  30  feet 
loug;  the  expanded  portion,  2  feet  9  inches;  the  large  central  suckers, 
nearly  I  inch  in  diameter;  those  of  the  outer  rows,  .5  of  an  inch;  one 
short  arm  is  said  to  have  been  8  feet  long  and  15  inches  in  circumference 
at  the  base  when  fresh.  It  had  small  suckers  without  teeth  on  the 
horny  rings,  on  the '  wrist'  of  the  <  club'  and  scattered  along  the  tentacular 
arms,  as  do  our  specimens.  The  rounded  tubercles  that  always  accom- 
pany these  smooth-rimmed  suckers  are  not  mentioned,  but  doubtless 
they  were  also  present.  The  beak  was  5.25  inches  long  and  3.5  inches 
broad,  dark  reddish  brown,  "  with  a  large  tooth  in  both  margins  of  the 
inner  mandible  and  a  much  smaller  notch  on  each  side  of  the  out-er 
mandible." 

Mr.  More  believed  this  to  be  distinct  from  the  Newfoundland  species, 
and  referred  it  to  A.  dtuc,  but  his  description  agrees  closely  with  the  cor- 
respondiug  parts  of  A.  Harveyi  (No.  5)  described  by  me,  except  in  the 
relatively  somewhat  greater  size  of  the  sessile  arms  at  base.  In  this 
re8])^ict,  however,  it  is  equaled  or  surpassed  by  our  No.  14,  and  by  others 
of  the  Newfoundland  examples.  This  may  also  be  only  a  peculiarity  of 
the,fems»le.  The  measurements  indicate  a  specimen  intermediate  in  size 
between  our  Nos.  5  and  14,  but  the  description  is  not  sufficient  to  indi- 
cate with  certaiLty  to  which  of  our  species  it  was  nearest  related.  A 
more  detailed  description,  with  figures  of  the  suckers  and  odontophore, 
would  probably  settle  this  point.  Mr.  More  supposed  that  the  lateral 
suckers  of  the  tentacular  club  were  larger  ir  his  example  than  in  A. 
Harveyi,  but  that  is  not  the  case. 

Prof.  G.  O.  gars,  in  l-s  recent  work  (MoUusca  Eeg.  Arct.  Norvegise, 
p.  377),  also  mentions  a  specimen  of  Architeuthis  (12  feet  long)  cast 
ashore  on  the  Norwegian  coast,  at  FoldenQord,  in  1874.  He  refers  it 
doubtfully  to  "A  dux  Steenstrup"  (from  the  Kattegat),  by  which  we 
should  understand  A.  monachus,  without  doubt. 

In  "Nature,"  vol.  xxii.  No.  25,  October  21,  1880,  p.  585,  under  the 
caption  "An  Octopus,"  there  is  an  account  of  the  stranding  if  a  large 
Cephalopod,  early  in  October,  at  Kilkee,  County  Clare,  Ireland,  from  a 
letter  of  the  Kev.  E.  T.  Gabi)ett.  The  description,  though  very  imper- 
fect, is  sufficient  to  show  that  it  was  not  an  Octopiis,  but  probably  an 


IIES.      [62]    fH-fi3]    CEPHALOPODS   OF  NORTHEASTERN   c6aST   OF   AMERICA. 

irchiieuthis,  which  had  lost  its  tentacular  arms,  as  is  often  the  case 

fith  stranded  specimens.    The  kngth  of  the  head  is  given  as  about  3 

Ifeet,  and  its  diameter  is  given  as  IJ  inches — probably  a  mistake  for  IJ 

ifeet.    The  more  important  points  are  as  follows:  "Its  arms  had  been 

[jartially  broken;  there  were  eight  of  them,  each  as  thick  as  a.  strong 

lan's  upper  arm,  and  beneath  each  were  two  rows  of  suckers  like  cup- 
[)ing-glasses,  more  than  a  shilling  size  ia  circuit.  When  perfect,  each 
)f  these  arms  miist  have  been  from  12  to  15  feet  long,  and  from  the 

jint  of  one  nrx  to  that  of  its  opposite  was  a  length  of  nearly  30  feet. 

le  animal's  length,  from  the  inseition  of  its  suckers  to  the  end  of  its 

3dy,  must  have  been  nearly  20  feet — ^perhaps  looro.  Its  mouth,  like  a 
jarrot's  beak,  was  as  large  as  two  joined  hands  of  a  large  man,  with 

le  fingers  outstretched.    It  weighed  about  -4  cwt.'' 

Examples  from  the  Indian  Ocean  and  New  Zealand. 

In  the  Jouri;al  de  Zoologie,  vol.  iv,  No.  2,  p.  88,  1875,  M.  Paul  Gervais 
las  given  a  partial  summary  of  the  gigantic  Oephalopods  previously 
mown,  and  1  as  mentioned  an  additional  species  {Architcuthis  Mouchezi 
^6\m\),  a  which  portions  were  brought  to  Paris  by  M.  V61ain,  from  the 
island  of  Saint  Paul,  Indian  Ocean,  where  it  was  cast  ashore  in  Fovem- 
ier.  He  also  quotes  the  brief  notice  of  the  animal  by  M.  Yelain  (:^ 
;!oniptes-Rendu8,  t.  ixxx,  p.  1002,  Stance  du  Avril  19, 1876).  It  is  stated 
jlhat  this  example  belongs  to  the  same  group  with  Ommastrephes.  A 
lescription  and  a  rude  figure  of  it,  made  from  a  photograph  taken  in 
the  position  in  which  it  lay  upon  the  shore,  ha^  also  been  jiublished  by 
|I.  Velain  in  the  Arch,  de  Zool.  Exper.,  vol.  vi,  p.  83, 1877.  The  figure 
las  been  copied  in  Tryon's  Manual  of  Conchology,  vol.  i,  pi.  82.    Ac- 

)rding  to  this  figure,  the  tentacular  arms  wtjre  verj  long  and  the  short 
Imis  were  truncated,  probably  owing  to  mutilation.    One  of  the  tentacu- 

IV  arms  was  saved,  and,  with  the  beak,  was  preserved  in  Paris.  The 
[•audal  fin  was  narrow  and  lanceolate,  adhenng  to  the  sides  of  the  body 
)y  its  entire  length.  In  the  latter  feature  this  is  very  different  from 
uiy  of  the  northern  species. 

In  the  Archives  de  Zool.  Experimoutale,  vol.  vi,  1877,  M  Velain  has 
)roposed  a  new  genus  {Moucliezia)  for  this  specimen.  The  peculiarity 
^f  the  pen  appears  to  be  the  only  character  of  any  special  importance 

jferred  to  by  him. 

Mr.  T.  "W.  Kirk,  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Wellington  Philosophical 
Society,  for  October,  1879,  p.  310,  hais  published  accounts  of  *he  occur- 
ence of  five  specimens  of  "  giant  cutvle-fish  "  on  the  coai^t  of  New  Zeai- 
ind: 

No.  ] .  The  first  of  these  was  cast  ashore  at  Waimarama,  east  coast, 
|n  September,  1870.    Of  this  the  beak  was  preserved  and  sent  tc  Mr. 

[irk  by  Mr.  Meinertzhageu,  whose  account  of  the  occurrence,  with  a 
rather  crude  description  and  some  measurements  made  by  an  eye-wit- 
jiicss,  Mr.  Kirk  has  prhitcd.    Ue  gives  no  description  of  the  beak,  un- 


REPORT   OF   COMMiaSIONEll   OF   FISH   AND    FISHERIES.      [64] 


fortunately.    The  dimensions  given  are  as  follows :  Length  from  tip  of  | 
tail  to  root  of  arms,  10  feet  6  inches ;  circumfierence,  6  feet ;  length  of  ] 
arms,  5  feet  6  inches.    '<  The  beast  had  eight  tentacles,  as  thick  as  a  j 
man's  leg  at  the  root ;  horrid  sucker^  on  the  inside  of  them,  from  the  | 
size  of  an  ounce  bullet  to  that  of  a  pea  at  the  tip ;  two  horrid  goggle  { 
eyes ;  and  a  powerful  beak  between  the  roots  of  the  arms.    His  head  ap- 
peared to  slip  in  and  out  of  a  sheath.    Altogether  he  was  a  most  repul- 
sive looking  bi;pte." 

It  is  probable  that  this  specimen  had  lost  its  two  tentacular  arms  be- 
fore death,  and  that  it  was  actually  of  the  same  species  as  the  other  \ 
specimens  recorded  by  Mr.  Kirk.  Mr.  Kirk,  however,  seems  to  think ; 
that  the  above  description  refers  to  an  Octopod. 

No.  2.  "  The  beak  of  number  2  was  deposited  in  the  Colonial  Museum  j 
by  Mr.  A.  Hamilton.  The  animal  was  captured  at  Cape  Campbell  by  | 
Mr.  C.  H.  Bobson,  a  member  of  this  society,  who  very  kindly  furnished  I 
me  with  the  following  information.  Writing  on  the  19th  June,  1879,  he  j 
says : 

"  '  In  reply  to  yours  of  the  12th  about  the  cuttle-fish,  I  may  state  that  j 
while  stationed  at  Cape  Campbell  I  found  several  specimens  of  large  ff 
size,  all,  however,  more  or  less  mutilated,  except  one,  the  beak  of  which  j 

I  gave  to  Mr.  Hamilton.  It  was  alive  and  quite  perfect,  the  body  being  \ 
7  feet  long,  eight  sessile  arms  8  feet  long,  and  two  tentacular  arms  12  \ 
feet.  I  am,  however,  only  writing  from  memory.  Mr.  Hamilton  has- 
the  exact  measurements,  and  I  remember  distinctly  that  the  total  length  | 
was  close  on  20  feet.' 

"  I  am  sorry  to  say  that  Mr.  Hamilton  has  mislaid  the  notes  and  meas  i 
urements,  but  those  given  above  cannot  be  far  out." 

No.  3.  The  third  specimen  was  examined  and  measured  by  Mr.  Kirk, 
personally,  where  it  lay  on  the  beach.    He  also  made  a  drawing  of  it,  but 
it  has  not  yet  been  published  to  my  knowledge.    It  was  found  on  the 
beach  at  Lyall  Bay,  May  23, 1879,  by  three  boys.    Mr.  Kirk  states  that  I 
■  it  had  been  somewhat  mutilated  by  the  natives  before  he  saw  it,  and  the  | 
pen  or  bone  had  been  cut  across ;  but  he  preserved  all  the  pieces  of  the  I 
pen,  the  beak,  tongue,  and  some  of  the  suckers.    Most  of  the  suckers : 
had  been  torn  off. 

"  The  length  of  body  from  tip  of  tail  to  anterior  margin  of  the  mantle 
was  9  feet  2  inches,  and  7  feet  3  inches  in  circumference;  the  head  from 
anterior  margin  of  mantle  to  roots  of  arms,  1  foot  11  inches;  making  the 
total  length  of  the  body  11  feet  I  inch.  The  head  measured  4  feet  iu 
circumference.    The  sessile  arms  measured  1  feet  3  inches  in  length,  ami  | 

II  inches  in  circumference.  Each  of  these  arms  bore  thirty-six  suckers, 
arranged  in  two  equal  rows  (as  shown  by  the  s(!ars),  and  measuring  from 
if  to  4  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Every  sucker  was  strengthened  by  a 
bony  ring  armed  with  from  forty  to  sixty  sharp  incurved  teeth.  The 
tentacular  arms  had  been  torn  oil' at  the  length  of  G  feet  2  ijiches,  which  | 
was  probably  less  than  half  their  or'giiial  length. 


lem,  from  the 


ERIES.     [64]  ■!-(]:, -j    CKPHALOPODS   OF   NORTHEASTERN  COAST   OF   AMEUKICA. 

"  The  fins  were  i)osterior,  and  were  mere  lateral  expansions  of  the 
Imantle.    They  did  not  extend  over  the  back,  as  in  the  case  with  Onycho- 
\teuthis,  &c.    Each  measured  24  inches  in  length  and  13  inches  in  width. 
"  The  cuttle-bone,  when  first  extracted,  measured  6  feet  3  inches  in 
liength  and  11  inches  in  width,  but  has  since  shrunk  considerably.    It 
ras  broadly  lanceolate,  with  a  hollow  conical  apex  IJ  inches  deep." 
No.  4.  "Another  specimen,  measuring  8  feet  in  length,  was  lately 
lught  by  a  fishing  party  near  the  Boulder  Bank,  at  Nelson,  concerning 
irhich  I  have  only  seen  a  newspaper  cutting,  and  have  not  been  able  to 
obtain  particulars."  , 

No.  5.  "  '.-  Ifth  Was  found  by  Mr.  Moore,  near  Flat  Point,  east  coast, 
description  was  sent  to  Mr.  Beetham,  M.  H.  R.,  who,  I  believe,  in- 
snds  communicating  it  to  this  society." 

From  the  above  descriptions  it  is  not  possible  to  decide  with  certainty 
whether  these  specimens  belong  to  the  Architeuthis-gToxig  or  whether 
they  are  more  nearly  allied  to  the  Onychoteuthisgron\i, like  MoroteuthiSy 
for  the  armature  of  the  tentacular  arms  is  not  known.  The  broad- 
pnceolate  form  of  the  pen,  with  a  small  conical  hood  at  the  end,  would 
Seem  to  indicate  affinities  with  Architeuthis,  and  the  presence  of  true 
suckers  on  the  sessile  arms,  and  small  size  of  the  fins,  are  favorable  for 
that  \'iew.  Altogether,  the  descriptions  indicate  that  this  New  Zealand 
ppecies  is  related  to,  and  perhaps  identical  with,  the  one  discovered  at 
pe  Island  of  Saint  Paul,  and  first  named  by  M.  V61ain  Architeuthis 
fouchezi.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  Mr.  Kirk  will  soon  give  detailed  de- 
scriptions and  figures  of  the  portions  in  his  possession. 


otes  and  meas- 


C. — Examples  from  the  North  Pacific. 

The  following  species,  although  the  specimens  when  found  had  lost 

)me  of  their  most  characteristic  parts,  appears  to  be  nearly  related  to 

)nychoteuthi8,  a  genus  having  sharp  claws  instead  of  suckers  on  the 

I  club'  of  the  tentacular  arms,  and  a  cluster  of  small  tubercles  and 

imooth  suckers  on  its  'wrist,'  to  unite  the  arms  together.    It  probably 

|s  nearly  related  to  the  group  Lestoteuthis,  characterized  below. 

loroteuthiB  robusta  (Dall,  sp.)  Verrill,  1881, 

Ommastreplm  rohmtm  (Dall,  MSS.)  Verrill,  Amcr.  Journ.  Sci.,  Tol.  xii,  p.  236 

1870. 
Onychoteuihw  {Lestoteuilm)  robnuta  Verrill,  Trans.  Couu.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  pp.  195, 

240^  252,  pis.  2:5,  24,  1880. 

Plato  XIII.     Plato  XIV.  '' 

Thi.s  largo  and  very  interesting  species*  was  discovered  by  Mr.  W. 
I.  Pali,  near  Iliuliuk,  Uualashka  Island,  oil"  the  coast  of  Alaska.t    He 

'This  is  iho  specioa  referred  to  as  perhaps  Onychoteulhia  Borgi  by  Mr.  Dall  in  his 
ote  upon  largo  Cephalopods,  iu  the  American  Naturalist,  vol.  vii,  p.  484,  1873, 
t  The  first  specimen  waa  found  by  Mr.  M.  W.  Harrington,  of  Mr.  Ball's  party,  on  the 
hst  shore  of  Amaknak  Island,  Captain's  Harbor,  Unaladbka,  April  26, 


KEJpBT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OP   PISH   AND   PI8HERIES.      [66] 

found  three  8per;men8  thrown  upon  the  beach,  April  26  and  May  8, 
1872.  He  made  descriptions,  measurements,  and  some  very  valuable 
drawings  of  them,  while  fresh.  The  specimens  had  all  been  more  or  less 
mutilated  by  the  ravens  before  they  were  discovered.  He  preserved  the 
pharynx,  beak,  and  odontophore  of  No.  1,  part  of  the  *  bone,'  a  piece 
of  the  cauu*^^  fin,  and  the  basal  part  of  one  of  the  ventral  arms,  with  five 
of  the  suckers  adhering,  from  one  of  the  other  specimens  (No.  2),  and 
has  generously  placed  them  in  my  hands  for  examination,  together  with 
his  drawings,  measurements,  and  notes. 

The  parts  remaining  of  the  largest  specimen  (No.  3)  when  found  had 
a  total  -  .ngth  of  427*="'  (ll  feet),  but  the  ends  of  the  tentacular  arms  had 
been  destroyed;  length  from  tail  to  base  of  tentacular  arms,  SGO"™  (8 
feet,  6  inches) ;  to  front  edge  of  mantle,  232.4' '"  (7  feet,  7^  inches) ;  width 
across  fins,  107"'"  (42  inches) ;  diameter  of  body,  45.7'^'"  (18  inches) ;  slen- 
der basal  portion  remaining  of  tentacular  arras  .  55'""  (61  inches) ;  their  I 
diameter,  6.3"="'  (2.5  inches) ;  short  arms  (ends  gone),  76'="'  to  102  «"•  (30 1 
to  40  inches) ;  length  of  pen,  226' "'  (7  feet,  5  inches). 

According  to  Mr.  Dall's  note  the  color  was  reddish,  in  flue  rpd  dots  I 
on  a  whitish  ground,  with  a  darker  stripe  on  the  outer  median  line  of 
the  arms.    The  eyes  were  bluish  black,  furnished  with  lids,  und  with  a  f 
small  sinus  in  front;  diameter  of  the  opening,  2.5'='"  (1  inch). 

The  mandibles   re  racted  into  a  short,  yellow,  puckered  muzzle, 
which  was  included  in  a  longer,  plain,  proboscis-like  tube,  extending! 
an  in  ih  or  two  beyond.    Siphon,  short  and  thick.*    Kegion  of  the  eye 
somewhat  raised.    The  nuchal  collar  is  well  marked,  and  slightly  above 
it,  on  each  side,  is  a  raised  epidermal  ridge,  from  which  three  wavyj 
raised  crests  or  frills,  attached  at  their  inner  edge,  pass  obliquely  back- 
ward, on  each  side.    No  cranial  cartilage  was  observed.    Mantle  firm  I 
and  dense.    The  neck  has  one  median  dorsal  and  two  ventral  facets,  i 
long,  oval-shaped,  with  a  median  depressed  line,  but  otherwise  smooth! 
and  white ;  the  dorsal  moves  on  a  smooth  part  of  the  inside  of  the  man  [ 
tie ;  the  ventrals  move  on  similar  raised  facets  of  the  mantle beneathl 
The  caudal  fin  was  rather  broad,  "lanceolate  or,  spear-shaped,  acute  atl 
tip.    Gills  yellowish  olive,  with  obliquely  transverse  laminie.    Gizzard! 
yellowish,  the  muscles  laid  like  a  coil  of  sx'un-yam,  in  layers  transversej 
to  one  another. 

The  pen  (Plate  XIII,  figs.  4,  !;)  was  gone  from  the  first  specimenl 
(No.  1)  and  broken  in  the  others.  It  was  found  unattached  in  the  dorl 
sal  cavity.  It  had  a  th'okcncd  median  lib,  but  becomes  very  thin  atl 
the  sides,  and  is  divided  by  sharp,  stiff  ribs  or  folds  into  three  longif 
tudinal  areas  on  each  side  (Plate  XIII,  fig.  6).  The  posterior  end  isl 
one-sided,  funtiel-ahaped  close  to  the  tip,  which  is  inserted  into  a  longj 
round,  thick,  firm,  cartilaginous  cone,  which  tapers  to  a  point  posteril 


*  No  valvo  is  shown  in  Mr.  Dall's  sketches. 


ES.     [66]   I     [67]   CEPHALOPODS   OF   NORTHEASTERN   COAST   OF   AMERICA. 

orly.  The  portion  of  the  peu  (of  No.  2)  preserved*  and  forwarded  to 
me  includes  all  the  cone  and  a  part  of  the  posterior  end  of  the  quill-por- 
tion, attached  within  the  concavity  of  the  cone  (Plate  XIV,  fig.  7). 
The  anterior  end  of  the  cone  is  concave  and  very  obliquely  terminated, 
the  dorsal  side  extending  forward  some  distance  along  the  dorsal  side 
of  the  quill.  The  whole  length  of  the  preserved  cone  (doubtless  mnch 
shrunken  by  the  alcohol)  is  44.5'™  (17.5  inches);  of  the  oblique  anterior 
termination  15.25™  (6  inches);  greatest  diameter  4"='"  (1.6  inches).  The 
cone  is  nearly  round,  firm,  translucent,  brownish  or  deep  amber-color, 
and  composed  of  numerous  distinct  concentric  layers.  The  concavity  of 
the  anterior  end  firmly  embraces  the  remnant  of  the  funnel  of  the  quill, 
which  has  numerous  small  costae  converging  to  the  apex ;  two  of  the 
dorsal  costae  are  much  stronger  t.  .  the  rest,  forming  a  strong  ridge 
each  side  of  the  smaller  median  couta,  which  lies  in  a  deep  median  de- 
pression or  furrow. 

The  tentacular  arms  had  lost  their  clubs ;  but  the  part  remaining  was 
cylindrical,  2.5  inches  in  diameter.  The  other  arms  were  somewhat 
thicker.  The  few  suckers  remaining  on  them  were  attached  by  slender 
pedicels,  and  arranged  in  two  alternating  rows ;  they  were  furnished 
with  horny  rims  having  the  edge  entire,  except  where  irregularly  broken 
away ;  those  of  the  distal  part  of  the  arms  were  gone. 

The  portion  of  the  arm  of  the  second  specimen  preserved  in  alcohol 

aii'l  sent  to  me  came  from  the  base  of  the  left  ventral  arm.    It  is  65""»  in 

« 

length ;  diameter  from  inner  to  outer  surface,  not  including  marginal 
membrane,  45""" ;  including  membrane,  04'""'.  It  is  well  rounded  on  the 
inner  face,  but  more  flattened  on  the  upper  side,  while  the  outer  surface 
is  broadly  rounded ;  the  outer  angle  has  a  strong,  thick  marginal  mem- 
brane, 19"""  wide  (see  section  of  this  arm,  Plate  XIV,  fig.  8,  c).  The 
sucker-bearing  surface  is  broad,  with  a  slight  marginal  membrane  along 
each  margin  (6,  ¥),  rising  into  broad,  flat,  somewhat  thickened,  blunt 
lobes  alternating  with  the  suckers.  Two  alternating  rows  of  firm, 
smooth,  rather  irregular-shaped  tubercles  run  along  the  median  region, 
between  the  rows  of  suckers,  with  which  they  alternate,  on  each  side. 

This  segment  of  the  arm  still  bears  five  suckers,  which  appear  to  rep- 
resent the  first,  second,  and  fourth  pairs,  though  there  may  possibly 
have  been  others  before  the  first  of  these.  They  are  all  similar,  ratner 
small  in  proportion  to  the  arm,  round,  but  little  oblique,  decidedly  con- 
vex beneath,  and  with  a  rather  long,  slender  pedicel  (fig.  8,  a).  The 
horny  marginal  rings  are  dark  brown,  yellowish  at  the  thin  edge,  which 
is  entire  and  nearly  smooth,  except  where  broken.  The  largest  of  these 
remaining  suckers  are  8.5'"™  in  diameter  outside ;  aperture,  5'"™ ;  height 
of  cup,  7""™;  length  of  pedicel,  3™"'. 

•  Mr.  Dall  states  that  he  attempted  to  dry  the  rest  of  this  pen,  and  that  of  No.  3, 
but  they  turned  brown,  and  then  black,  eflfloreoced,  and  decomposed.  Ho  also  states 
that  the  pen,  when  fresh,  was  translucent  whitish,  and  that  it  changed  to  brownish 
yellow  in  the  alcohol. 


REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER   OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES.      [68]  I  [69" 


J 


The  exposed  parta  of  the  jaws  are  black  and  polished ;  their  internal 
laminae  are  reddish  brown,  becoming  translucent  yellowish  toward  the  | 
margins. 

The  upper  mandible  (Plate  XIV,  fig.  5)  has  an  elongated,  tapered, , 
considerably  incurved,  and  sharp  rostrum ;  the  notch  is  rather  narrow 
and  deep,  and  a  well-developed,  triangular,  lateral  groove  runs  down 
fipom  the  notct  for  some  distance,  its  upper  border  being  in  line  with 
the  cutting  edge  of  the  rostrum.    The  anterior  edge  of  the  alee,  so  far  | 
as  normally  exposed,  is  nearly  straight,  but  slightly  undulated. 

The  lower  mandible  (Plate  XIV,  fig.  6)  has  the  cutting  edges  of  the  I 
^jstrum  slightly  concave,  with  a  slight  notch  close  to  the  tip,  which  ii| 
small  and  incurved ;  the  notch  at  the  base  is  broad  and  shallow,  bor- 
dered externally  by  a  slight,  angulated  ridge;  the  exposed  anterior  I 
edges  of  the  alse  have  each  two  slight  lobes,  but  are  otherwise  nearly 
straight ;  the  alae  are  broader  toward  the  inner  end,  which  is  obtusely  | 
rounded. 

The  lower  mandible  now  measures,  from  the  tip  of  the  rostrum  to  the  I 
posterior  dorsal  border  of  the  mentum,  13""";  tip  to  the  extreme  pos- 
terior end  of  the  gular  lamina,  50"'"';  to  the  dorsal  angle  of  the  same, 
33""";  tip  to  the  inner  end  of  the  alse,  46""";  to  the  bottom  of  the  notch,  | 
13™"';  breadth  of  alaj,  24'""';  transverse  breadth  at  notches,  12""". 

The  upper  mandible,  from  the  tip  of  the  beak  to  the  end  of  the! 
palatine  lamina,  is  71"""  long;  from  tip  of  beak  to  end  of  frontal  lamina,! 
SS""";  to  bottom  of  notch,  11'""';  length  of  exposed  (dark)  portion  ofj 
anterior  edge  of  alae,  14'"". 

The  odontophore  (Plate  XIV,  figs.  1-4)  has  a  very  broad,  thin,  mar-l 
ginal  membrane,  yellowish  white  in  color,  becoming  brown  and  thick  I 
ened  toward  the  dentigerous  portion,  where  there  is  a  row  of  very  small,! 
thin  lilates,  bordering  the  outer  row  of  teeth ;  the  ventral  portion  of  the! 
dentigerous  band  is  dark  brown,  regularly  convex,  and  narrowed  grad  [ 
ually  to  the  obtuse  end;  the  dorsal  portion  is  considerably  longer,L 
abruptly  bent  backward,  with  the  borders  incurved,  gradually  decreas-l 
ing  to  the  posterior  end ;  on  this  part  the  teeth  become  much  smaller! 
and  paler. 

The  outer  lateral  teeth,  on  the  anterior  portion,  are  long,  &lender,L 
sharp,  and  strongly  curved ;  the  median  ones  are  much  shorter,  witlil 
a  shaip,  strongly  curved  central  point,  and  a  very  small,  almost  rudij 
mentary  denticle  on  each  side;  the  inner  laterals  are  a  little  longer  thanl 
the  median,  with  a  stout  incurved  point ;  on  the  outer  side  of  its  base! 
there  is  a  small  denticle;  the  teet\  of  the  two  outer  rows,  on  each  side,| 
are  simple. 

Length  of  odontophore,  from  anterior  bend  to  ijosterior  tip  of  dorsall 
end,  22"'"';  to  tip  of  ventral  end,  14""";  breadth  of  lateral  membrane,! 
in  middle,  11"'"';  of  dentigerous  belt,  anteriorly,  3""". 

The  following  measurements  ^:eTQ  made  by  Mr.  DaU  from  the  fresh| 
specimens: 


RIE8.      [68]  I  [69]    CEPIIALOPODS   OF   NORTHEASTERN   COAST   OF   AMERICA. 


Tabic  of  measurcmcnta  {in  inches). 


Ko.1.        Ko.  2.      No.  3. 


I  Total  length  (to  mutilated  ends  of  tontaclcd) 
I  £886  of  arms  to  tip  of  tail  (head  and  body) ... 

I  Base  of  arms  to  e<ip;e  of  inttntle  (liead) . 

I  Edge  of  mantle  to  tip  of  tail  (body) 

I  Length  of  tail-flus  (insertion  to  tij)) 

I  Breadth  of  tnil-fins 

ILengthof  'pen' 

iBresdth  of  pt^n,  in  middle 

I  Length  of  tentneulur  arms  (ends  gon<0 

I  Length  of  longest  '"ssile  nnns  (ends  gone)  . . 

I  Diameter  of  body 

■Breadth  between  insertions  of  tins 

iDiamoter  of  eye 


80 

ni 

6 
46 


13.5  + 


30  + 

30  + 

7.5 


110  + 
67 
6 
61 

33.75 
25.5 
60 


43  + 
23.5 


8.5 
1 


167  + 

102 
10.5 
91.5 
48 
42 
89 

12.25 
61  + 
40  + 
18 
5 
1.25 


The  generic  aflBnities  of  this  species  must  be  regarded  as  still  some- 
Iwhat  doubtful,  owing  to  the  absence  of  the  tentacular  clubs,  and  most 
lof  the  suckers  of  the  sessile  arms.  The  characters  of  the  'pen;'  of 
Ithe  dentition,  especially  of  the  median  teeth;  of  the  nuchal  frills;  of 
|the  siphon;  and  of  the  cartilaginous  facets,  constituting  the  mantle 

fostenings,  all  indicate  that  it  belongs  in  the  family  TeuthidcCj  near 
\Onychoteuthis.    But  in  this  family  there  is  a  great  diversity  as  to  the 

irraiigement  of  the  hooks  and  suckers  constituting  the  armature  of  the 
larms.    Some  of  these  combinations  are  as  follows: 

TEUTHID^. 

Sessile  arms  with  suckers  only. 

Onychia. — Tentacular  club  with  two  central  rows  of  hooks,  rows  of 
|small  suckers  along  each  margin,  and  a  cluster  of  suckers  and  tubercles 
3n  the 'wrist.'    Sessile  arms  with  smooth  suckers.    {Teleoteuthis  V.) 

Onychoteuthis  (typical). — Tentacular  club  with  two  rows  of  hooks, 
wth  an  apical  cluster  of  suckers,  and  with  a  cluster  of  suckers  and 
tubercles  on  the  wrist.  (Plate  XV,  figs.  6,  a-c.)  Sessile  arms  with 
suckers  in  two  rows. 

Ancistroteuthis  (typical). — Two  central  rows  of  hooks,  with  proximal 
ind  apical  suckers  on  the  club,  as  in  the  last.  Pen  narro\^,  widest  an- 
Briorly,  with  a  long,  terminal,  hollow  cone. 

Oonatm. — ^Tentacular  club  with  one  or  two  central  median  hooks,  and 
^yith  numerous,  multiserial,  small  suckers,  distally  and  laterally.  Ses- 
sile arms  with  four  rows  of  suckers,  those  of  the  two  central  rows  larger, 

all  serrate. 

Sessile  arms  with  both  stickers  and  hooks. 

Abralia. — Tentacular  club  with  two  rows  of  alternating  hooks  and 
suckers  in  the  middle,  and  with  a  cluster  of  suckers  on  the  wrist  and 
f;wo  rows  at  the  tip.  Sessile  arm*  with  hooks  on  the  basal  portion,  and 
|two  rows  of  small  suckers  toward  the  tips.  Pen  dilated  in  the  middle, 
looded  at  the  tip.    Buccal  membrane  with  suckers. 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.      [70] 


Lestoteuthis  (gen.  uov.). — Tentacular  club  with  numerous  suckers,  and 
few  large  central  hooks.  Sessile  arms  dissimilar;  lower  ones  with  four 
rows  of  suckers;  upper,  with  two  central  rows  of  hooks,  alternating  with 
marginal  suckers  on  each  side.  Pen  narrow,  with  a  short,  hollow,  term- 
inal cone.    (Type,  L.  Kamtacliatica  Middendorft',  sp.) 

Sessile  arms  icith  hooks  only. 

Verania Tentacular  club  with  hooks;  sessile  arms  with  hooks  in  two 

rows.    Fins  large  and  broad.    Pen  lanceolate. 

Acanthoteuthis. — Tentacular  and  sessile  arms  with  hooks.    (Fossil.) 

Ancistroehirm. — Tentacular  and  sessile  arms  with  hooks  in  two  rows. 
Pen  lanceolate.    Fins  extending  forward  to  edge  of  mantle. 

Mnoploteuthia  (typical). — Tentacular  club  with  two  rows  of  hooks,  and 
with  a  cluster  of  small  connective  suckers  and  tubercles  on  the  wrist. 
Sessile  arms  all  with  hooks,  in  two  rows,  extending  to  the  tips.  Fins 
short.    Pen  lanceolate. 

The  position  of  Moroteuthis  among  the  genera  enumerated  above  must 
remain  uncertain,  for  the  present,  because  the  armature  of  the  tentacular 
club  is  unknown.  But  as  it  has  smooth-ringed  suckers  on  the  ventral 
arms,  at  least  at  the  base,  it  is  probable  that  the  genus  is  more  nearly 
allied  to  the  genera  in  the  first  group.  But  it  differs  very  decidedly 
from  all  those  named,  in  the  form  of  the  pen,  and  in  having  a  long,  solid 
cartilaginous  cone,  shaped  like  a  large  Belemnites,  appended  to  its  pos- 
terior end.  In  respect  to  this  feature  of  the  pen,  this  genus  differs  from 
all  existing  genera,  and  seems  to  have  affinities  with  some  of  the  meso- 
zoic  fossil  genera. 

In  Onychoteuthis  and  Teleoteuthis*  the  i)eii  has  a  more  or  less  lanceo- 
late form,  with  a  small  posterior  hood  or  hollow  cone,  without  a  solid 
appendix.  Qonatus  and  Lestoteuthis  not  only  differ  from  Moroteuthis  in 
the  pen,  but  have  four  roAYS  of  serrated  suckers  on  the  ventral  arms. 

The  genus  Ancistroteuthis  (type  A.  Lichtensteinii)  agrees  somewhat 
better  in  the  form  of  the  pen,  which  is  widest  near  the  anterior  end,  from 
whence  it  tjtpers  back  to  a  long  and  oblique,  compressed,  posterior, 
hollow  cone,  but  without  a  solid  appendix  at  the  end.  It  has  numerous 
longitudinal  nuchal  crests,  like  Onyclioteuthis. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  it  may  become  necessary  to  establish  a  dis- 
tinct family  for  Moroteuthis,  when  its  armature  becomes  known.  In  that 
case  the  family  should  be  called  Moroteuthidce. 

LESTOTEUTHIS  Verrill,  1880. 

The  characters  of  LestoteuthisEamtschatica,  which  I  proposed  to  take  as 
the  type  of  this  generic  group,  are  not  yet  fully  known.   The  peculiari 

*  This  name  is  proposed  as  a  sabstitute  for  Onychia  Lesueur,  1821  (^non  Hubner,  1816). 
The  type-species  is  T.  carribcea  (Los.,  sp.),  T.  pJatyptera  D'Orb.  and  T.  Krohnii  Verany 
appear  to  be  additional  species.  • 


[71]     CEPIIALOPODS   OF   NORTHEASTERN   COAST   OF   AMERICA. 


looks  in  two 


in  two  rows. 


ties  in  tbo  armature,  both  of  tUo  sessile  and  tentacular  arrus,  as  given 
above  (p.  70),  are  quite  sufficient,  however,  to  warrant  separation 
IVoiii  all  the  other  genera.  Its  pen,  as  figured,  also  differs  lioui  all  others 
liithcrto  described.  It  is  narrowest  anteriorly,  gradually  and  slightly 
exi»anding  backward  to  the  onesided,  conical  hood  or  cone,  which  is  not 
inserted  into  a  solid  terminal  cone,  as  in  Moroteutim  rohusta,  and  tho 
blade  is  relatively  larger.  The  caudal  fin  is  large,  rhomboidal,  and 
acute  posteriorly,  as  in  the  latter.  The  tentacular  club  bears  two  large, 
abruptly  curved,  claw-like  hooks  in  the  middle,  with  numerous  small 
suckers  around  them  and  on  tho  proximal  part.  The  length  of  tho  head 
and  body  of  the  original  example  was  about  28"'"  (11  inches). 

This  genus  is,  in  the  character  of  its  armature,  very  much  like  Oonatus 
Sars ;  the  structure  of  its  pen  appears  to  be  similar. 

Mr.  Dall  has  described  a  small  species  (probably  young)  from  the  coast 
of  California,  which  may  possibly  belong  to  the  same  group.  He  re- 
ferred it  doubtfully  to  Onychotetithis  (0.  lobipennis  Dall). 

A  large  Cephalopod,  referred  doubtfully  to  Ommastrephes,  lias  been  re- 
corded from  Japan  and  described  by  Dr.  F.  Hilgendorf.*  It  was  taken 
on  the  east  joast  of  Japan,  north  latitude  35°  to  30o.  It  had  been  split 
open,  salted,  and  partly  dried,  and  the  viscera  had  been  removed.  The 
ends  or  clubs  of  the  tentacles  were  also  gone.  In  this  condition  it  was 
on  exhibition  in  Yeddo.  The  following  are  the  measurements  given :  Tii) 
of  tail  to  front  edge  of  mantle,  186™  (6  feet,  1  inch);  mantle  to  mouth, 
about  41*^'"  (1  foot,  5  inches);  longer  sessile  arms,  197""  (6.5  feet);  from 
tip  of  tail  to  tip  of  sessile  arms,  414'='";  total  expanse  across  outstretched 
tentacles,  600"";  circumference  of  mantle  (breadth  as  cut  open),  130^^"'; 
length  of  caudal  fin,  00 "";  breadth  of  caudal  fin  in  middle,  45™';  breadth 
of  forward  end  of  caudal  fin,  28'="';  diameter  of  posterior  tip,  1"';  tongue 
of  funnel,  10'='"  broad,  6'"'  long;  eye-opening,  which  was  oblong-oval 

"' ;  distance  between  eyes,  26 
breadth  of  sessile  arms,  11'^'" 


without  an  obvious  sinus,  19' 
oval  skin  of  lip,  12'^'"  by  8'^^'"; 


;  diameter  of 
of  tentacles, 

2'^'"  to  3"";  diameter  of  horny  rings  of  suckers  on  base,  1.5'='";  height, 
0.7'""';  number  of  denticles,  37. 

The  great  size,  and  especiallj^  the  length,  of  the  caudal  fin  m  propor- 
tion to  that  of  the  mantle  (^)  render  it  probable  that  this  was  not  a  spe- 
cies of  ArcMteuthis.  The  form  of  the  fin,  its  length  exceeding  its  breadth, 
is  unlike  the  usual  proportions  in  Ommastrephes  and  Sthenoteuthis.  It 
is  more  probable  that  this  specimen  belonged  to  Moroteiithis  robusta,  or 
to  some  related  form  not  yet  characterized. 

D. — N'ote  on  large  species  of  Octopus. 

Although  this  article  relates  specially  to  the  gigantic  species  of  ten- 
armed  Cephalopods,  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  add  a  few  lines  in  respect  to 
species  of  Octopm  that  attain  large  dimensions.    It  is  certain,  however, 

'Mittheikingen  der  deutscben  Gesellachaft  flir  Natur  und  Viilkerkunde  Ostasiena. 
Herausgegebeu  von  dem  Vorstande,  Ist  Heft,  p.  21,  May,  1873,  Yokohama,  Japan. 
See  also  American  Journal  of  Science,  vi,  p.  237,  September,  1873. 


Ill 


I 


REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FIHII    AND    FISHERIES.      [72]    I   ry] 

that  none  of  the  latter  that  have  hitherto  been  examined  by  naturalists 
reach  dimensions  to  be  compared  with  those  of  the  species  o(  Architeu- 
thiSy  Moroteiithis  rohunta,  and  their  allies. 

The  common  Octopus  of  the  west  coast  of  North  America  (O.  ptmctatus 
Gabb)  is  one  of  the  largest  of  its  tribe  hitherto  studied.  According  to 
Mr.  W.  H.  Dall,*  it  occurs  abundantly  at  Sitka,  and  there  "  reaches  a 
length  of  10  feet,  or  a  radial  spread  of  nearly  28  feet,  but  the  whole 
mass  is  much  smaller  than  that  of  the  decapodous  Ccphalopods  of  lesser 
length.  In  the  Ootapus  above  mentioned  the  body  would  not  exceed  6 
inches  in  diameter  and  a  foot  in  length,  and  the  arms  attain  an  extreme 
tenuity  toward  their  tips."  Dr.  W.  O.  Ayres  tells  me  that  he  has  often 
seen  this  species  exposed  for  sale  in  the  markets  of  San  Francisco 
(where  it  is  eaten  chiefly  by  the  French),  and  that  specimens  with  the 
arms  0  or  7  feet  long  are  common.  A  smaller  specimen,  presented  to  the 
museum  of  Yale  College,  was  over  4  feet  long  and  weighed  14J  pounds. 

Prof.  "VV.  H.  Brewer  states  that  he  has  seen  specimens  in  the  San 
Francisco  markets  which  spread  14  feet  across  the  outstretched  arms. 

The  common  Octopus  vulgaris  (''poulpe"  or  "devil-fish")  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, Bermuda,  an(1.  West  Indies  sometimes  grows  to  a  somewhat 
formidable  size.  According  to  Verany,  the  largest  one  seen  by  him  was 
9  feet  long  and  weighed  25  kilograms  (Tryon).  This  one  was  captured 
by  a  fisherman  with  his  hands  only. 

A  large  species,  perhaps  the  same,  occurs  in  the  West  Indies.  Ac- 
cording to  Prof.  B.  G.  Wilder,t  a  correspondent,  Mr.  J.  S.  George,  of 
Nassau,  New  Providence,  mentions  in  a  letter  the  occurrence  there  of 
an  Octopus  "  10  feet  long,  each  arm  measuring  5  feet ;  the  weight  was 
estimated  at  between  two  hundred  and  three  hundred  pounds."  It  was 
found  dead  on  the  beach.  This  estimate  of  the  weight  is  altogether  out 
of  proportion  to  the  measurements  given,  which  would  correspond  to  a 
weight  of  not  more  than  tliirty  or  forty  pounds  at  the  utmost. 

Specimens  of  similar  size  have  been  recorded  from  other  parts  of  the 
world,  while  more  or  less  fabulous  accounts  of  more  gigantic  forms  are 
numerous,  especially  among  the  early  writers.  Fragments  of  huge 
species  of  Octopus  are  said  by  many  writers  to  have  been  vomited  by 
wounded  sperm-whales,  but  no  scientific  examination  of  any  of  these 
has  been  made.  At  present  it  seems  most  probable  that  all  the  large 
fragments  recorded  as  being  vomited  by  sperm-whales  belong  to  species 
allied  to  Architeuthis. 

There  is  no  satisfactory  evidence  that  any  of  these  species  of  Octopus  ever 
intentionally  attack  man,  or  that  any  one  has  ever  been  seriously  injured 
by  them.  They  are  rather  sluggish  and  timid  creatures,  seeking  shelter 
in  holes  and  crevices  among  rocks.  They  feed  mainly  upon  bivalve  mol- 
lusks  and  Crustacea,  but  will  also  eat  fish,  and  may,  perhaps,  like  lobsters 
and  crabs,  devour  the  bodies  of  persons  who  have  been  drowned.    There 

*  American  Naturalist,  vol.  vii,  p.  485,  1873. 
t  AmoricuQ  Naturalist,  vol.  vi,  p.  772,  1872 


JIE8.      [72]    ■   j-y;}]     CEPIIALOPODS   OF   NORTHEASTERN   COAST   OF   AMERICA. 

is  j,M)()(l  reason  to  believe  tbat  uiost  of  the  suppcsed  cases  of  Oct(^U8  at- 
tiickiiij,'  and  (lrowniu{(  persons  (like  that  of  an  Indian  girl  of  the  Oregon 
coast,  often  cited),  are  merely  instances  of  accidental  drowning,  or  sui- 
«i(U's,  and  that  the  presence  of  an  Octoptis  is  a  post-mortem  circum- 
taiice.  Their  power  and  ferocity,  as  well  as  their  size,  have  often  been 
excessively  exaggerated. 

Tart  II. — Monographic  revision  of  the  Oephalopods  of  the 
Atlantic  coast,  from  Cap).  Hatter  as  to  Newfoundland. 

The  number  and  variecy  of  Cephalopods  known  to  inhabit  this  coa^t 
liave  been  very  much  increased  within  a  few  years,  principally  through 
the  investigation  of  the  marine  fauna  carried  on  by  the  United  States 
Fish  Commission  during  the  past  ten  years.  Many  of  the  ne'  ly  dis- 
covered species  have  been  captured  from  time  to  time  by  the  dredging 
parties  of  the  Fish  Commission.  Several  very  interesting  new  forms 
have  been  presented  to  the  Fish  Commission  by  the  enterprising  and 
intelligent  fishermen  of  Gloucester,  Mass.,  many  of  wh'  m  have,  during 
the  past  three  years,  saved  and  brought  home  at  all  seasons  large  col- 
I  lections  of  marine  animals  of  all  kinds,  including  a  very  large  number 
of  new  and  strange  species,  of  the  greatest  interest.*  Mr.  A.  Agassiz, 
while  dredging  in  deep  water  oflt"  the  coast,  on  the  Coast-Survey  steamer 
"  Blake,"  last  season,  obtained  three  additional  new  forms,  which  are  also 
included  in  this  revision.  Descriptions  of  most  of  these  new  species 
have  already  been  published  by  the  writer  in  various  articles  in  the 
American  Journal  of  Science,  Bulletin  of  the  Museum  of  Compariaive 
Zoology  (vol.  viii),  Transactions  of  the  Connecticut  Academy  (vol.  v), 
Land  Proceedings  of  the  National  Museum  (vol.  iii),  but  many  additional 
|tleta.il8  and  some  new  figures  have  here  been  added. 

In  this  revision  thirty-two  species  are  included ;  of  these,  two  are 
Iprobably  extralimital.  Of  the  thirty  species  of  Cephalopods  that  we 
Inow  know  to  belong  to  this  fauna,  twenty-five  have  been  added  to  it 
Iwithin  the  past  ten  years;  of  these,  eighteen  species  have  been  de- 
Iscribed  as  new  by  the  writer ;  among  these  were  six  new  genera. 

Subclass  DIBRANOHIATA,  or  AOETABULIFERA. 

tCryptodihranchiata  Blainville,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  xxxii,  p.  172,  1824. 
\^la'l(tbuliferca  F^rus.  &  D'Orb.,  1835;  C6phal.  Ac6tab.,  pp.  v,  xxxv,  1. 

D'Orbigiiy,  Hist.  Cuba,  Moll.,  p.  5, 1853. 
Dibranchiata  Owen,  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  vol.  ii,  p.  103,  1838. 
\Anlepedm  Graj,  Catal.  Brit.  Mus.,  Moll.,  vol.  i,  p.  3,  1349. 

Branchial  cavity  large,  containing  a  single  pair  of  laJ-ge,  highly  spe- 
Eialized  gills,  each  having  a  muscular  branchial  heart  at  its  base.  Siphon 
ised  in  locomotion,  with  or  without  an  internal  valve,  completely  tubu- 

*  The  number  of  separate  lots  thus  brought  in  and  presented  to  the  Fish  Commis- 
sion amounts  to  over  900.  Besides  the  invertebrates,  many  new  and  remarkable 
Bshes  are  included  in  these  donations. 


KRPORT   OF   COMMISSIONEK   OF   FISH   AND    FISIIKRIEH.     [74] 

lar.  Tlic  interior  lateral  or  ba.siil  lobes  of  the  siphon  are  flexible,  and 
capabhi  ofactinj;  as  valves  to  close  the  opening  of  the  branchial  sac  by 
prossin}?  against  the  inside  of  the  mantle  when  it  contracts.  The  jet  ot 
water  thus  forced  throufjh  the  siphon  by  its  reaction  propels  the  ani- 
mal backward  or  forward,  or  in  any  direction  opposite  to  that  in  which 
its  flexible  extremity  may  be  turne«l. 

Body  varying  in  form  from  subspherical  fo  long-conical.  Sides  often 
with  fins.  Mantle  destitute  of  an  external  shell.  The  internal  shell, 
when  present,  is  dorsal,*  an«l  may  bo  either  horny  or  calcareous.  Sessile 
arms  in  four  pairs,  around  the  head,  provided  on  the  inner  surface  with 
suckers  or  with  hooks  (modified  suckers).  Eyes  highly  developed. 
Jaws  in  the  form  of  a  sharp,  horny  beak,  the  upper  jaw  shutting  into 
the  lower  oue ;  jaws  hollow  and  supported  by  strong  internal  cartiliiges. 
Odontophore  usually  with  seven  (rarely  five)  rows  of  sharp  teeth.  An 
ink-sac  opening  near  the  end  of  the  intestine,  at  the  base  of  the  siphon. 

The  exposed  surfaces  of  the  body,  tins,  head,  and  arms  contain  within 
the  skin  small  sacs  or  vesicles  tilled  with  bright-colored  fluids  of  dift'er- 
ent  colors,  but  most  commonly  various  shades  of  purple,  brown,  red, 
and  yellow.  These  vesicles  aie  known  as  chromatophores.  They  arc 
under  the  control  of  nmseular  fibers,  which  ai:e  so  attached  to  them 
that,  by  contracting,  they  cause  the  chromatophores  to  expand  into 
larger,  flat,  and  more  or  less  round  si>ots  of  color.  By  the  flattening 
and  enlargement  of  the  chromatophores  the  colored  fluids  are  spread 
out  into  thin  layers,  making  them  appear  of  lighter  tints.  Sometimes 
the  chromatophores  overlap  each  other  in  several  strata  when  expanded. 
When  their  muscular  fibers  relax  the  vesicles  coutract  into  minute 
spherical  si)ecks,  and  then  appear  much  darker  in  color,  but  are  more 
widely  separated,  so  that  the  general  color  is  paler.  By  this  means 
all  these  animals  are  able  to  eftect  rapid  changes  in  their  colors  for 
purposes  of  concealment,  or  in  accordance  with  varying  conditions  of  j 
nervous  activity.  The  muscular  fibers  of  the  chromatophores  are  con- 
trolled by  the  nerves  of  the  mantle,  and  contract  by  reflex  action,  and  I 
also,  apparently,  in  accordance  with  the  will  of  the  creature.  Their  con-  [ 
tractility  often  persists  for  some  time  after  the  death  of  the  animal. 
When  freshly-caught  specimens  are  put  into  alcohol  the  chromato- 
phores expand. 


*  In  this  article,  the  terms  used  iu  describing  the  Ibiiii  and  relations  of  parts  are 
those  in  most  common  use  among  systematic  writei-s  on  this  group  of  animals.    No| 
attempt  is  here  made  to  decide  the  still  unsettled  questions  in  regard  to  the  homolo- 
gies of  the  arms  and  siphon  with  the  foot  or  other  parts  of  Gastropods,  nor  to  apply  I 
the  later  views  of  Huxley  and  others  as  to  the  general  axial  relations  of  the  oody, 
For  my  present  pirrposes  I  have  thought  it  best  to  call  the  oral  region  the  anterior  I 
end  and  the  opposite  extremity  the  posterior  end;  when  the  animal  is  in  its  normal  j 
horizontal  position,  the  side  which  is  uppermost  is  called  the  dorsal  side  and  the  lower! 
surface  is  called  the  ventral.    The  prehensile  organs  are  called  sessile  arms  and  tenta-[ 
onlar  arms,  and  the  locomotive  tube,  is  called  thp  siphon,  without  reference  to  the| 
homologies  of  these  organs. 


lES.     [74]   I      [75]      CEPIIALOPOUS  OP  NOBXnEASTEUN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

This  HubduHS  indudos  two  very  imtiinil  (livision.s: 
J)ecrtcet'a. — lliivii)};  inside  the  eirclo  of  cij-lit  seHslle  nrnis,  tN\o  long  ton- 
tacular  arms,  with  suckerH  or  hooks  oil  the  di.stiil  portion.     Suckers  pod- 
loeled,  and  with  Ijorny  rims.    Lody  eU)n{^uted,  always  with  lateral  flns. 
Ociopoda.  — llavinj;  oidy  the  eight  sessihi  arms.    Suckers  not  pedi- 
celed,  and  destitute  of  horny  rings,    liody  rouiuled,  rarely  liuned. 


Sides  ofteu 
ernal  shell, 
lus.  Sessile 
jurface  with 

developed, 
hutting  into 
]\  cartilsiges. 
I  teeth.  An 
:'  the  siphon, 
ntain  within 
ids  of  differ- 

brown,  red, 
s.  They  are 
hed  to  them 
expand  into  ] 
iie  tlatteuing 
8  are  spread 
Sometimes  ] 

lU  expanded. 

into  minute 
tut  are  more 
tills  means  I 

ir  colors  foi 

conditions  of  | 

ores  are  cou- 
action,  and  | 
Their  con- 
the  animal.  I 

le  chromato- 


i 


Order  I.— DECACERA,  or  DECAPODA. 

Decapoda  Lt-ach,  Zool.  Miscol.,  vol.  Hi  (t.  Gray)  1817  (woit  Latr.,  lHOf>). 

II.  &  A.  AdaiiiH,  fiuuoiii,  vol.  i,  p.  25. 

D'OrbiRiiy,  Tabl.  Mdt'i.  dos  C<?phal.,  p.  r.7,  1820;  Ilisf.  Cuba,  Moll.,  p.  30,  1853. 
Decacrra  lilaiiiville,  Diet.  St-i.  Nat.,  vol.  xxii,  I82'l ;  Man.  Mai.,  p.  'MW,  1825. 
Sephinia  Gray,  Catal.  Brit.  Mns.,  Moll.,  vol.  i,  p.  ;J5,  1841). 

Body  generally  elongated,  often  acute  posteriorly.  Head  furnished 
with  ten  i)rehen8ile  arms,  bearing  pediceled  suckers  or  hooks.  Four 
pairs  of  arras  are  shorter,  tapering  from  the  base,  and  covered  with 
rows  of  suckers  along  the  whole  length  of  the  inner  face ;  the  fifth  pair 
of  arms,  known  as  tentacles  or  tentacular  arms,  differing  from  the  rest, 
and  arising  from  a  pair  of  pits  or  pouches,  are  situated  between  and  in- 
side the  bases  of  the  third  and  fourth  pairs  of  sessile  arms,  and  have  a 
long  and  more  or  less  slender  and  contiactile  peduncular  portion  and  a 
terminal,  usually  enlarged,  sucker-bearing  portion.  Beak  at  the  end  of 
a  protractile  pharynx,  surrounded  with  a  loose  outer  bu(!cal  membrane, 
which  is  usually  sevei^angled  and  united  to  the  arms  by  bridles.  Siphon 
usually  with  an  internal  valve.  Eyes  movable  in  the  sockets,  with  or 
without  lids,  l^ars  behind  the  eyes.  Head  united  to  the  mantle  either 
by  a  dorsal  and  two  lateral,  free,  connective  cartilages  or  by  three  mus- 
cular commissures.  Mantle  cylindrical  or  conical,  supported  by  an  in- 
ternal dorsal,  horny  '  pen,'  or  by  a  calcareous  internal  dorsal  shell  or 
'bone;'  always  with  muscular  flns  along  each  side,  which  are  usually 
united  posteriorly.    Male  with  one  or  more    t  the  arms  hectocotylized. 

This  group  has  been  divided  by  D'Orbigny  into  the  following  two 
tribes,  which  are,  perhai)s,  more  convenient  than  natural : 

Oigopsidw. — Eyes  naked  in  front,  furnished  with  free  lids,  with  or 
without  an  anterior  sinus;  pupils  circular. 

Myopsidcc. — Eyes  covered  by  transparent  skin,  sometimes  with  a  thick- 
ened fold,  forming  a  lower  lid ;  pupils  crescent-shaped. 

OIQOPSIDiE. 
V  Family  TEUTHID^  Owen  (restricted). 

Teuthidw  {pars)  Owou,  TrauH.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  vol.  ii,  1838. 

Teuihidoi  {parn)  D'Orbigny,  C6phal.  Ac6tab.,  p.  xxxvii  (Introduction),  p.  328,  1835-'48. 
Onychoteuthidw  (pars)  Gray,  Catal.  Brit.  Mus.,  Moll.,  vol.  i,  p.  45, 1849. 
H.  &  A.  AdamH,  Genera,  vol.  i,  p.  30. 

Tentacular  arms  furnished  with  sharp  horny  claws  or  hooks,  which 
correspond  with  peculiarly  and  highly  modified  sucker-rings ;  true  den- 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND    FISHERIES.     [76] 

ticulated  suckers  may  or  may  not  accompany  the  hooks;  tip  of  arm 
with  a  cluster  of  small,  smooth-rimmed  suckers ;  proximal  part  of  club 
with  a  mixed  group  of  connective  tubercles  and  smooth-ringed  suckers, 
by  which  the  arms  can  be  fastened  together  and  used  in  concert.  Ses- 
sile arms  with  hooks,  with  suckers,  or  with  both.  Eyes  with  free  lids 
and  a  sinus.  Mantle  united  to  neck  by  three  simple,  movable,  con- 
nective cartilages.  Siphon  with  a  valve  and  with  dorsal  bridles.  Nu- 
chal or  alfactory  crests  well  developed;  sometimes  several  longitudinal 
crests  exist  on  each  side.  Pen  thin,  lanceolate,  usually  with  a  posterior 
hooded  portion,  and, sometimes  teiminated  by  a  solid  cartilaginous  cone. 
Odontophore  in  G\eloteuthis  and  Gonatus  with  only  live  rows  of  teeth, 
in  others  with  seven  rows. 

For  a  synopsis  of  the  hitherto-described  existing,  genera  of  this 
family,  see  pp.  69,  70. 

Owen's  family  Teuthidic  included  nearly  all  the  Decacera  having  homy 

internal  shells.    As  adopted  by  D'Orbigny,  it  included  Ommaatrephidic 

and  Teuthidm. 

CHBLOTEUTHIS  Vcrrill. 

Traus.  Coun.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  234,  Jan.,  1881;  Builotiu  Mas.  C'omp.  Zool.,  vol.  viii, 
p.  109,  1881. 

Allied  to  Enc^loteuthis,  Lestoteuthis^  and  Abralia,  but  with  a  more 
complicated  armature  than  either  of  these  genera.  Ventral  arms  with 
dfcuticulated  suckers,  arranged  in  four  rows ;  other  arms  have  two  me- 
dian rows  of  sharp  incurved  claws,  (distal  jortions  liave  lost  their  arma- 
ture). Tentacular  arms  long,  with  broad  clubs,  strongly  keeled  exter- 
nally, and  with  series  of  connective  suckers  and  tubercles  extending  for 
some  distance  along  the  inner  surface  of  the  arms.  Tentacular  club  pro- 
vided with  a  marginal  row  o  "  'onnective  suckers,  alternating  with  tuber- 
cles, along  one  margin ;  with  a  central  row  of  unequal  hooks,  some  of  them 
very  large ;  with  submedian  groups  of  small,  slender-pediceled  suckers 
(oi  hooks) ;  with  marginal  series  of  small  suckers ;  and  with  several 
rows  of  small  suckers  covering  the  prolonged  distal  portion  of  the  face. 
Connective  cartilages  on  the  base  of  the  siphon  simple,  long-ovate ;  tha 
corresponding  i>roce8ses  of  the  mantle  are  simple  longitudinal  ridges. 
Odontophort>  with  Ave  rows  of  teeth. 

The  caudal  fin,  pen,  and  many  other  parts  are  destroyed. 

Cheloteuthis  ranojc  Verrill. 

CheJoteuth IS  rapax  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  234,  pi.  49,  figs.  1-1/ 
Jan  ,  1881 ;  Bulletin  Mus.  Comp,  Zool.,  vol.  viii,  p.  110,  Cephalopoda,  pi. 
2,  fife's.  1-1/,  1881.  , 

Plate  XV,  figures  3-3/,  4. 
The  body  was  rather  short  and  thick,  tapering  rapidly  backward. 
The  caudal  fin  appears  to  have  been  short-rhomboidal,  but  this  is  un 
certain.  The  siphon  is  large,  with  an  internal  valve.  The  connective 
cartilages  (fig.  3  c)  on  the  sides  of  the  base  of  the  siphon  are  long- 
ovate,  with  the  posterior  end  widest  and  rounded.  The  corresponding 
cartilages  on  the  inside  of  the  mantle  are  simple  longitudinal  ridges. 


IIES.     [76]     S  [77]        CEPIIALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


tip  of  arm 
part  of  club 
jed  suckers, 
ncert.  Ses- 
ith  free  lids 
ovable,  con- 
ridles.  Nu- 
longitudinal 
1  a  posteriov 
ginous  coae. 
)W8  of  teeth, 

Qera  of  this 

iaving  homy     | 
<imastrepMd(C 


Zool.,  vol.  viii, 

with  a  more 
al  arms  with 
lave  two  me- 
at their  arma- 
keeled  exter- 
ixtending  for 
liar  club  pro- 
g  with  tuber- 
some  of  them 
celed  suckers 
with  several  M 
n  of  the  face, 
ng-ovate;  tha 
udinal  ridges. 

I. 


[)1.  49,  figs.  1-1/, 
Cephalopoda,  pi. 


ly  backward. 
)ut  this  is  un 
he  connective 
hon  are  long- 
corresponding 
udinal  ridges. 


Head  large,  with  very  large  eyes ;  pupils  round.    The  arms  are  long  and 

taper  to  slender  tips ;  the  dorsal  ones  are  smaller  and  shorter  than  the 

others;  the  lateral  and  ventral  pairs  are  nearly  equal  in  length,  and 

about  as  long  as  the  mantle ;  the  ventral  arms  are  somewhat  more  slender 

than  the  h  teitil  ones.    All  the  arms  appear  to  have  borne  slender-pedi- 

celed  claws  or  hooks,  with  strongly  incurved  horny  points,  but  only  the 

\  fleshy  parts  of  these  are  left,  in  most  cases,  and  the  tips  of  the  arms  are 

bare.    On  the  ventral  arms  these  hooks  were  smaller,  and  in  four  rows ; 

the  fleshy  portion  of  these  consists  of  a  C!PS,il  rounded  head  with  lateral 

I  lobes,  running  up.  "i  one  side,  into  an  incurved  beak,  so  that  the  shape 

[is  somewhat  like  a  bird's  head.     On  the  other  arms  the  claws  were  in 

[two  rows  only,  but  they  were  much  larger ;  in  a  few  cases,  on  the  lateral 

[arms,  the  horny  claws  are  left.     These  are  strongh   compressed  and 

[deeply  imbedded  in  the  muscular  sheath,  only  the  shavji  incurved  point 

projecting  (figs.  3  c,  3  d). 

The  tentacular  arms  (fig.  3)  are  long  and  strong,  their  length  being 
imore  than  twice  that  of  the  sessile  arms.    The  club  is  rather  stout,  long, 
idecidedly  expanded,  and  has  an  elevated,  crest-Uke  keel  on  the  distal 
|half  of  its  dorsal  surface ;  this  keel  rises  abrujjtly  at  its  origin,  and  is 
colored  on  the  outer  side,  but  white  on  the  face  next  to  the  inner  surface 
)f  the  club.    The  club  is  broadest  near  its  base,  the  distal  third  is  nar- 
row and  the  tip  rounded.    The  armature  is  remarkable :  in  the  middle 
line  there  is  a  row  of  six  medium-sized  hooks  (fig.  3,  a"),  followed  by  two 
mcli  larger  ones  {a,  a'),  situated  near  tht^  middle ;  these  have  lost  their 
lorny  claws ;  scries  of  minute,  slender-pediraled  suckers  ruu  along  the 
elub,  either  side  of  the  m^idian  line,  and  beyond  the  largo  hooks  these 
rows  unite  and  entirely  cover  thu  fcice  of  the  distal  third  of  the  club 
(tig.  3,  d),  there  forming  about  eiglit  rows ;  at  the  tip  there  is  a  circular 
jroup  of  minute  suckers  {d') ;   toward  the  base  of  the  cluo  the  lower 
Bide  is  expanded  and  bears  a  row  of  five  peculiar  suckers  (tig.  3,  e), 


laving  a  marginal 


series  of  sic  ^;  ^r,  minute,  incurved  spimdes;  these 


suckers  have  very  thick  basal  processes,  which  are  appressed  and  di- 
rected toward  the  central  Mne  of  the  club,  bearing  the  suckers  on  their 
^nner  ends,  attached  by  short  pedicels ;  round  connective  tubercles  alter- 
lato  with  these  suckers,  in  the  same  row;  beyond  these  there  is  a  trian- 
gular marginal  grou])  of  slender-pediceled  suckers  (c),  of  about  the  same 
fcize;  other  rows  of  minute  pediceled  suckers  (or  hooks)  occupied  the 
pbinedian  area  between  the  marginal  ones  and  the  central  line,  wLich 
indicated  by  a  strong  white  cord.  The  opposite  margin  of  (he  club 
Ipnears  to  have  borne  several  rows  of  smal}  suckers,  but  this  part  is 
}adiy  injured.  A  band  of  minute  papilla?  (e'),  ap])arently  the  remnants 
)f  suckers  and  alternating  connective  tubercles,  extend.^  downward  for 
lore  than  half  the  length  of  the  tentacular  arm;  at  tirst  this  band  is 
|ike  a  continuation  of  the  connective  suckers  and  tubercles  on  the  margin 
)f  the  club,  and  the  i)apilla]!  are  apparently  in  a  single  row,  while  the 
surfiice  near  them  is  crossed  by  fine  transverse  grooves  or  farrows ;  but 


u 


REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND    FISHERIES,     [78] 

farther  down  the  arms  there  may  have  been  two  or  more  rows  of  suck- 
ers which  have  been  destroyed. 

The  beak  (flg.  3/)  is  somewhat  compressed,  with  very  acute  mandi- 
bles. The  upper  mandible  has  the  point  long  and  regularly  incurved, 
with  the  cutting  edge  regularly  arched,  without  a  basal  notch,  and  form- 
ing, with  the  anterior  edge,  an  obtuse  angle.  Lower  mandible  with  a 
strongly  incurved  tip  and  regularly  concave  cutting  edge,  having  no 
basal  notch  and  only  a  slight  tooth  on  the  anterior  border,  which  forms 
a  very  obtuse  angle  with  the  cutting  edge.  The  radula  has  but  five 
rows  of  teeth  (PI.  XV,  fig.  4),  the  inner  lateral  rows  being  absent. 

Color  mostly  gone,.but  where  still  remaining,  as  on  the  back  of  the 
tentacular  club,  it  consists  of  minute  purple  chromatophores ;  inner  sur- 
face of  sessile  arms  purplish  brown. 

Measurements  {in  millimeters). 

Leugtli  of  body 78 

Length  of  dorsal  arms 58 

Length  of  second  pair  of  arms 86 

Length  of  third  pair  of  arms 87 

Length  of  ventral  arms 85 

Length  of  tentacular  arms 225 

Length  of  club 29 

Breadth  of  club 7 

Brc-with  of  tentacular  arms 5 

Breadth  of  lateral  arms  at  base , 6 

Breadth  of  dorsal  arms 5 

Diameter  of  eyeball 19 

Length  of  connective  cartilages  on  siphon 14 

Breadth  of  the  same 4 

A  specimen  of  this  remarkable  squid,  in  very  bad  condition,  was  taken 
from  the  stomach  of  a  fish  trawled  at  station  893,  in  372  fathoms,  about 
100  miles  south  of  Newport,  E.  I.  It  was  accompanied  by  a  sjiecimen 
of  Ommastrephes  illecebrosus,  in  a  similar  condition.  It  had  lost  its  pen, 
its  epidermis,  and  most  of  the  horny  hooks  and  sucker-riiicfs ;  the  head 
was  detached  from  the  body  and  the  caudal  fiu  was  nearly  destroyed ; 
the  eyelids  were  gone,  but  the  eyeballs  remained.  The  description  must, 
therefore,  remain  imperfect  till  other  specimens  can  be  obtained. 

Several  loose  horny  hooks  of  a  Cephnlopod  belonging  to  this  family 
were  also  dredged  in  the  same  regiovi.  They  resemble  the  hooks  of 
Onychoteuthis  BanTcsii  (Plate  XV,  fig.  4),  but  may  have  belonged  to  C. 
rapax.    A  larger  one,  from  station  892,  is  bent  nearly  into  a  half  circle. 

GONATU3  Steenstnip  (/"HON  Gray). 

fGonatus  '    ay,  Catalogue  Mollusca  Brit.  Mns.,  voi.  i,  Cephal.  Antep.,  ]).  (>7, 1840  (char- 
acters inaccurate). 
?H.  &  A.  Adariis,  Geueni,  vol.  i,  p.  36, 

Body  slender,  tapering;  caudal  fins  sliort,  broad,  united  posteriorly. 
Pen  narrow  anteriorly,  thin  and  lanceolate  posteriorly,  willi  a  terminal, 
hood-like  expansion.  Ventral  arms  witli  four  rows  of  small,  pcdicellated 
suckers;  others  with  two  larger  median  rows,  with  a  lunny  ring,  having 


(i7,  1840  (cliar- 


[79]      CEPIIALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

a  single  large  booked  claw  on  the  outer  edge;  outer  snckers  with  longer 
])edicels,  the  horny  ring  with  several  small  denticles.  All  the  suckers 
have  a  circle  of  minute  scales  or  plates  around  the  aperture.  Tentacles 
long  and  slender,  the  terminal  part  dilated  into  a  narrow  club,  with  a 
membranous  keel ;  the  club  is  covered  with  minute  denticulated  suckers, 
like  the  outer  ones  of  the  sessile  arms;  smaller  suckers  extend  for  some 
distance  along  the  arm;  center  of  the  club  with  one  or  two  larger 
claws,  resembling  the  median  ones  of  the  lateral  arras,  their  horny  rings 
having  a  small  aperture,  and  bearing,  on  the  outside,  a  large  claw-like 
liook.    Odontophore  with  only  five  rows  of  teeth. 

By  Dr.  J.  E.  Gray  the  free  eyelids  of  this  species  were  overlooked, 
and  on  that  account  he  referred  it  to  the  family  Loligidce.    H.  and  A. 
Adams  have  made  the  same  mistake.    Their  statement  that  the  siphon 
has  no  valve  is  equally  erroneous. 
GonatuB  Fabricii  Stcen8tn,p. 

Se^'ia  loUgo  FabriciuH,  Fauna  Grtonlaudica,  p.  358,  1780  (good  description). 
OnychoteuthiH  Fai  ■icil  Liflitonstciu,  Isis,  vol.  xix,  1818, 

Mdlb'r,  Jvroyer's  Tids3., vol.  iv,  p.  76, 1842. 
LoUgo  Fabricii  Blainville.Dicl.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  xxvii,  p.  138,  1823. 
Oiiychoteuthisf  amwna  Mt'>llor,  Ind.  Moll.  Griinl.,  Kroyer's  Tidss.,  vol.  iv,  p.  76, 

1842(yonnyO. 
'     '^usawfrna  Gray, Catal.  Moll.  Brit.  Mus.,  vol.i,  Cephal.  Antoi;".,p.  C8, 1849? 

ii    >.^   A.  Adiims,  Genen;  vol.  i,p.  30,  ])I.  4,  fig.  2?). 
(ri>,i.».;k«  amwnus  G.  O.  isiiK,  Moll.  Keg.  Arct.  Norvegiio,  p.  33fi,  pi.  31,  tigs.  1-15 
(ext'«'lloiit),  pi.  xvii,fig.  2  (dentition),  1878. 
Tryon,  Man.  Conch.,  vol.  i,  p.  108,  pi.  73,  lig.  290(de!icr.  from  Gray,  fig.  from 

H.  &  A.  Adams,  G<'nera?). 
Verrill,  Pror.  Nat.  Mu8.,a-o].  iii,  p.  302,1880;  Trans.  Conn.  Acad., vol.  v,  p. 
237,  pl.45,  tigs.  1-1  b,  2-2  d,  .Jan.,  1881. 

Plate  XV,  lignres  1-lr.  2  -2d. 

Body  small,  elongated,  rather  slendei  tapering  backward;  front 
dorsal  edge  of  mantle  extending  forward  iu  a  blunt  lobe  or  angle. 
Caudal  fin  very  short,  but  broad,  nearly  twice  as  broad  as,  long,  the 
front  edges  extending  forward  beyond  the  insertion  as  rounded  lobes; 
lateral  angles  subacute;  posterior  angle  obtuse.  iVrms  stout  and  rather 
long,  the  dorsal  and  ventral  i)air8  stouter  than  the  lateral.  Ventral 
arras  bear  four  rows  of  small  suckers;  on  the  others  the  msdian  rows 
(2  c,  2  d)  are  larger  than  the  outer  ones,  with  shorter  pedicels,  and  the 
very  oblique  horny  ring,  having  a  small  opening,  is  dev^eloped  into  a 
single,  large,  hooked  tooth  on  the  outer  side:  around  the  inner  side  of 
the  aperture  there  is  a  partial  circle  of  small  flat  scales,  in  several  rows. 
The  suckers  of  the  outer  rows  (2  a,  2  b)  are  about  two-thirds  as  large, 
with  longer  and  more  slender  pedicels  and  with  lateral  apertures ;  the 
horny  ring  has  about  five  aciTt«i-triangular  teeth  on  the  outer  margin, 
and  there  are  several  rows  oi  email  scales  forming  a  broad  circle  entirely 
around  the  aperture.  The  tentacular  arms  are  long  and  slender,  witU 
broader  clubs,  which  bear  a  large  number  of  minute  suckers,  mu<  n  like 


',\  '-1 


I! 


REPORT    OF    COMMISSIONER    OF    FISH    AND   FISHERIES       [80] 

the  outer  ones  of  the  arms,  arranged  in  many  crowded  rows,  some  of 
which  extend  beyond  the  chib  along  the  arm;  in  the  middle  (flg.  1  h) 
there  are  usually  one  or  two  larger  suckers  (absent  in  our  specimen),  iu 
which  t;ie  horny  ring  has  a  small  aperture,  and  is  developed  into  a  large 
hook-shaped  claw  on  one  side,  and  a  complete  circle  of  suiall  plates  sur- 
rounds the  horny  ring. 

Pen  thin  and  delicate,  narrow  anteriorly,  with  slender  lateral  ribs ; 
posteriorly,  for  more  than  half  the  wliole  length,  expanded  into  a  thin 
lanceolate  form ;  posterior  tip  laterally  dilated,  with  the  edges  involute 

(ftg- 1). 

A  young  specimen  of  this  species,  in  nearly  perfect  jireservation,  was 
recently  presented  to  the  United  States  Fish  Commission  by  Oaiit.  Will- 
iam Demsey  and  crew  of  the  schooner  "  Clara.  F.  Friend."  It  was  taken 
from  the  stomach  of  a  cod,  off  Seal  Island,  ISTova  Scotia. 

Greenland  (Fabricius,  Moller).  Porsangerfjord,  northern  coast  of  Xor- 
way  (G.  O.  Sars).  Coast  of  Finmark,  in  stomach  of  "coal-fish,''  abun- 
dant (G.  O.  Sars,  Norwegian  Exp.  of  1878). 

D'Orbigny,  Gray,  and  other  writers  have  erroneously  referred  the 
Onyehofeiithis  Fabricii  (based  on  the  Sepia  loJirio  of  Fabiioius)  to  0. 
Bankfiii.  The  detailed  Latin  description  given  by  Fabricius  applies 
perfectly  to  the  jiresent  species,  and  not  at  all  to  0.  BankftiL  He  do- 
scribes  tlie  four  rows  of  suckers  on  the  short  arms,  the  small  suckers  and  j 
two  large  central  hooks  on  tlie  tentacles,  the  short  caudal  fin,  etc. 

Family  0M:\[ASTREPHID/E. 

Teuthidw  (parn)  D'0)l)ig.,  Coplial.  Acdtab.,  up.  xxxvii,  328. 
Onychoteuthidcv  (pam)  Gray,  Catal.  Brit.  Mu,<j.,  Moll.,  vol.  i,  [>.  45, 1849. 
Ommastrephidce  Gill,  Arrangement  Finn.  MoUusLs,  p.  1,  1871. 
Tryon.Mau.  Couch.,  vol.  i.p.  107, 1879. 

Body  elongated,  tapering  to  a  })oiut  posteriorly,  shorter  and  less  acute 
in  the  female,  often  very  lurge  {ArchUvHthls).    Sessile  and  tentacular 
arms  without  hooks,  but  provided  with  suckers,  having  denticulated 
horny  rings;  tentacular  arms  with  an  expanded  club,  having  four  rows] 
of  suckers  on  its  middle  portion,  those  in  the  two  central  rows  larger; 
luoximal  portion  with  or  without  smooth-ringed  connective  suckers  ami  I 
tubercles:  tip  with  a  cluster  of  smooth-ringed  >-uckers.    Siphon  in  a  deeii  j 
groove,  sittached  by  four  bridles  and  strengthened  by  a  median  long! 
tudinal  dorsal  band,  free  in  the  middli";  uu  internal  valve.     Eyes  withy  j 
romnl  pupil;  lids  free,  with  a  dii'tiuct  anterioi   sinus.    Xuchal  or  audi 
tory  crests  consist  of  three  longitudinal  uuMubraues  on  each  side,  nnitidl 
by  a  transverse  one  iu  front.    Connective  cartilages  of  the  mantle  threo;| 
the  lateral  ones  ia  the  foriuof  a  longitudinal  ridge,  with  a  smaller  trans 
ver.se  oue  across  its  |K«>teriorend;  corresponding  cartilages  on  the  siphon  j 
long  triangular,  with  a  longitudinal  and  a  transverse  groove.    Two  <n 
ducts.    IIectocotyliK<Hl  arm  of  the  male  eitiier  the  right  or  left  \  eutrall 

Pen  usually  very  naiTow  along  the  muklle  ])ortion,  and  with  threJ 


ror.T  H  [811   CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

58  [ooj  m 

ribs;  anterior  iiful  posterior  poxtioDS  expauded,  the  latter  with  the  edges 
involute,  and  forming  a  terminal  bood  or  hollow  cone. 

OMMASTREPHES  D'Orbigny  (restricted). 

Ommas')q)]ica  (pui.^)  D'Oibiguy,  Voy.  Am.  Mdrid.,  1835;  L'<?pLial.  Acfitab.,  p.  ;341. 
niexand  Toihrodes  Steeustnn),  Ovcrsigt  K.  Dauske  Vidensk.  3elsk.  Fovhaudi.,  1880, 
p.  90. 

Body  elongated,  pointed  posteriorly.    Caudal  fin  broad,  transversely 

rbomboidaL    Pen  nanowed  behind  the  middle,  with  a  strong  median 

riband  large  aiai'giiial  ribs  on  each  side;  near  the  posterior  end  thin  and 

concave,  expanded  into  a  lanceolate  Ibnn ;  at  the  tip  involute  and  slightly 

booded.    l:Iead  large.    Eyes  with  lids,  having  a  distinct  sinus  in  front. 

Arms  stout,  the  third  i»air  usually  stoutest,  with  a.  doi-sai  keel :  ."Jl  the 

r  arms  liave  marginal  membranes,  strengthened  by  transverse  muscular 

ridges,  exterior  to  the  suckers.    Suckers  of  the  arms  deep  and  oblique, 

with  horny  rims,  Avhich  are  strongly  denticulate  on  the  outer  margin, 

I  the  median  tooth  usually  largest.    Tentacular  arms  vath.er  long  and  <5on- 

1  tractile,  stout,  with  a  moderately  wide  terminal  club,  which  Ixas  along  its 

I  middle  region  two  rows  of  large  central  suckers,  and  a  row  of  smaller 

niarginal  ones  alternating  with  them  on  each  side;  proximal  part  of 

jcUib  with  small  denticulated  suckers  only;  distal  part  of  club  with  four 

[to  eight  rows  of  small  denticulated  suckers. 

Sii)hon-tube  j)laced  in  a  groove  on  the  under  side  of  the  Lead,  and 

jattached  to  the  head  by  a  lateral  bridle  on  each  side  behind  the  eyes, 

land  by  a  pair  of  bridles  on  its  dorsal  surface,  at  the  bottom  of  the 

[depression  in  which  it  is  lodged.    Terminal  orifice  transversely  elliptical, 

[furnished  with  an  internal  valve.    The  depres-sion  back  of  the  siphon 

[is  smooth  in  our  species,  in  Sv^-me  oth^^r  species  longitudinally  furrowed. 

Mantle- fastenings  ("apparatus  of  resistance"),  situated  on  the  basal 

fixteusiou  of  the  sii)hon,  consist  of  two  large  triangular  bosses,  each 

[with  an  elongated  and  somewhat  ear-shaped  longitudinal  fosse,  and  a 

Bhallower  transverse  one.    On  each  side  of  the  iuner  surface  of  the 

nantle  is  a  corresponding  T-shaped  cartilage,  consisting  of  a  short, 

baisod,  longitudinal  ridge,  swollen  posteriorly,  and  a  lower  transverse 

fid  go,  which  lit  closely  into  the  fosses  on  the  siphon.    Tlje  dorsal  side 

[)f  the  head  Las  a  me«Jiavi  longitut'iftal  facet,  that  fits  uf»on  its  coun- 

ierpart  on  the  mar  II  •     \«'r  the  aTitenor  pait  of  the  pen,  which  gives  it 

jiupport. 

The  nu<'hal  crests  are  formed  by  u  transverse  tegumentary  fold 
behind  the  eyes,  from  which  run  backward,  on  each  side,  tlnve  hmgj- 
[luliiial  lamelhv,  which  are  delicate,  and  have  a  sensory  (p  ,  ^  oltuc- 
|ery)  function, 

ihiocal  membrane  seven-angled,  thin,  corrngated  on  the  inner  jinrface, 
^esiitnte  of  suckers. 

Itraiichial  amides  and  gills  large.    Livei"  massive,  jMuuach  and  c«?cal 
[i)poiidage  voU\minoUf». 


I 


t:, 


1(1 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OP   FI&II   AND   FISHERIES.       [82] 


li 


The  male  has  one  of  tbc  ventral  arms  (which  may  be  either  right  or 
left  in  our  species)  hectocotylized  near  the  tip,  by  an  enlargement  and 
flattening  of  the  bases  of  the  sucker-stalks,  while  their  cups  become  small 
or  abortive. 

The  female  has  oviducts  developed  on  1/oth  sides,  but  they  are  small 
and  simple,  opening  below  th<!  bases  of  the  gills.  Two  symmetrical  nida- 
mental  glands,  which  are  comparatively  small  and  simple  in  our  species, 
are  situated  behind  the  heart. 

Professor  Steenstrup.  in  the  paper  last  quoted  in  the  above  synonymy, 
has  given  a  revision  of  the  Ommastrephes  group.    He  divides  the  old 
genus  Ommastrephes  into  three  genera,  viz:  I.  Illex,  which  includes! 
O.  Ulecebrosm,  with  0.  Coindetii,  the  closely  allied  Mediterranean  form:j 
II.  ToDARODES,  which  includes  only  the  well-known  Ommastrephes  to- 
darns  of  the  Mediterranean,  to  which  he  restores  the  name  sagittutiis\ 
Lamarck,  which  has  been  otherwise  employed  by  other  authors  during  [ 
half  a  century  ]iast ;  III.  Ommatostbephes  (restricted),  which  corre 
sponds  exactly  with  Sthcnotetithis,  established  by  me  in  a  i)aper  pub- 
lished several  months  earlier,    (Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  p.  222,  Febru- 1 
ary,  1880.)    In  anotlier  part  oi  his  article  he  refers  to  my  paper,  whicL 
had  been  promptly  sent  to  him,  but  he  makes  no  reference  whatever  toj 
the  genus  Sthcnofeuthis,  nor  to  the  species  S.  megaptera^  which,  as  a  spe- 
cies, had  been  described  by  me  still  earlier  (1878)  and  in  far  greater  de- 
tail than  most  of  the  other  species  which  he  mentions,  and  which  should, 
under  his  system  of  classification,  bear  the  name  of  Ommastrephes  me- 
gaptera,    Nor  does  he  point  out  any  new  characters  for  distinguishing j 
this  generic  group  other  than  those  first  given  by  me,  viz,  the  presence  I 
of  connective  suckers  and  tubercles  on  the  tentacular  arms,  proximal  toj 
the  club,  and  the  great  development  of  the  membranes  on  the  lateralj 
arms.    Under  the  ordinary  rule  of  nomenclature,  by  which  the  first  corl 
rect  subdivision  made  in  an  older  genus  shall  be  entitled  to  priority,! 
•while  the  original  name  shall  be  retained  for  the  remaining  group,  the} 
name  Sthenoteiithis  ought  to  be  maintained  for  the  division  first  establ 
lished  by  me,  while  Ommastrephes  (restricted)  should  be  retained  for  a| 
part  or  all  of  the  remaining  species. 

While  I  very  much  regret  this  confusion  of  names,  I  perceive  no  wayl 
to  remedy  it  except  by  the  application  of  the  usufil  rules  of  priority.  Ii 
can  certainly  see  no  necessity  for  the  imposition  of  new  names  wheii 
others  equally  good  were  already  provided.  As  for  the  distinction  be 8 
twcen  lUex  and  Todarodes,  it  seems  to  mo  very  slight  and  scarcely  oil 
generic  importance.  Illex  is  characterized  by  having  eight  rows  otj 
small  suckers  on  the  distal  part  of  the  club  and  a  smooth  siphonalj 
groo\  e.  Todarodes  is  characterized  by  having  four  rows  of  distal  suctj 
crs  and  some  small  groo^  es  or  furrows  at  the  anterior  end  of  the  siphonaij 
groove. 

But  I  have  a  species  (which  I  refer  to  0.  Sloanei  Gray)  from  Tasnifil 
nia  which  agrees  with  Illex  in  having  a  smooth  siphonal  groove,  ]m 


S       [821  I       [83]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA, 


sr  riglit  or 
jment  and 
jome  small 

■f  are  small 
trical  nida- 
)ur  species, 

synonymy, 
les  the  old  I 
ell  includes 
mean  form : ! 
antreplies  to- 
le  sagittatm\ 
liors  during  I 
vhicli  corre 
paper  pub 
222,  Febru- 
)apcr,  wliicLl 
whatever  to  I 
ich,  as  a  spe- 
r  greater  de- 
?hicli  should, 
lastrephes  me\ 
ftstinguishingl 
;he  presence! 
^  proximal  tol 
a  the  laterall 
the  first  cor  f 
to  priority] 
g  group,  thej 
1  first  estabi 
itaiued  for  aj 


with  Todarodes  in  having  only  four  rows  of  distal  tentacular  suckers, 
and  in  the  sharp  denticulation  of  its  large  suckers.  According  to  Steen- 
strup's  system  this  would  have  to  be  made  still  another  genus,  or  else 
his  generic  characters  would  have  to  be  entirely  changed  in  order  to 
admit  it  into  either  of  his  groups.  The  existence  of  eight  rows  of  suck- 
ers in  Illex  seems  to  be  due  merely  to  tbe  crowding  together  of  the  or- 
dinary four  rows ;  nor  can  we  attach  much  importance  to  the  superficial 
furrows  in  the  siphon-groove.  Therefore,  my  own  opinion  is  that  Illex 
and  Todarodes  should  be  reunited  and  should  retain  the  name  Omma- 
strephes*  m  a  restricted  sense.  The  absence  of  connective  suckers  and 
tubercles  on  the  tentacular  arms  will  be  the  most  important  diagnostic 
character  to  distinguish  it  from  Sthenoteuthis  and  Architeutkk.  DosidUsus 
is,  perhaps,  only  an  abnormal  Sthenoteuthis  with  partially  reproduced 
arms. 

Ommastrephes  illecebrosus  Vorrill. — (Sliort-fimied  S(iuitl.) 

Loligo  illecebrom  Lcsuctir,  Jouru.  Phil.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  ii,  p.  95,  plato 
not  nnmbered,  18'21  (lignres  inconvct). 
Blainville,  Diet,  des  Sui,  Nat.,  vol.  xxvii,  p.  1'12,  182H.  ' 

Gould,  Inv(!it.  Mass.,  ed.  1,  p.  318,  1.841  (habits). 
Loligo  piscatorum  La  Pylaie,  Ann.  des  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.   iv,  p,  319,  182!"),  pi.  16 

(liabits  iis  o!)8orv(ul  at  Saint  Pierre). 
Ommastrephes  sagittatits  (2^ars)  D'Orbig.,  C<'5)bal.  Aeetab.,  p.  345,  pi.  7,  figs.  1-3 
(after  Lesueivi'). 
Gray  (pars),  Catalogue  Moll.  British  Muh.,  part  i,  Cephal.  Antep.,  p.  .^8, 1849. 
Binney,  in  Goidd's  Invert.  Mass.,  ed.  2,  p.  510,  1870  (excl.  syn.),  pi.  86,  figs, 

341-344  L341  is  imperfect]*  (not  pi.  2i,  (ig.  339.) 
Tryon  (parr),  Man.  Couch.,  vol.  i,  p.  177,  pi.  T"^,  fig.  3'' 2  (very  poor,  after  Le- 
sueur),  pi.  79,  fig.  343, 1879  (not  pi.  78,  figs.  341,  Cw). 
Ommastrephes  illecebrosa  Verrill,  Anier.  .lonrn.  Sci.,  vol.  iii,p.  281,1872  (syn- 
onomy);  Report  on  Invert.  Vinoy.  Sd,,  &e.,  1873,  pp.  441  (ba  its),  634 
(descr.);  Amcr.  Joum.  Sci.,  vol.  xix,  p.  289,  April,  1880;   (illcvebrosus) 
Trans,  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  2()8,  i)ls.  27, 29,  figs.  5, 5  a,  pi.  37,  fig.  8,  p). 
38,  fig.  2,  pi,  39,  figs.  2, 3  a.3  6,  iag0-'81. 
niex  illccehrosus  Steenstrnp,  Oversigt  K,  Dansko  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forhandl., 
1880,  p,  90  (author's  separate  copy,  received  August,  p.  20), 

Plates  XVIII-XX. 


trom  Tasrafij 
groove,  }m 


Body,  in  the  younger  specimens,  long  and  slender ;  in  the  adults,  es- 
pecially when  the  stomach  is  distended  with  food,  and  in  the  breeding 
season,  rather  stout ;  most  so  in  the  large  females ;  in  preserved  speci- 
mens the  apparent  stoutness  of  the  body  depends  very  much  upon 


*  I  can  SCO  no  necessity  for  the  proposed  reformation  of  the  original  spelling  of  this 
word  by  changing  it  to  Ommaiosircphes,  for  usage  justifies  the  elision  of  a  syllable  in 
80  long  a  name.     The  original  spelling  has  been  unchallenged  for  over  forty  years, 

"This  species  is  not  well  figured  in  the  last  edition  of  Gould's  Invertebrates,  Plato 
25,  fig,  339,  which  Mr.  Binnoy  refers  to  it,  really  represents  a  Loligo.  Plate  26,  figs. 
341-344  (erroneously  referred  to  Loligopsis  pavo),  was  doubtless  m.ade  from  a  specimen 
of  this  species,  but,  if  so,  the  long  arms  were  incorrectly  drawn,  and  confused  with  the 
short  arms. 


iiiii 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.     [84]   I  [g,")' 

wlietber  the  mantle  was  iu  a  contracted  or  expanded  state  when  tho 
animal  died.  Caudal  flu  transversely  rliomboidal,  or  broad  spear-shape', 
about  one-third  wider  than  long,  its  breadth  usually  leas  than  half  the 
length  of  the  mantle ;  the  posterior  borders  are  nearly  straight  and  form 
nearly  a  right  angle  at  the  posterior  end ;  the  anterior  margins  are  some- 
what convexly  rounded,  and  the  front  margin  extends,  at  the  sides  of 
the  body,  considerably  forward  beyond  the  insertion  of  the  fin.  Ratio 
of  fin-length  to  mantle-length  1 : 2,48  to  1 : 3  (the  latter  in  the  young 
ones).  Average  proportions,  in  eight  adult  specimens,  of  fin-length 
(from  insertion)  to  length  of  dorsal  side  of  mantle,  about  1 : 2.55 ;  breadth 
of  fin  to  length  of  mantle,  average,  1 : 1.90 ;  length  of  hea<l  (dorsal  edge 
of  mantle  to  base  of  arms)  to  mantle-length,  average,  1 :  7.15. 

The  head  is  large,  well  rounded ;  the  exposed  portion  is  shorter  thau 
broad,  its  breadth  about  equals  that  of  the  body,  inordinary  contraction; 
its  sides,  iu  the  region  of  the  eyes,  are  somewhat  swollen ;  the  under 
surface  is  flattened,  and  has  a  deep,  nearly  smooth  excavation,  semicir- 
cular, or  rather  semielliptical,  iu  outline,  to  receive  the  dorsal  half  of  the 
siphon- tube,  which  fits  into  it  closely. 

The  sides  of  the  head,  back  of  the  eyes,  have  a  rather  prominent,  i 
transverse  ridge,  back  of  which  the  head  suddenly  narrows  to  the  neck, 
The  transverse  ridges  curve  backward  slightly  and  meet  on  the  dorsal  | 
side  of  the  head,  where  they  are  less  prominent.    Three  thin,  lamelli- 
form,  erect  folds  of  ttie  skin  extend  backward  from  the  transverse  ridge,  ■ 
on  each  side  of  the  head ;  of  these  the  middle  or  lateral  one  is  about  in 
line  with  the  lower  eyelid ;  the  upper  one  is,  at  its  origin,  about  midway 
between  the  latter  and  the  median  dorsal  line,  but  its  posterior  edge 
bends  downward  and  joins  that  of  the  one  below;  the  lowest  of  the  I 
three  is  shorter  and  curves  upward,  and  finally  joins  the  middle  one  at  I 
its  posterior  edge.    These  folds  form,  therefore,  in  connection  with  the  I 
transverse  ridge,  two  well-defined  lateral  areas  or  facets,  of  delicate  and  I 
evidently  very  sensitive  integument,  placed  just  in  front  of  the  mantlef 
opening,  on  each  side,  where  they  must  be  bathed  by  the  inflowing  curl 
rents  of  water.    A  pair  of  large  special  nerves  extends  directly  from  the  I 
cephalic  ganglion  to  these  organs.    It  seems  probable  to  me,  therefore,! 
that  they  are  the  seat  of  a  special  sense,  analogous  to,  if  not  identical! 
with,  that  of  smell.    They  are,  also,  closely  comiected  with  the  organs! 
of  hearing,  and  the  crests  may  be  of  some  service  in  concentratiugl 
sound  vibrations.    A  small  auditory  j)ore  is  situated  within  the  lowerj 
facet. 

The  pupils  are  round  and  the  eyes  are  large,  though  the  opening  beBn  fresh 
tween  the  lids  is  usually  rather  small,  especially  in  alcoholios8pecimeiis| 
In  these  the  aperture  is  usually  contracted  to  a  small,  obliquely-transl 
verse,  irregular-triangular  form,  or  even  to  a  narrow  oblique  slit ;  whenl 
more  open,  the  aperture  is  still  usually  somewhat  angular;  the  anterio| 
sinus  is  narrow  and  extends  downward  and  forward. 
The  eyelids  form,  when  nearly  expanded,  an  irregular  oval,  the  longes^ 


ion,  semicir- 


ES.  [84]  ■  [85]   CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

diameter  placed  transversely  and  somewhat  obliquely,  while  the  narrow 
and  deep  sinus  extends  forward  and  somewhat  downward.  Whon  partly 
closed  (Plate  XIX,  fig.  4)  the  opening  between  the  lids  generally  be- 
comes more  oblong,  and  sometimes  approaches  a  triangular  form. 

The  mantle  is  thick  and  very  muscular  j  its  anterior  margin  has  a  con- 
cave outline  beneath,  forming  a  slightly  prominent  angle  on  each  side ; 
from  these  anglfes  it  advances  somewiiat  to  the  slight  median  dorsal 
angle,  which  projects  forward  but  little,  and  does  not  form  a  distinct 
lobe,  and  sometimes  it  is  hardly  noticeable,  even  us  an  angle,  the  trans- 
verse outline  of  the  edge  on  the  dorsal  side  being,  in  that  case,  nearly 
I  straight,  or  advancing  a  very  little  in  the  middle. 

The  sessile  arms  are  rather  stout,  tapering  to  acute  tips.    The  dorsal 

I  arms  are  a  little  smaller  and  shorter  than  the  others ;  the  second  and 

third  pairs  are  nearly  equal  in  size  and  length,  the  second  often  a  trifle 

the  longer;  those  of  the  fourth  pair  are  usually  Intermediate  in  length 

I  between  the  first  and  second  pairs. 

All  the  sessile  arms  are  stout  and  armed  with  similar  suckers.    Along 

[their  inner  angles,  outside  the  suckers,  they  are  all  similarly  provided 

with  marginal  membranes,  which  rise  to  about  the  same  height  as  the 

suckers,  on  each  side.    Just  proximal  to  each  sucker,  on  the  inner  face 

of  the  arm,  arises  a  thickened,  transverse,  muscular  fold,  that  extends  to 

Itbe  edge  of  the  lateral  membrane,  which  often  recedes  between  their 

[extremities,  so  as  to  have  a  scalloped  outline. 

The  dorsal  arms  are  a  little  shorter  and  decidedly  smaller  than  the 
[others.    The  two  lateral  pairs  of  arms  are  stoutest  and  longest,  and 
[nearly  equal,  sometimes  one  pair  and  sometimes  the  other  being  longest. 
iThe  ventral  arms  are  a  little  longer  than  the  dorsal  and  shorter  than 
Ithe  lateral  ones.    The  dorsal  and  upper  lateral  arms  are  trapezoidal  in 
Isection,  with  the  inner  face  rather  broad.     The  dorsal  arms  have  a 
slightly  elevated,  median  dorsal  crest,  commencing  near  the  base  and 
mning  to  the  tip.    Those  of  the  second  pair  have  a  broader,  mem- 
branous fold  on  the  lower  outer  angle,  along  the  whole  length.    Those 
Df  the  third  pair  are  stouter  than  the  others,  aud  much  compressed  lat- 
erally, with  the  outer  surface  rounded,  close  to  the  base,  but  becoming 
compressed  and  keeled  farther  out,  and  having  a  high  median  ridge 
or  crest  along  its  middle  region,  becoming  narrow  toward  the  tip.    The 
rentral  arms  are  trapezoidal  in  section,  with  a  narrow  fold  along  the 
outer  .angle,  which  is  acute,  while  the  inner  ventral  angle  is  rounded. 

The  tentacular  arms  (Plate  XVIII,  figs.  1  a,  2)  are  long;  when  extended, 
[n  fresh  specimens,  they  reach  back  beyond  the  base  of  the  caudal  fiu. 
Chey  are  rather  stout,  rounded-trapezoidal  along  the  peduncular  portion; 
along  the  upper-outer  angle  a  thin  fold  runs  from  the  base  to  the  tip, 
becoming  on  the  back  side  of  the  club  a  wide  carina,  which  often  folds 
iown  obliquely  toward  the  upper  margin  of  the  club;  two  less  marked 
[folds  run  along  the  inner  angles,  defining  a  narrow  inner  face  along  the 
rliole' length,  but  on  this  face  there  are  no  suckers,  except  close  to  where 


ft* 


UKPOKT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FI8II   AND   FISHERIES.      [86]  IH  [^^ 


it  bcgiriH  to  exi)aiKl  into  tho  broader  face  of  the  club;  along  the  sides  of 
the  club  the  marginal  membranes  become  much  wider,  rising  to  a  level 
with  the  suckers,  and  have  transverse  muscular  ridges  opi)()sito  the 
marginal  suckers,  producing  scalloped  edges. 

In  the  male  of  our  species  one  of  the  ventral  arms  (Plate  XVIII,  figs. 
3,3  a)  is  strongly  hectocotylized,  somewhat  as  in  Loligo.  But  in  this 
species  it  is  tho  right  arm  about  as  often  as  the  left  that  is  modified. 
Toward  the  tip  of  the  arm,  for  some  distance,  the  pedicels  of  the  sneakers, 
especially  of  tho  outer  row,  become  shorter,  and  tho  bases  of  the  sucker- 
stalks  become  larger,  broader,  and  transversely  compressed,  while  the 
cups  of  the  suckers  themselves  decrease  rapidly,  till  they  become  very 
minute,  and  on  a  number  of  the  most  flattened  and  largest  stalks  they 
are  entirely  abortive,  in  the  case  of  the  medium-sized  males,  but  very 
close  to  the  tip  they  may  again  become  normal.  The  inner  row  ol'  suck- 
ers is  more  or  less  modified  in  a  similar  manner;  but  fewer  of  the  sucker- 
stalks  are  att'ected,  and  these  are  usually  not  so  extensively  altered, 
though  in  the  larger  males  many  of  them  are  commonly  destitute  of  cups 
and  have  the  same  flattened  form  as  those  of  the  outer  row,  witii  whicli 
they  are  usually  united  along  the  median  line  of  the  arm,  forming  a 
zigzag  ridge.  In  a  very  large  male  (J),  wirh  the  right  ventral  arm  modi- 
fled,  the  alteration  of  the  sucker-stalks  becomes  obvious  at  about  the 
45th  sucker,  and  there  are,  beyond  this,  about  80  modified  suckers, 
extending  to  the  very  tip;  of  these,  about  30,  in  the  outer  row,  are  repre- 
sented only  by  the  flat,  lamelliform  bases  of  the  sucker-stalks,  without 
cups;  on  the  inner  row  the  small  cups  extend  for  about  ten  suckers 
farther  than  on  the  outer.  The  lamelliform  processes  are  united  medi- 
ally in  a  zigz&g  line  along  the  entire  tip.  The  modifled  partis  about  an 
inch  in  length.  This  arm  is  as  long  as  its  mate  (though  in  other  speci- 
mens it  is  often  shorter);  but  it  is  broader,  stouter,  and  more  blunt  at 
tip,  both  the  inner  face  and  lateral  membrane  being  increased  in  width. 
The  younger  males,  4  to  6  inches  long,  have  the  corresponding  suckers 
less  extensively  modified,  and  the  cups,  though  very  much  reduced  in 
size,  are  usually  present  on  all  or  nearly  all  the  stalks. 

The  portion  of  the  tentacles  whicli  bears  suckers  is  always  less  than 
half  the  whole  length.  The  relative  size  of  the  suckers  varies  greatly 
in  both  sexes,  perhaps  in  connection  with  a  renewal  of  their  horny 
rings.  But  in  some  extreme  cases  the  loss  of  the  sucker,  or  of  the  en- 
tire club,  and  the  regeneration  of  a  new  one  will  best  explain  this  varia- 
tion. 

The  club  is  long  and  moderately  broad,  gradually  widening  from  the 
peduncular  part  of  the  arm,  and  tapering  at  the  end  to  a  rather  blunt, 
flattened,  and  curved  tip,  which  is  strongly  carinated  on  the  outer  side 
by  a  thin  lamina.  The  suckers  commence  a  short  distance  in  advance 
of  the  expansion  of  the  club.  They  are  at  first  small,  deep  cup-shaped, 
and  somewhat  scattereil,  in  two  alternate  rows,  but  all  of  these  small 
ones  have  oblique  rims,  strongly  denticulated  on  the  outer  margin  with 


four 
smal 
I  suck 
Tl 


[87]      CEPIIALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

four  or  live  long  incurved  teeth,  while  tlu!  inner  edf^e  is  smooth.    Of  tho 

I  Kinall  ones,  before  the  conunciujenient  of  the  two  median  rows  of  largo 

[  suckers,  there  are  from  ten  to  llftcen. 

The  middle  region  of  the  club  is  oceupied  by  two  rows  of  large  suckers 
(lig.  -)  and  by  a  row  of  small  marginal  ones,  on  each  si<le,  alternating 

I  with  the  large  ones.    The  uppermost  of  the  two  rows  of  large  suekera 

I  contains  one  or  two  more  suckers  than  the  lower,  and  they  are  also 
larger.  The  number  in  the  upper  row  is  seven  to  nine,  in  the  lower  five 
to  seven,  the  largest  specimens  having  the  greater  number.  Of  these, 
thd  three  to  five  middle  ones  in  each  row  are  decidedly  the  largest,  aud 
have  the  edge  of  the  marginal  ring  nearly  smooth  and  even;  at  each 

I  end  of  each  row  the  suckers  diminish  in  size  and  the  edge  becomes 

I  denticulated,  at  first  by  the  formation  of  uarrow  incisions,  which  leave 
broad,  stout,  blunt  denticles;  but  as  the  suckers  diminish  in  size  theso 

I  become  longer,  narrower,  aud  more  acute ;  their  inner  margins  remain 
smooth.  The  large  suckers  are  broad  and  moderately  deep,  somewhat 
swollen  below,  aud  a  little  oblique.  The  marginal  suckers  are  much 
smaller,  shallower,  more  oblique,  and  have  the  entire  rim  finely  and 
sliarply  denticulated,  the  denticles  being  longer  aud  strongly  incurved 
on  the  outer  margin.    Beyond  the  rows  of  large  suckers  there  is,  at  first, 

I  a  small  gioup  of  sharply  denticulated  suckers,  in  four  rows,  resembling 
the  marginal  ones  in  form  and  size;  but  theso  rapidly  decrease  in  size 

!  aud  becouie  more  crowded,  till  they  appear  to  form  eight  crowded  rows 
of  very  small  suckers,  with  minute  apertures,  which  0(!cupy  the  entire 

I  face  of  the  terminal  section  of  the  club  to  the  tip ;  at  the  extreme  tip 
there  is  a  cluster  of  small  smooth-rimmed  suckers,  as  usual. 
The  suckers  of  the  sessile  arms  are  largest  on  the  two  lateral  pairs, 

I  on  which  they-  are  nearly  equal,  aud  the  largest  are  about  the  same  in 
size  as  those  on  the  tentacular  club,  the  latter  being  often  the  smaller  in 
the  males,  but  usually  tl>3  larger  in  the  females ;  those  of  the  ventral 
arms  are  smallest;  those  of  the  dorsal  arms  are  intermediate  in  size  be- 

1  tween  those  of  the  Lateral  and  veutral  arms.  The  first  few  suckers  (three 
to  five),  at  the  base  of  each  arm,  are  smaller  than  those  beyond,  but  in- 
crease regularly  in  size;  they  have  the  edge  of  the  rim  nearly  entire,  or 
with  only  a  few  blunt  teeth  on  the  outer  margin ;  then  follow  about 
twelve  suckers,  of  the  largest  size.  These  large  suckers  (Plate  XIX, 
figs.  5,  5  a)  are  deep,  oblique  cup-shaped,  somewhat  swollen  in  the 
middle,  with  oblique  horny  rims,  which  are  entire  on  the  inner  margin, 
but  on  the  outer  have  a  large,  strongly  incurved,  acute  median  tooth, 

bu  each  side  of  which  there  are  usually  four  or  five  shorter,  flat,  blunt 

1  teeth;  but  toward  the  base  of  the  arms  these  are  fewer  and  shorter, 
while  distally  they  become  more  numerous,  longer,  and  more  acute,  and 
often  the  edge  is  more  or  less  denticulate  nearly  all  around.  The  larger 
suckers  are  followed  by  a  regularly  decreasing  series  of  thirty  to  forty 
smaller  secondary  ones  (figs.  G,  6  a),  not  counting  the  numerous  very 
small  ones,  within  one-third  of  an  inch  of  the  tip.    These  secondary 


M 

ni 


..>1^J^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  {MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


c       1^ 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER.N  :.  145B0 

(716)  87  2-4503 


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REPOBT   OF  COMMISSIONER   OF  FISH   AND   FISHERIES.      [88] 

suckers  grade  gradually  into  the  large  or  primary  ones,  both  in  size  and 
form;  they  are,  however,  armed  with  four  or  five  very  sharp  incurved 
teeth  on  the  outer  margin,  of  which  the  median  one  is  longest,  while 
the  inner  margin  is  usually  entire.  Iliey  are  very  oblique  and  one-sided 
in  form.  The  membrane  around  the  rim  of  all  the  suckers  is  thickened, 
but  most  so  on  the  basal  ones ;  it  usually  recedes  behind  the  large  median 
tooth,  leaving  there  an  emargination. 

The  outer  buccal  membrane  is  not  very  large ;  its  inner  surfctce  is 
closely  covered  with  lamelliform  folds  and  wrinkles;  its  border  is  pro- 
longed into  seven  aonte  angles,  from  which  membranes  extend  to  the 
opposite  arms,  going  to  the  upper  sides  of  the  second  and  fourth  pairs 
of  arms,  and  to  the  lower  side  of  the  third  pair;  but  the  seventh  angle 
is  in  the  median  dorsal  line,  and  the  membrane  from  it  bifurcates,  one- 
half  going  to  the  inner  side  of  each  dorsal  arm.  Immediately  around 
the  jaws  there  is  a  circular,  thickened,  rugose  oral  membrane,  with  a 
strongly  lobed  edge,  while  its  inner  surfece  is  radially  wrinkled  and 
covered  with  scattered  rounded  verrucee.  A  plain  fold  intervenes  be- 
tween this  and  the  outer  buccal  membranes.  The  beak  and  pharynx 
can  be  protruded  its  whole  length,  when  in  use.  At  such  times  the  oral 
membranes  are  partially  unfolded. 

The  jaws  are  sharp  and  incurved  at  tip,  reddish  brown  to  brownish 
black  in  color,  with  the  posterior  borders  of  the  laminse  whitish  and 
translucent.  The  upper  mandible  has  a  much  incurved  tip,  with  the 
cutting  edges  regularly  curved,  and  with  a  shallow  notch  at  their  bases, 
beyond  which  tue  anterior  edges  rise  into  a  broad,  obtuse  lobe  or  low 
tooth,  by  which  the  hardened  and  dark-colored  part,  as  seen  by  trans- 
mitted light,  has  the  form  of  a,  sharp  angular  tooth,  but  its  actual  pru- 
jection  anteriorly  is  bnt  slight,  because  the  translucent  edge  beyond  it 
rises  to  about  the  same  level.  The  lateral-posterior  borders  of  the 
frontal  laminsB  are  sinuous  and  incurved  in  the  middle;  the  palatine 
lamina  is  broad,  with  the  posterior  lateral  edges  incurved  and  sinuous. 

The  lower  mandible  has  the  extreme  tip  strongly  incurved,  forming  a 
slight  notch  close  to  the  tip,  below  which  the  edges  are  slightly  incurved 
or  nearly  straight,  with  a  decided  V-shaped  notch  at  the  base;  the  an- 
terior edges,  beyond  the  notch,  form  a  triangular  tooth  of  the  jiiuer 
lamiufe,  but  this  is  obscured,  unless  viewed  by  transmitted  light,  by  the 
outer  alar  lamina,  which  rises  at  its  anterior  edge,  where  it  is  translu- 
cent, nearly  to  a  level  with  the  tooth ;  the  inner  ends  of  the'alse  are  wider 
than  the  middle,  and  broadly  rounded ;  the  gular  laminse  are  short,  nar- 
rowed posteriorly,  with  their  inner  edges  incurved,  and  with  a  thickened, 
prominent  ventral  carina. 

The  jaws  of  a  large  specimen  measure  as  follows:  Upper  mandible,  tip 
to  posterior  end  of  palatine  lamina,  22™'*;  to  dorsal  end  of  frontal  lamina, 
1G™» ;  to  posterior  lateral  edgeof  same,  Q""* ;  to  base  of  cutting  edge,  5*" ; 
inner  edge  of  palatine  lamina  to  dorsal  end  of  frontal  lamina,  IT"*" ;  lower 
mandible,  tip  to  inner  end  of  alse,  13""";  to  ventral  notch  of  alse,  4*'"; 


BS       [BSl     I     [8d]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NOBTHEASTEBN  COAST  OF  AMEBICA. 

in  size  and 
p  incurved 
gest,  while 
4  one-sided 
I  thickened, 
brge  median 


r  snrfEUse  is 
irder  is  pro- 
ctend  to  the 
fonrth  pairs 
iventh  angle 
urcates,  one- 
»tely  aronnd 
rane,  with  a 
rrinkled  and 
itervenes  be- 
md  pharynx 
imes  the  oral 

lo  brownish 
whitish  and 
tip,  with  the 
,t  their  bases, 
le  lobe  or  low 
een  by  trans- 
lis  actual  pi'o- 
Ige  beyond  it 
orders  of  the 
;  the  palatine 
and  sinuous, 
red,  forming  a 
jhtly  incurved 
base;  the  an- 
I  of  the  finer 
d  light,  by  the 
e  it  is  translu- 
s'alsB  are  wider 
are  short,  nar- 
t)h  a  thickened, 

mandible,  tip 
frontal  lamina, 
ting  edge,  R-*; 
ia,17"»";  lower 
jh  of  alas,  4""; 


to  ventral  notch  of  gular  laminse,  O""" ;  to  posterior  end  of  same,  16^*>n ;; 
to  base  of  cutting  edges,  5°"". 

The  buccal  mass  has,  on  the  outer  surface  of  the  dorsal  and  lateral 
sides,  a  broad,  thin,  brown  horny  plate,  with  a  notch  i>08teriorly,  in  the 
median  line. 

The  odontophore  (Plate  XIX,  fig.  3)  is  remarkable  for  the  length 
and  sharpness  of  the  teeth,  especially  of  the  central  and  outer  rows. 
The  median  teeth  (a)  have  a  long  and  very  aeate  median  dentide,  with 
much  shorter  lateral  ones.  The  inner  lateral  teeth  (b)  have  broad  bases 
and  a  long  and  very  sharp  central  denticle,  with  a  much  shorter  lateral 
one  on  the  outside.  The  next  to  the  outer  lateral  teeth  (o)  are  sim- 
ple, slender,  and  sharp.  The  outer  lateral  teeth  (d)  are  much  longer, 
strongly  curved,  and  very  acute. 

The;  pen  (Plate  XVIII,  fig.  4)  is  long  and  slender,  with  a  slender  mid- 
rib and  strong  marginal  ribs ;  the  anterior  end  is  thin,  broad  pen-shaped, 
subacute ;  from  very  near  the  anterior  end  it  tapers  gradually  backward 
to  about  the  posterior  fourth,  where  it  becomes  very  narrow,  apparently 
consisting  only  of  the  consolidated  lateral  ribs  and  midrib,  the  former 
showing  on  the  ventral  side  a  thin  groove  between  them,  the  latter  ap- 
pearing as  a  slender  ridge  on  the  dorsal  side.  The  post^or  porti(m  is 
narrow-lanceolate  in  form,  with  thin  edges  and  a  strong  midrib,  com- 
posed of  the  united  marginal  ribs  of  the  anterior  portion;  the  thin 
edges  are  incurved,  so  as  to  give  a  canoe-shaped  form  to  this  portion, 
and  near  the  tip  the  edges  unite  beneath  into  a  short,  hood-like  tip. 
Anteriorly  the  lateral  ribs  show  two  grooves  on  the  ventral  side,  and 
appear  to  be  composed  of  three  united  ribs. 

The  ground-color  of  a  specimen  taken  by  me  in  1870  at  Eastport, 
Me.,  whep  first  caught,  was  pale  bluish  white,  with  green,  blue,  and 
I  yellow  iridescence  on  the  sides  and  lower  surface;  the  whole  body, 
head,  and  outer  surfaces  of  arms  and  fins  were  more  or  less  thickly 
covered  with  small,  unequal,  circular,  orange-brown  and  dark  brown 
spots,  having  crenulate  margins ;  these  spots  were  continually  chang- 
ing in  size,  th>m  mere  points,  when  they  were  nearly  black,  to  spots 
l'"">  to  1.5*°™  in  diameter,  when  they  were  pale  orange-brown,  becoming 
lighter  colored  as  they  expanded.  On  the  lower  side  of  body,  head, 
and  siphon  the  spots  were  more  scattered,  but  the  intervals  were  gen- 
erally less  than  the  diameter  of  the  spots.  On  the  upper  side  the  spots 
were  much  crowded  and  in  different  planes,  with  the  edges  often  over- 
happing,  thus  increasing  the  variety  of  the  tints.  Along  the  middle  of 
[the  back  the  ground-color  was  pale  flesh-color,  with  a  distinct  median 
[dorsal  band,  along  ''"hich  the  spots  were  more  crowded  and  tinged  with 
I  green  in  fine  specks.  Above  each  eye  there  was  a  broad  lunate  spot  of 
llight  purplish  red,  with  smaller  and  much  crowded  brown  sitots.  The 
Inpper  surface  of  the  head  was  deeply  colored  by  the  brown  spots,  which 
[were  here  larger,  darker,  and  more  crowded  than  elsewhere,  and  situ- 
jated  in  several  strata.  The  under  sides  of  the  arms  and  fins  were 
[colored  like  the  body,  except  that  the  spot?  were  smaller  and  much  lew 


1 

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BEPOBT   OF   COMVISSIONER  OF   FISH   AND  FISHERIES.      [90] 

nnmerons.  The  Backers  were  pare  white.  The  eyes  were  dark,  blae- 
black,  sarrounded  by  aa  iridescent  border. 

The  colors  change  constantly,  when  living  or  recently  dead,  by  means 
of  the  continaal  contraction  and  dilation  of  the  chromatophores.  The 
different  tints  pass  over  the  surface  like  blnshes. 

In  specimens  recently  preserved  in  alcohol  the  same  pattern  of  color- 
ation is  asaally  visible.  The  dark  dorsal  band  on  the  body  and  head, 
and  the  dark  patches  above  the  eyes,  as  well  as  smaller  dark  patches 
in  firont  of  the  eyes,  can  be  plainly  seen.  In  these  darker  parts  the 
chromatophores  are  mach  crowded,  and  have  a  purplish  brown  color, 
varying  to  chocolate-brown  in  spefcimdns  longer  preserved.  On  other 
parts  of  the  body  the  chromatophores  are  more  scattered  and  usnally 
reddish  brown  in  color,  with  a  circular  or  elliptical  outline ;  when  ex- 
panded, the  larger  ones  are  about  1"""  in  diameter.  The  under  surfaces 
of  the  fins,  siphon,  head,  and  arms  have  fewer  and  smaller  spots,  and 
are,  therefore,  lighter  colored,  and  appear  nearly  white  when  these 
spots  are  contracted. 

A  treeh.  bpeoimen,  caught  in  Gasco  Bay,  in  1873,  had  the  following 
proportions:  Length  of  head  and  body,  not  including  the. arms,  221i°|°; 
length  of  caudal  fln,  86°"° ;  breadth  of  fln,  OO™" ;  diameter  of  body,  35°"»  j 
length  of  upper  arms,  80""» ;  of  second  pair,  100""° ;  of  third  pair,  100°>°» ; 
of  the  ventral  pair,  90°'°' ;  of  tentacular  arms,  182'°'°. 

Of  our  species  I  have  measured  large  numbers  of  specimens  pre- 
served in  different  ways,  and  also  fresh,  and  have  found  no  great  varia- 
tion in  the  form  and  relative  length  of  the  caudal  fln,  among  specimens 
of  similar  size  and  in  similar  states  of  preservation,  nor  do  the  sexes 
differ  much  in  this  respect.  The  young,  however,  differ  very  decidedly 
from  the  large  specimens  in  these  proportions.  The  modes  of  preserva- 
tion also,  cause  much  of  the  variation  in  the  proportions  of  fins  and  arms 
to  the  mantle.  The  two  sexes  are  probably  equally  numerous,  but  in  our 
collections  the  females  usually  predominate,  and  the  largest  specimens 
are  usually  females,  though  equally  large  males  occur.  In  31  measured 
specimens,  in  alcohol,  from  various  localities  and  of  both  sexes,  the 
average  length,  from  tip  of  tail  to  dorsal  edge  of  the  mantle,  was  176°"° 
(6.96  inches);  from  tip  of  tail  to  insertion  of  fln,  66°>°>  (2.60  inches). 
Average  proportion  of  fln  to  mantle-length,  1 : 2.68.  Among  these  the 
proportions  varied  fr^m  as  low  as  1 : 2.48,  in  some  of  the  larger  ones 
(with  mantle  above  8  inches),  up  to  1 : 3  in  the  smaller  ones  (with  the 
mantle  less  than  3  inches  long). 

The  following  tables  are  intended  to  illustrate  the  natural  variations 
in  the  proportion,  due  mainly  to  age,  and  the  accidentu^l  variations 
caused  by  differences  in  the  modes  of  preservation  and  strength  of  the 
alcohol.  The  effect  of  strong  alcohol  is  to  shrink  the  fins  relatively 
more  in  breadth  than  in  length,  and  to  reduce  the  diameter  of  the  body 
and  arms  out  of  proportion  to  tiieir  length. 

The  specimens  from  Bastport,  Me.,  designated  G,  H,  I,  B,  were  col- 
lected  at  one  time,  in  midsummer,  and  preserved  in  the  same  way,  in 


Ine  f  when  ex- 
mder  surfiaces 
ler  spots,  and 
e  when  these 


ipecimens  pre- 
ao  great  varia- 
ong  specimens 
r  do  the  sexes 
rory  decidedly 
es  of  preserva- 
I  fins  and  arms 
•ons,  butinour 
gest  Bi)ecimens 
n  31  measured 
9th  sexes,  the 
itle,  was  176°"° 
(2.60  inches), 
dong  these  the 
he  larger  ones 
ones  (with  the 

ural  variations 
atu^l  variations 
itrength  of  the 
fins  relatively 
iter  Qf  the  body 


[91]   CEPHALOPODS  OF  NOBTHEASTEBN  COAST  OF  AMEBICA. 

alcohol  of  moderate  strength,  repeatedly  changed ;  at  the  present  time 
the  strength  of  the  alcohol  is  about  80  per  cent.  They  are  in  good  con- 
dition, moderately  firm  and  not  badly  contracted.  Those  designated  as 
D,  Bf  F,  N,  O,  P  were  also  cjHected  at  one  time,  in  August,  and  pre- 
served together.  They  are  in  fiur  condition,  but  not  so  well  preserved 
as  the  former  lot.  Those  numbered  ii  to  xiv  were  preserved  together 
about  the  last  of  July.  They  were  placed  in  strong  alcohol,  and  are 
hard  and  badly  contracted.  J,  E,  and  L  were  preserved  together,  bat 
were  originally  found  dead  on  the  beach  and  in  a.  relaxed  state.  They 
are  only  moderately  contracted  by  the  alcohol. 

MtasuremenU  of  Omnuuirephet  illeeebroaui  {in  inche$). 


Tail  to  tip  of  AanaX 

Tail  to  tip  of  aeoond  pair  urns '..... 

Tail  to  tip  of  third  pair  ansa 

Tall  to  tip  of  fourth  pair  anna 

Tail  to  tip  of  tentaomu  arms 

Tall  to  baae  of  dorsal  arma 

Tail  to  center  of  eye 

Tail  to  edge  of  mantle,  above 

Tail  to  edge  of  mantle,  below 

Tail  to  insertion  of  fin 

Breadth  of  fin 

Between  lateral  insertions 

Fiont  edge,  outer  angle  to  insertion 

Oator  angle  to  tip  oftail 

Ciioamference  01  body 

Breadth  of  body 

Breadth  of  bead  at  eyes 

Breadth  of  eyempening 

Breadth  of  siphon  at  bridle 

Length  of  head,  mantle  to  base  of  dorsal 

aims , 

Length  of  dorsal  arms 

Length  of  2d  pidr — 

Length  of  8d  pair 

Length  of  4th  pair 

Length  of  tontaoular  arms 

Length  of  dub  — 

Breadth  of  dorsal  arms 

Breadth  of  ad  pair 

Breadth  of  8d  pair 

Breadth  of  4th  pair 

Brtadthoftentaoulararms 

Breadth  of  dnb 

Front  to  back  of  8d  pair.. 


DiAlOTKB  OF  BUCKBBS. 


Largest  on  tentaonlar  arma. 

LargMt  on  8d  pair 

Largest  on  ventral  arms. . . . 


FBOPOBTIONS. 


Fin-length  to  mantle-length,  1 : . . . 
Ffai.breadth  to  mantle-length,  1 : . . 

Length*  to  breadth  of  iln,i: 

Length  of  head  to  mantle,!: 

Length  of  dorsal  arm  to  mantle,  1 : 
:  Tenucnlar  suckers  to  mantle,  1 : . 


09     P9 


13.40 

14.80 

14.20 

18.10 

10.50 

10.00 

B.80 

&fi0 

8.20 

8.80 

4.20 


2.20 
8.80 
4.80 
1.70 
LOO 
.40 
.78 

L40 

8.76 

4.30 

4.10 

8.80 

0.80 

3.80 

.85 

.45 

.46 

.44 

.25 

.80 

.05 


.18 
.18 
.11 


2.60 
2.04 
L87 
&14 
2.20 
47.77 


laoo 

18.70 
1&70 
13.00 
17.60 
9.40 
&90 
8.00 
7.50 
a20 
4.80 


8.20 
8.25 
4.80 
1.80 
LSO 
.46 
.70 

1.40 

8.80 

4.20 

4.26 

&80 

8.00 

8.60 

.36 

.44 

.44 

.42 

.28 

.80 

.60 


.17 
.16 
.11 


2.60 
1.86 
1.34 
5.70 
2.22 
47,06 


1)9      E9 


12.75 
i8.'25' 


10.60 

ii.oo 


15.5 
9.00 
&26 
7.75 
7.80 
3.10 
4.26 
.SO 
2.00 
8.16 


12.00 
7.00 
7.35 
7.10 

1*75' 
a  78 
.40 
LOO 
2.90 


L85 
.86 
.06 

L25 

8.25 

4.00 

4.00 

8.60 

6.60 

2.76 

.28 

.35 

.36 

.32 

.30 

.22 

.50 


.15 
.14 
.10 


2.50 
L82 
L37 
6.20 
2.86 
5L66 


L15 


.65 

.80 

2.70 

3.15 

3.00 

2.80 

4.t>0 

L86 

.26 

.30 

.28 

.30 

.30 

.18 

.40 


.11 
.11 
.09 


2.58 
L87 
L87 
8.87 
2.62 
64.54 


Jrf      ±cf 


18.60 
14.80 
14.20 
13.40 
15.50 
10.00 
0.50 
8.70 
a  10 

aeo 

&1S 
.65 

a&o 
a  50 
a60 

2.15 

L66 

.86 

.78 

L80 
2.65 
4.40 
4.65 

aso 

6.80 
a55 
.36 
.46 
.60 
.46 
.28 
.26 
.66 


.17 
.20 
.11 


2.48 
LOO 
L46 
a  70 

aas 

6L20 


10.50 

ia80 

U.00 
10.60 
12.20 

a80 

7.76 
7.60 
7.16 
2.90 

aso 

.45 
2.80 

a  00 

4.30 

L80. 

L20 

.20 


.80 

2.20 

2.70 

2.67 

2.43 

4.00 

L76 

.PO 

j6 

.36 

.85 

.20 

.22 

.45 


.11 
.14 
.09 


2.68 
L97 
L80 
9.30 
a40 
6ai8 


10.50 

ILIO 

1L20 

ILOO 

18.60 

a20 

7.70 

7.20 

&66 

a80 
ago 


Brf 


2.10 

2.90 
4.00 
L40 
L80 
.28 
.66 

LOO 
2.48 
a  12 
a  16 
8.76 
4.10 
LOO 


.13 
.14 
.07 


a  67 
L84 
L80 
7.20 
a06 
55.88 


Wd"  Fteah. 


a2& 


a6o 


a  70 
a38 

ZIO 
2.66 


L45 

aoo 


LIO 

LOO 

.25 


.80 

L75 

8.25 

a  25 

!?  00 

«.50 

L30 

.20 

.26 

.26 

.25 

.17 


a  71 
a  15 

L2e 

7.12 
a25 


iao4 
ia84 
ia84 

18.44 

laia 
a84 


a44t 

a60 


L40 


aao 
4.00 
4.00 
aoo 

7.98 


*  The  length  of  the  fln,  in  these  tables,  means  the  distance  fh>m  the  lateral  insertions  to  the  tip  of 
the  tail,  which  is  somewhat  less  than  the  extreme  length. 

Some  specimens,  included  both  in  this  and  the  following  tables,  show 
small  differences  in  their  measurements  (made  at  different  times),  doe 
partly  to  the  different  degrees  of  extension  employed  in  measuring 
them,  and  partly  to  the  fact  that  the  alcohol  had  been  changed  and  its 
strength  altered. 


!        ' 


BEPOBT  OF  COMMISSIOyER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES. 


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S88888^888S  : 


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0^9888888888888888 


indiMx 


iMod^nx 


IJod^na 


tiodtnx 


>iod|TC!x 


'9«id|Ms 


■«WI*H 


■piiii;piiiuv4i»ll 


'ynnog  pniMiA 


/ 


(wa.8iiS8S8888S8Sa888S9 


(wa8838888S888  : 


o^?88SS8S!SiS88838tSS&S 

otf  t^  oj  ai  ei  ^  Wl  W> '«■  ad  i-i  r4  m  ^ '« <4   ' 


oKi)8S9888988SSSS8S8Sa 


o»iESSSS.^9888SS888Si3S8 


(>|SSS?S888SSS  : 


8  :8as 


o»cyS988SSSSS8888SSSKS 


o^SSSSS8899S89(!S8SSS 


'■^g^ 


[92] 


{!8 

c4«4 


c4«4 


S8 

f4ti 


Is 


^>} 


l!8 
•4*1 


88 


8S 


98 

(4p4 


88 

H.4 


98 

(4.4 


«4.4 


£8 

t4*4 


88 

e4r4 


98 

e4^ 


88 
e4a4 


«3 


88 


III  li I iiiil  II 


EtIES.      [921     I     [93]      OSPHALOPODS  OF  NOBTHEASTEBN  COAST  OF  AMEBIOA. 


•fUOMIttl 


•pooodia 


•poQ  ad«U 


fOQtdmo 


•p«o»*o 


•P00«*D 


■pooodto 


•^•5 


•P00»*«0 


■pooodaa 


■panogprnXaaiA 


■$mdta«x 


fiodiina 


fjodina 


■punas  pn^aofA 


■panogpn^aoiA 


w-eS88S88SS388SeS98 


i^».»C89888JI8tS8S888X 


wgaA88SSJI888888?S8 


»•» 


88»888888888dS88 


^«8S8«888SA8888IS98 


^S88SSlS88|i8888Sa8 


wag88SS8S88888S888 

'■<di6o*titititi^H-4AAA€*tSA 


^MSS88S8aS88S8S88S 


ikjM88SS888888888S8S 

^^  «tf  <d  (4 1^  *>  ei  ai  •<  (4 '4 .4  ^  ^  i<i  «i  e4 


iw4SS3S838888388S8SaS 

ti^citiaSeicititi-4AAAii-4A  '  * 


^tq83S3S383S9388888£)S 


^,^S33SSS88S8S8SSSSK3 


88 


8S 


{S8 

•4f4 


88 

•4«( 


88 


88 

•«t4 


•a 


88 

«lt4 


88 

•I  04 


86 

•4^ 


•4^ 


88 

«4^ 


^83S33888S8S83883SS    6S 

^:^:c4^:«4eit4c4<4'Wl^^^ei•WS^  '  '  tlt4 


dA 


^33333S3SSS33|!238SSS         68 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH  AND   FISHERIES.      [94] 

Off  the  coast  of  Rhode  Island  to  Gnmberland  Golf.    Abundant  from 
Gape  God  to  Newfoundland.   About  100  miles  south  of  NewiM>rt,  B.  I,  | 
in  65  to  372  fathoms  (U.  S.  Fish  Gom.).    Vineyard  Sound,  Massachu- 
setts, rare,  large  in  winter,  small  in  May  (Y.  N.  Edwards). 

Kecent  explorations  have  extended  the  range  of  this  species  much  I 
farther  south  w^d,  in  the  deep  water  near  the  edge  of  the  Gulf  Stream. 
Although  we  cannot  be  certain  that  specimens  caught  in  the  trawl  were 
living  at  the  bottom,  owing  to  the  possibility  of  their  entering  it  during 
its  ascent,  it  is  very  probable  that  they  do  actually  inhabit  thosedepthal 
This  is  rendered  more  certain  by  the  fact  that  we  found  adult  sped-f 
mens  in  the  stomachs  of  fishes  {Lophius)  taken  at  stations  865  and  893.1 
The  most  southern  specimens  known  were  taken  by  Mr.  A.  Agassiz,  od| 
the  "Blake,"  off  Gape  Hatteras,  in  263  fathoms. 

Ommaetrephes  illecehroBua. — Spwiinma  examined. 


Number. 


10280. 


10027,  J  . 
10027,  K. 
10027,  L . 

M 

W 


8.T.U.... 
X 


3,G... 
«I08,E,I. 
968S,R... 
1>.K.F... 


N.O.P.. 


10028.... 
10278,  q. 


«66. 


Gccxxxn 


Locality. 


Kewport,B.I 

Vinevatd  Sound 

do 

do 

do 

ProTincetown,  llaoa 


do 

do 

do 

...  .do 

Balein,  Mass 

Gloucester,  Mass..  loo.  ?83. 


CascoBay,  Me 

Off  Segniii  Island,  Mo.  (SO  fath- 
oms). 


Mount  Desert,  Me  . 
Off  Cashe's  Ledge. 


Eastport,  Me  . 

!So 

do 

do   


......do  .•.•.••..... •••••. 

do 

Hallfcx,N.S , 

do 

Kewfonndland 

Cumberland  Onlf 

KorthlaUtnde40°06'i  westlon- 

^tnde  70°  28*  (OS  fathoms). 
Korth  latitude  8So  SX  20" ;  west 

loiigitade70oS8'  (STSfMhoms). 
XortI  latitude  88°  itC  80";  west 

longitade740M'(a68&thoms). 


When  col- 
lected. 


1872. 


Nov.  2, 1876.. 

....do 

..;  do 

May,  1870  . . . 
July,  1870... 


...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

Oct  is,  1878 
1878 


1878. 
1870. 


1860 , 

1873(100.21). 


1870... 
....do. 
...do. 
1873... 


....do 

...do 

J.  S.  Willis. 
J.  M.  Jonea. 

...do 

L.Kumlein. 
1880 


.do 
.do. 


Boceived  from — 


United  States  Fish 

Commissioi.. 

T.N.Edwards 

....do 

...do 

....do  

ITnited  States  Fish 

Commission. 

...do 

...do...; 

...do 

...do 

J.  H.  Bmerton 

United  SUtes  Fish 

Commission. 

...do 

(Lot    517)    United 

States  Fish  Com- 
mission. 

A.B.VerriU 

United  States  Fish 

Commission. 

A.E.YeiTiU 

...do 

...do 

Ukiited  States  Fish 

Commission. 

...do 

...do 

Smithsonian 

J.M.JoBes 

...do 

Katlonal  Museum . . . 
United  States  Fish 

Commission. 
...do 


"BUlie"  expedition. 


Specimens. 
No.,  sex. 


1  young. 

1  (f ,  left  hand. 

Icf,  right  hand,  I 
Icf ,  figured. 

Syonng. 

28+,  duplicate  I 

J'- 
1  young. 


young. 


SO +,  large. 
ImntUafid. 


hand. 


1^,  right  band  I 
8  $,lsiga. 

8  9. 
lyoong. 

Dow 
1  9j^8P' 

1  mutilated, 
ladnlt 

Do. 

3 9, adult 


Several  of  the  smaller  specimens  included  in  this  list  are  so  young 
it  is  impossible  to  determine  their  sex  with  certainty  without  dissectioij 
The  hectocotylization  of  the  ventral  arm  in  the  male  is  scarcely  recogj 
nizable  in  those  with  the  mantle  less  than  4  inches  long. 

The  Mediterranean  form  {Omtnastrephes  Coindetii  Yerany),  nsnall 
identified  with  the  var.  b  of  Loligo  sagittata  Lamarck,  1799,*  is  clos 

*  It  seems  more  probable,  however,  that  Lamarck's  deaoriptiou  applied  rather  to  ( 
Bariramii  (Les.  sp.)  of  the  Oulf  Stream  region.  Blainville  and  others  have  thus  afj 
plied  it,  correctly,  as  I  believe. 


EBIES.      [94]  ■   ^95-j      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


Lbundant  ftom 
Newport,  E.  I.,  I 
nd,  Massachu- 

)  species  mnchl 
e  Gulf  Stream. 

the  trawl  were 
bering  it  daring 
it  those  depths, 
nd  adnlt  sped' 
QS  865  and  89a| 

A.  Agassiz,  onl 


nak 


fiah 


Fiab 


Specimen*. 
No.,  aex. 


1  yoang. 


iited 
'om- 


1  (f,  left  hand. 

1  cf|riKhthMi4.| 
Irf,  flgored. 

3  TounK.  I 

28+,dupUostMl 
1$. 
1  young. 


Pish 


V 


young. 


Plata 


an-. 
FiBta 


lition. 


Imut^imd. 

a  (f'.leftbHid- ., 
Id',  right  hud.  I 

8  9. 
1  yonng. 

Da 
ig,lwg». 

Do. 
1  matUatod. 
1  adnlt 

Do. 

39,  adult. 


ure  so  young 
Lthout  dissectioil 
is  scarcely  reco|^ 

Verany),  usuaU 
1799,*  is  clos 

upplied  rather  to  ( 
►there  have  thus  »p| 


related  to  our  species,  but  if  the  published  figures  and  descriptions  can 
be  relied  upon,  it  can  hardly  be  identical,  as  D'Orbigny  and  other  writers 
have  considered  it.  The  American  form  has  a  more  elongated  body, 
-with  a  differently-shaped  candal  fin,  which  is  relatively  shorter  than 
the  best  authors  attribute  to  0.  sa^ittatus.  The  figure  given  by  Yerany 
is,  however,  an  exception  in  this  respect,  for  in  it  the  body  is  represented 
about  as  long  as  in  some  of  onr  larger  specimens.t  It  should  be  re- 
marked, however,  that  Lesueur's  figure  of  0.  illeeebrosua  shows  the  body 
too  small  and  too  short  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  fin,  and  the  fin 
wrong  in  shape  and  occupying  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  mantle; 
the  proportions  of  the  arms  are  also  erroneous.  But  Lesueur  explains 
these  defects  by  his  statemeu ;  that  the  figures  were,  hasty  sketches 
made  for  the  sake  of  preserving  the  colors,  and  that  he  saved  a  speci- 
men by  which  to  correct,  afterwards,  his  drawings  and  description,  but 
the  specimen  saved  turned  out  to  be  TMmius  pavo,  so  that  the  original 
sketches  were  pnblishe<l  withou*.  correction.  Tryon's  iftg.  342  is  a  poor 
copy  of  one  of  Lesueur's,  published  without  credit  to  him. 

If  the  European  form  be  really  identical  with  the  American,  the  dis- 
tribution is  very  anomalous,  for  while  the  former  is  a  Southern  European 
form,  inhabiting  the  Mediterranean  and  scarcely  extending  north  of  the 
southern  waters  of  Great  Britain,  where  it  appears  to  be  rare,  our  spe* 
cies  is  a  strictly  northern,  cold-water  form,  rarely  found  south  of  Gape 
Cod,  even  in  winter,  unless  in  deep  water.  Its  range  extends  quite  to 
the  Arctic  Ocean. 

Notes  on  habitn. 

When  living,  this  is  a  very  beautiful  creature,  owing  to  the  brilliancy 
I  of  its  eyes  and  its  bright  and  qutckly-changing  colors.    It  is  also  very 
I  quick  and  graceful  in  its  movements.    This  is  the  most  conunou  "  squid  ^ 
I  north  of  Gape  God,  and  extends  as  far  south  as  Newport,  B.  I.,  and  in 
deep  water  to  the  region  off  Gape  Hatteras.    It  is  very  abundant  in 
I  Massachusetts  Bay,  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  northward  to  Newfound- 
land.   It  is  taken  on  the  coast  of  Newfoundland  in  immense  numbers, 
and  used  as  bait  for  codfish.    It  occurs  in  vast  schools  when  it  visits 
the  coast,  but  whether  it  seeks  those  shores  for  the  purpose  of  spawning 
or  in  search  of  food  is  not  known.    I  have  been  unable  to  learn  anything 
personally  in  regard  to  its  breeding  habits,  nor  have  I  been  able  to  ascer- 
tain that  any  one  has  any  information  in  regard  either  to  the  time,  man- 
ner, or  place  of  spawning.    At  Eastport,  Me.,  I  have  several  times  ob- 
I  served  them  in  large  numbers  in  midsummer.    But  at  that  time  they 

t  According  to  Jeffreys  (Brit.  Conch.,  vol.  v,  p.  229,  pi.  5),  the  EogliBh  0.  tagittaiut 

I  has  the  fin  "f^om  |  to  nearly  i  the  length  of  the  mantle;"  and  the  form  of  the  pen, 

[especially  of  the  posterior  end,  as  fignred  by  him,  is  different  from  that  of  onr  speoies, 

Professor  Steonstmp,  in  a  recent  article  (Oversigt  K.  Danske  Yidensk.  Selsk.  For- 

I  liandl.,  1880),  separates  the  Mediterranean  from  the  American  form.    He  restores,  in 

the  same  article,  the  name  sagWatua  to  var.  a  of  Lamarck  (=  0.  iodanu  of  most  modem 

authors),  which  he  now  calls  Todarodetaagitiatua.  . 


BEPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.       [96] 


li 


1   -' 


seemed  to  be  wholly  engaged  in  the  pursuit  of  food,  following  the  schooLg 
of  herring,  which  were  then  in  pursuit  of  shrimp  {Thysanopoda  Norvt- 
gioa)y  which  occur  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  at  times,  in  great  quantities, 
swimming  at  the  surftioe.  The  stomachs  of  the  squids  taken  on  these  I 
ocoMions  were  distended  with  firagments  of  TkytwMpoda^  or  with  the 
flesh  of  the  herring,  or  with  a  mixture  of  the  two,  but  their  reproductive 
organs  were  not  in  an  active  condition.  The  same  is  true  of  all  the 
^Moimens  that  I  have  taken  at  other  localities  in  summer.  From  the 
fMt  that  the  oviducts  are  small  and  simple,  and  the  nidamental  glands 
little  developed,  I  believe  that  it  will  eventually  prove  that  Uds  species 
discharges  its  eggs  te^  in  the  ocean,  and  that  they  will  be  fbnnd  floating 
at  the  snrfhce,  either  singly  or  in  g^tinons  masses  or  bands,  not  having 
any  complicated  capsules  to  inclose  them.  Nothing  is  known  as  to  the 
length  of  time  required  by  this  species  to  attain  its  fhll  size.  It  prob- 1 
ably  lives  several  years. 

This  squid  is  an  exceedingly  active  oreatm«,  darting  with  great  ve- 1 
locity  backward,  or  in  any  other  direction,  by  means  of  the  reaction  of 
the  jet  of  water  which  is  ejected  with  great  force  firam  the  siphon,  and 
which  may  be  directed  forward  or  backward,  or  to  the  right  or  left,  by 
bending  the  siphon.  Even  when  confined  in  a  limited  space,  as  in  a 
fish-pound,  it  is  not  an  easy  matter  to  capture  them  with  a  dip-net,  so 
quick  will  they  dart  away  to  the  right  and  left.  When  darting  rap- 
idly the  lobes  of  the  caudal  fln  are  closely  wrapped  around  the  body* 
and  the  arms  arc  held  tightly  together,  forming  an  acute  bundle  in  front, 
so  that  the  animal,  in  this  condition,  is  sharp  at  both  ends,  and  passes 
through  the  water  with  the  least  possible  resistance.  Its  caudal  fln  is 
used  as  an  accessory  organ  of  locomotion  when  it  slowly  swims  about  | 
or  balances  itself  for  some  time  nearly  in  one  position  in  the  water. 

The  best  observations  of  the  modes  of  capturing  its  prey  are  by  I 
Messrs.  S.  I.  Smith  and  Oscar  Harger,  who  observed  it  at  Province- [ 
town,  Mass.,  among  the  wharves,  in  large  numbers,  July  28, 1872,  en- 1 
gr^^ed  in  capturing  and  devouring  the  young  mackerel,  which  were! 
swimming  about  in  "schools,^  and  at  that  time  were  about  four  or  flyel 
inches  long.  In  attacking  the  mackerel  they  would  suddenly  dartl 
backward  among  the  fish  with  the  velocity  of  an  arrow,  and  as  8ud-[ 
denly  turn  obliquely  to  the  right  or  left  and  seize  a  fish,  which  was! 
almost  instantly  killed  by  a  bite  in  the  back  of  the  neck  with  theirl 
sharp  beaks.  The  bite  was  always  made  in  the  same  place,  catting  outl 
a  triangular  piece  of  flesh,  and  was  deep  enough  to  penetrate  to  the  I 
spinal  cord.    The  attacks  were  not  always  successful,  and  were  some- 

*  This  position  of  the  fins  is  very  well  shown  in  Plate  S6,  fig.  341,  of  Binney's  edition  J 
of  Qoald's  Invertebrata  of  Massachnsetts.  This  figure  Avas  probably  drawn  by  Mr.  [ 
Borkhardt  from  living  specimens  formerly  kept  in  Cutting's  Aquarinm,  in  Boston,! 
about  1860  to  1863.  This  figure  is  very  good,  in  most  respects,  except  that  the  cliibtl 
of  the  tentaeles  have  been  confounded  vrith  the  ventral  pair  of  the  sessile  arms,  andl 
thus  the  suckers  are  represented  as  if  they  extended  along  the  whole  length  of  tlie| 
tentacles. 


iRIES.       [96]  H  [97]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEABTEBN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

timefl  repeated  a  dozen  times  before  one  of  these  active  and  wary  fishes 
could  be  caught.  Sometimes,  after  making  several  nnsuooessfhl  at- 
tempts, one  of  the  squids  would  suddenly  drop  to  the  bottom,  and,  rest- 
ing upon  the  sand,  would  change  its  uolor  to  that  of  the  sand  so  perfectly 
as  to  be  almost  invisible.  In  this  position  it  would  wait  until  the  fishes 
came  back,  and  when  they  were  swimming  close  to  or  over  the  ambus- 
cade, the  squid,  by  a  sudden  dart,  would  be  pretty  sure  to  secure  a  fish. 
Ordinarily,  when  swimming,  they  were  thickly  spotted  with  red  and 
brown,  but  when  darting  among  the  mackerel  they  appeared  translu- 
cent and  pale.  The  mackerel,  however,  seemed  to  have  learned  that 
the  shallow  water  was  the  safest  for  them,  and  would  hug  the  shore  as . 
closely  as  possible,  so  that  in  pursuing  them  many  of  the  squids  became 
stranded  and  perished  by  hundreds,  for  when  they  once  touch  the  shore 
they  begin  to  pump  water  from  their  siphons  with  great  energy,  and 
this  usually  forces  them  farther  and  farther  up  the  beach.  At  such 
times  they  often  dischaigo  their  ink  in  large  quantities.  The  attacks 
on  the  young  mackerel  were  observed  mostly  at  or  near  high-water,  for 
at  other  ti^^es  the  mackerel  were  seldom  seen,  though  the  squires  were 
seen  swimming  about  at  all  hours,  and  these  attacks  were  observed 
both  in  the  day  and  evening.  . 

It  is  probable,  from  various  observations,  that  this  and  other  species 
of  squids  are  mainly  nocturnal  in  their  habits,  or  at  least  are  much  more 
active  in  the  night  than  in  the  day.    Those  that  are  caught  in  the  pounds, 
and  weirs  mostly  enter  in  the  night,  evidently  while  swimming  along  the 
shores  in  "schools.''    They  often  get  aground  on  the  sand-flats  at  Prov- 
incetown,  Mass.,  in  the  night.    On  the  islands  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy, 
even  where  there  are  no  flats,  I  have  often  found  them  in  the  morning, 
I  stranded  on  the  beaches  in  immense  numbers,  especially  when  there  is 
I  a  full  moon,  and  it  is  thought  by  many  of  the  fishermen  that  this  is  be- 
I  cause,  like  many  other  nocturnal  animals,  they  have  the  habit  of  turn- 
ing toward  and  gazing  at  a  bright  light,  and  since  they  swim  backwards^ 
they  get  ashore  on  the  beaches  opposite  the  position  of  the  moon.    Thiy 
habit  is  also  sometimes  taken  advantage  of  by  the  fishermen,  who  cap- 
ture them  for  bait  for  codfish.   They  go  out  in  dark  nights  with  torches 
in  their  boats,  and  by  advancing  slowly  toward  a  beach,  drive  them 
I  ashore.    They  are  taken  in  large  quantities  in  nets  and  pounds,,  and  also 
1  by  means  of  "jigs"  or  groups  of  hooks,  which  are  moved  up  and  down 
in  the  water,  and  to  which  the  squids  cling,  and  are  then  quickly  pulled 
oat  of  the  water.    They  are  also  sometimes  caught  by  fish-hooks,  or  ad- 
I  heriug  to  the  bait  used  ibr  fishes. 

Their  habit  of  discharging  an  inky  fiuid  through  the  siphon,  when 
I  irritated  or  alarmed,  is  well  known.  The  ink  is  said  to  have  caustic 
I  and  irritating  properties. 

This  squid,  like  the  Loligo,  is  eagerly  pursued  by  the  cod  and  many 

I  other  voracious  fishes,  even  when  adult.    Among  its  enemies  while 

young  are  the  full-grown  mackerel,  who  thus  retaliate  for  the  massacre 

of  their  own  young  by  the  squids.    The  specimens  observed  catching 


■>.ia 


i    I 


I  i 


■<t. 


BEPOBT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.     [98] 

yoang  maokerel  were  mostly  8  to  10  inches  long,  and  some  of  them  wen  | 
still  larger. 

This  species,  like  the  common  LoUgOj  has  the  instincts  and  habits  of  | 
a  cannibal,  for  small  squids  of  its  own  species  form  one  of  the  most  com' 
mon  articles  of  its  diet.    From  an  adnlt  female  of  ordinary  sise  (O,  of  our  I 
tables),  caaght  at  Eastport,  Me.,  I  took  a  great  mass  of  fragments  of 
small  squids,  with  which  the  stomach  was  greatly  distended.    These 
fragments  completely  filled  a  vial  having  a  capacity  of  four  fluid  ounces. 

From  the  rapidity  with  which  the  squids  devour  the  fish  that  th«y 

capture,  it  is  evident  that  the  jawc  are  the  principal  organs  used,  and 

that  the  odontopbore  plays  only  a  subordinate  part  in  feeding.    This  i« 

confirmed  by  the  condition  of  the  food  ordinarily  found  in  the  stomach, 

for  both  the  fishes  and  the  shrimp  are  usually  in  firagments  and  shreds 

of  some  size,  and  smaller  creatures,  like  Amphipods,  are  oiten  found 

entire,  or  nearly  so ;  even  the  vertebrte  and  other  bones  of  herring  are 

often  present.    On  the  other  hand,  in  some  specimens,  the  contents  of 

the  stomach  are  finely  divided,  as  if  the  odontopbore  had  been  used  for  [ 

that  purpose. 

Notes  on  the  visceral  anatomy. 

Plate  XIX,  flgnro  1.    Plate  XX,  figure  1. 

This  species,  in  common  with  others  of  the  same  genus,  is  very  differ- 
ent £rom  Loligo  Pealei  in  the  xorm  and  structure  of  many  of  its  internal  I 
organs.   The  branchial  cavity  is  larger  and  the  gills  {g,  g)  originate  farther 
back  and  are  much  larger  than  in  Loligo,  their  length  being  about  two- 
fifths  the  entire  length  of  the  body ;  they  originate  back  nearly  at  the 
middle  of  the  body.    The  liver  ({,  I)  is  niuch  larger  and  more  conspicu- 
ous, consisting  of  two  large,  oblong,  lateral  lobes  or  masses,  closely 
nnited  together  in  the  median  plane,  with  a  groove  along  the  dorsal  side,  I 
in  which  lies  the  oesophagus.     The  ink-bag  (t)  is  elongated-pyriform,! 
wiUi  a  silvery  luster  externally,  but  blackish  when  filled  with  the  ink.! 
The  size  and  form  of  the  stomach  and  its  c<Bcal  lobe  («,  s")  vary  greatly  I 
according  to  their  degree  of  distention  with  food.    When  well  filled  I 
they  are  very  large,  saccular,  and  more  or  less  pyiiform,  the  ooecal  lobe  I 
extending  back  nearly  to  the  end  of  the  body.    The  walls  of  the  stomaoh  I 
are  in  part  thick,  muscular,  and  longitudinally  plicated  within.    The  in-  [ 
testine  (A)  has  two  spatulate  papillae,  one  on  each  side  of  the  anal  oriflcal 

The  heart  (H)  is  large,  somewhat  irregular  and  unsymmetrical,  with  I 
fbur  points,  the  two  lateral  continuous  with  the  afferent  vessels  {bo)  d\ 
the  gills ;  tJie  anterior  passing  into  the  anterior  aorta  {ao) ;  the  poste-T 
rior  median  one,  continuous  with  the  posterior  aorta,  gives  off  first  il 
small  ventral  branch,  which  supplies  the  reproductive  organs,  and  then,! 
later,  a  median  ventral  artery  (o),  going  to  the  mantle;  while  much  £u-[ 
ther  back  it  divides  into  two  branches  (o',  o'),  which  supply  the  sides  ofj 
the  mantle  and  caudal  fin.  The  branchial  amides  (a«)  are  large  and| 
ovate,  with  a  small,  round  capsule  at  the  posterior  end. 

The  anterior  urinary  organs  or  'kidneys'  (r, r)  are  voluminous,  deeply! 


EBIES.     [98]  I  [99]      CEPHAL0P0D8  OF  NOBTHEASTEKN  COAST  OP  AMBBICA. 


of  them  wen 


lobulated  organs,  iutimately  united  together  and  connected  with  the 
veniB  cavie,  and  mostly  situated  below  and  in  front  of  the  heart,  bat 
there  are  two  more  compact  glandular  portions  (r')  extending,  as  asaal, 
backward  along  each  of  the  posterior  vensD  cava  {v&')  in  the  form  of  a 
long  pyriform  gland.  Just  in  front  of  the  bases  of  the  gills,  on  each 
side,  there  is  a  circular  opening  («)  through  the  peritoneal  membrane, 
which  probably  gives  exit  to  the  urinary  excretions. 

The  reproductive  organs  of  the  female,  however,  present  the  greatest 
divergence  firom  Loligo  and  allied  forms.  Instead  of  having  a  single 
large  oviduct  on  the  left  side  only,  and  opening  fiw  forward,  we  find  in 
this  genus  two  small  oviducts  (od),  symmetrically  placed  and  opening 
much  farther  back.  The  ends  are  fSree,  near  the  bases  of  the  gills,  bat 
behind  them,  instead  of  passing  over  tBe  dorsal  sides  of  the  bases  j ,  he 
gUls,  as  in  Loligo  and  other  genera.  The  apertures  of  the  oviducts  ai  e 
simple  elongated  slits.  Moreover,  instead  of  the  large  and  very  con- 
spicuous,  uidamental  glands,  situated  in  front  of  the  heart,  as  ^  t  Loligiif 
we  find  in  Ommastrephes  much  smaller  and  simpler  glands  (xx)^  situate  d 
much  farther  back,  side  bv  nde,  near  the  median  line,  behind  the  heart 

The  ovary  (ov)  is  a  loug,  pyriform,  lobulated  organ ;  its  auteriui  end 
is  attached  to  tl  'K)sterior  end  of  the  stomach,  and  is  divided  mto  sev- 
eral short  lobes,  which  clasp  'the  end  of  the  stomach ;  its  small  posterior 
end  extends  backward  into  the  concavity  of  the  hooded  portion  of  the 
I  pen  {p"). 

The  spermary  or  testicle  of  the  male  (Plate  XIX,  fig.  1,  t)  occu- 
pies the  same  position  as  the  ovary ;  it  is  a  more  compact  organ,  with  a 
smoother  surface,  and  the  anterior  lobes  are  longer  and  narrower  and 
extend  farther  forward  along  the  sides  of  the  stomach.  The  prostate 
I  gland  and  other  male  organs  resemble  those  of  Loligo  (see  Plate  XXIX, 

8. 1,  2). 

It  must  be  borne  iji  mind,  however,  that  none  of  the  specimens  ex- 

I  amined  were  in  their  breeding  season.    Consequently,  the  reproductive 

organs  were  all  much  smaller  and  less  conspicuous  than  they  would 

have  been  in  breeding  individuals.    This  is  particularly  the  case  witJi 

the  ovaries  and  oviducts,  but  the  same  remark  would  also  i^ply  to 

I  the  nidamental  glands,  which  might  assume  a  different  form,  as  wdl  as 

I  much  greater  volume,  at  the  breeding  season. 

The  specimens  dissected  had  all  been  preserved  in  alcohol,  which 
[would  cause  l^ese  organs  to  appear  smaller  than  is  natural. 

Sthenoteuthis  Verrill. 

lOmtiMwtrepkw  (para)  D'Orbigny,  Yoy.  Am6t.  M^rid.,  Moll.  (1835?);  C^phal.  Ac^tab., 

183»-'48. 
iSfkmioteuthis  Yerrili,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  222,  Feb.,  1880;  Amer.  Jonm.  Sd., 

vol.  xiz,  p.  289,  AprU,  1880. 
|0mM(9tlrQ>kM  fiteenstrop,  Ovenigt  K.  Danske  Videnak.  Selsk.  ForluuidL,  1860^  p.  89, 

(aep.  copy,  p.  19,  zeoalved  Ang.,  1880). 

Ibis  group  was  institated  to  inclnde  certain  species  of  aqnida  xamaik- 
lable  for  the  connective  suckers  on  the  tentacular  anns,  for  the  large 


BEPOET   OP  COMMISSIONER   OP   FISH   AND  FISHERIES.     [100] 

size  and  high  developr  ent  of  their  organs  of  locomotion,  especially  of 
the  caudal  fin  and  siphon,  and  for  the  presence  of  a  broad,  thin  web 
along  the  lower  side  of  the  lateral  arms,  outside  the  suckers. 

The  tentacnlar  arms  are,  like  those  of  Architeuthis,  very  long,  slender, 
and  provided  at  the  base  of  the  club  with  smooth-rimmed  connective 
suckers,  alternating  with  rounded  tubercles,  for  the  mutual  adhesion  of 
the  two  arms ;  the  central  part  of  the  club  is,  as  in  ArehiteuthiSj  pro- 
vided with  two  central  rows  of  large  serrated  suckers,  and  a  row  of 
smaller  marginal  ones  on  each  side,  of  different  form,  alternating  with 
them.  The  lateral  arms  have  a  well-developed  median  crest  (most  de- 
veloped on  the  third  pair)  along  the  outer  side ;  on  the  lower  inner 
angle  there  is  a  thin,  membranous  web,  often  more  than  twice  as  wide 
as  the  arm,  along  the  whole  length,  much  more  highly  developed  than 
in  typical  Ommastrephes,  in  which  a  narrow  marginal  membrane  occnri 
On  the  ventral  arms  the  inner  face  is  broader  than  on  the  others,  and 
the  two  rows  of  suckers  are  farther  apart.  The  suckers  on  all  the  sessile 
amis  are  strongly  denticulated  on  the  outer  side  of  the  rim,  with  smaller 
or  obsolete  teeth  on  the  inner  side. 

Gaudal  fin  very  large,  rhomboidal.  Internal  bone  or  pen  similar  to 
that  of  Ommaatrepheaj  decidedly  hooded  at  the  posterior  eod. 

Odontophore  with  seven  rows  of  teeth ;  median  tooth  with  three  large  | 
denticles;  inner  lateral  teeth  with  two  unequal  points ;  two  outer  lat- 
erals simple,  slender.    Eyes  as  in  Ommastrephea. 

This  group  is  related  on  one  side  to  Architeuthis,  on  the  other  to  Om- 
nuutrephea.  The  armature  of  the  tentacular  arms  will  distinguish  it  I 
from  the  latter,  and  the  large  caudal  fin  and  broad  n^pmbrane  of  the 
sessile  arms  from  former.*  The  dentition  of  the  type  is  peculiar,  so 
far  as  known.  In  addition  to  the  typical  species,  this  genus  vfUl  doubt- 
less include  several  species  with  marginal  webs  that  have  hitherto  been 
referred  to  Ommastrephea,  but  they  are  often  too  indefinitely  described! 
and  figured  to  show  the  special  characters  referred  to. 

Among  those  that  belong,  without  much  doubt,  to  this  genus,  in  ad- 1 
dition  to  those  described  below,  are  S.  Oualanienais  (Lesson),  and  8.  pela] 
giciu  (Bo8c),.and  possibly  O.gigas  D'Orb.,  though  the  latter  does  notj 
have  the  wide  lateral  membrane  on  the  arms. 

Sthenoteuthia  megaptera  Yerrill. — (Large  Broad-finned  Squid.) 

ArchiteatMa  megaptera  Yerrill,  Amer.  Joum.  Sci.,  vol.  xvi,  p.  207, 1878. 
Tryon,  Manual  of  Conchology,  vol.  i,  p.  187  (description  copied  from  preced-l 
ing  paper). 

SthmotoutUis  megaptet  a  Verrill,  Trans.  Couu.  Acad.,  voi.  v,  pp.  223, 286,  pi.  21,1 
figs.  1-9,  pi.  27,  fig.  6,  pi.  45,  figs.  5,  5  a,  lfi80-'81 ;  Amer.  Jonm.  Sci.,  voL| 
*    xix,  p.  288,  1880. 

Plate  XVI,  figs,  1-10. 

Although  very  much  larger  and  stouter  than  any  of  the  ordinary! 

squids,  this  species  is  much  smaller  than  the  species  ot  Arehiteuthia,  thel 

*  Aooording  to  the  Htatement  of  Qerrftis,  Arohiteuthit  dux  has  oimilar  membranes. 


■'t   '^ ' 


JIES.     [100]  I  [101]      CEPHALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OP  AMERICA. 

total  length  of  the  body  and  head  being  but  19  inches.  Body  i-olatively 
short  and  thick.  The  caudal  fin  is  remarkably  large  and  broad ;  it  is 
more  than  twice  as  broad  as  long,  and  the  length  is  about  half  that  of 
the  body.  Its  form  is  nearly  rhombic,  with  the  lateral  angles  produced 
and  rounded  and  the  posterior  angle  very  obtuse,  the  posterior  edge 
as  preserved,  being  slightly  concave. 

The  ventral  anterior  edge  of  the  mantle  is  concave  centrally,  with  a 
I  slight  angle  on  either  side,  about  .75  inch  from  the  center.    From  these 
I  angles  it  is  again  concave  to  the  sides.    On  the  dorsal  side  the  edge  ad- 
vances farther  forward  than  beneath,  terminating  in  a  slightly  promi* 
nent  obtuse  angle  in  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  edge.    The  nuchal  crests 
around  the  ear  consist  of  a  slightly  elevated  transverse  ridge,  with  three 
thicker  and  much  more  elevated  laminae,  which  extend  forward,  on  the 
head,  one  in  the  median  line  of  the  eye,  with  one  above  and  one  below 
lit,  the  lower  one  longest  and  least  elevated,  curving  downward  beneath 
[the  head.    The  two  upper  ones  are  broadly  rounded  at  top.    Behind 
Ithe  transverse  fold  there  is  a  deep,  irregularly  crescent-shaped  fosse. 
[The  eye-sockets  are  large,  oblong,  and  furnished  with  distinct  lid-like 
jmargins.    The  eyes  are  large,  prominent,  oblong,  and  naked ;  the  an- 
Iterior  portion  is  &  .vollen  laterally  on  both  sides.    The  short  arms  are 
Itrapezoidal,  the  dorsal  ones  somewhat  (about  1.25  inches)  shorter,  and 
Ismaller  than  the  others,  which  are  nearly  equal  in  length,  the  second 
■pair  being  stouter  than  the  rest  and  a  little  longer.    The  dorsal  arms 
[have  a  slightly  prominent  membrane  along  the  outer  angles ;  the  sub- 
jdorsal  or  upper  lateral  arms  are  narrowed  to  an  acute  edge  oi  crest  on 
the  outer  angle,  but  on  the  inner  angle  have  a  broad,  thin,  marginal 
lembrane  outside  the  suckers.    The  lower  lateral  arms  are  similar  in 
Bize  and  form,  and  also  have  a  very  broad,  lateral,  marginal  membrane 
lext  to  the  suckers,  on  the  lower  side.    The  ventral  arms  are  more 
Blender  and  a  trifle  longer,  and  have  narrower  marginal  membranes, 
le  tentacular  arms  are  slender,  elongated,  expanded  toward  the  tip, 
ind  have  suckers  arranged  much  as  in  the  gigantic  species,  even  to  the 
gmoothedged  suckers  and  opposing  tubercles  proximal  to  the  large 
puckers,  as  I  have  described  thom  in  Arehiteuthis  Harveyi.    The  sucker- 
earing  portion  is  margined  by  a  scalloped  membrane  on  each  side. 
The  small  proximal  suckers  of  the  tentacular  arms  occupy  about  44.5"" 
[1.75  inches)  at  the  commencement  of  the  terminal  club ;  they  are  about 
.5"""  in  diameter,  circular,  regularly  cup-shaped,  with  a  nearly  even, 
temooth  rim;  they  are  raised  on  slender  pedicels.     Alternating  with 
pbese  are  smooth,  rounded  tubercles,  which  are  also  on  pedicels  and 
blightly  larger  than  the  intervening  suckers.    There  are  four  suckers 
pd  four  tubercles  in  the  row  along  the  inner  margin ;  along  the  outer 
aargin  there  are  few^r,  smaller  suckers,  but  without  horny  rings ;  if 
Ihey  originally  had  such  rings  they  were  probably  smaller  than  the 
khero.    The  large  suckers  (Plate  XVI,  fig.  9)  forming  the  two  central 

_  DW8  oii  the  terminal  club  are  furnished  with  a  somewhat  oblique  dark 
lor  membranes. 


'■^'m 


m 


m 


REPORT   OP  COMMISSIONER   OP  PISH  AND   PISHERIES.     [102] 

brown  ring,  very  strongly  and  sharply  toothed  aroand  the  outer  portion 
of  the  edge,  and  usually  with  one  tooth  larger  and  longer  than  the  rest 
on  the  middle  of  the  outer  margin ;  inner  margin  with  much  smaller,  | 
very  acute  teeth,  of  unequal  size.    The  teeth  are  gold-colored  at  tip. 

Larger  suckers  of  the  sessile  arms  are  very  oblique,  with  the  rim  | 
strong,  dark  brown,  bearing  large,  strong,  sharp,  much  incurved,  un 
equal  teeth  on  the  outer  side  of  the  rim ;  the  inner  margin  is  entire. 
The  ventral  arms  bear  about  44  similar  suckers,  exclusive  of  the  minute 
ones  close  to  the  end ;  the  largest  ones  are  situated  beyond  the  middle  | 
of  the  arm.  The  lateral  ar^ls  bear  about  the  same  number  of  large 
suckers,  with  numerous  minute  ones  at  the  tip.  The  dorsal  arms  bear,  { 
each,  about  30  suckers,  exclusive  of  the  small  terminal  ones. 

The  22d  sucker  of  the  left  ventral  arm  (Plate  XVI,  figs.  8,  8  a)  has  a  | 
strong,  somewhat  elliptical  rim,  with  seven  strong  and  very  acute  in- 
curved teeth  on  the  outer  side,  and  with  the  opposite  margin  on  the  in- 
ner side  smooth  for  more  than  a  third  of  the  circumference.   The  median  I 
tooth  on  the  outer  margin  is  decidedly  larger  and  longer  than  the  others, , 
and  abruptly  bent  inward  above  its  base.    It  is  elongated  and  gradually 
tapered  to  the  very  acute  tip,  but  thick  and  channeled  externally  at  its  | 
base.    To  the  right  and  left  of  this  are  three  similar,  but  smaller,  un 
equal  teeth,  all  strongly  curved  inward  toward  the  inner  margin,  but  not  I 
convergent  to  the  center.    Of  these,  the  second  from  the  central  tooth, 
on  each  side,  is  the  largest,  and  the  third  is  the  smallest.    Between  the 
latter  and  the  smooth  inner  edge  there  is  a  small  rounded  lobe,  or  blunt} 
tooth.    Peduncle  broad  toward  the  rim,  tapering  rapidly  to  the  slender  I 
baee.    Outer  sides  of  rim  much  higher  than  inner.    Greater  diameter, 
10"";  lesser,  7""";  greater  interior  diameter,  7""";  total  height,  13°™  ;| 
longest  tooth,  2.6""". 

The  exposed  portion  of  the  upper  mandible  is  black;  the  point  is  I 
strongly  curved,  acute,  with  a  smooth  cutting  edge,  separated  from  the 
inner  lobe  by  a  deep,  acute  notch;  inner  lobe  or  edge  of  alse  thin,! 
broadly  rounded,  with  a  slightly  rounded,  uneven  edge.  Length  ofl 
mandible,  29""";  distance  from  bottom  of  notch  to  tip,  10"";  internal  | 
breadth  between  lobes,  8"". 

The  lining  membrane  of  the  palate  (Plate  XYI,  fig.  2)  is  pale,  trans- 1 
lucent,  covered  with  rather  large,  whitish,  translucent  teeth,  variable! 
in  fbrm  and  size,  but  mostly  rather  broad  at  base  r^nd  tapering  to  an  I 
obtuse  tip;  some  are  more  slender  and  acute.  Ifo  granules  were  de-| 
teoted  on  the  membrane. 

The  odontophore  (Plate  XYI,  figs.  3-7)  was  too  much  injured  to  shovl 
its  general  form,  but  it  appeared  to  resemble  that  of  A.  Rarveyi.  The! 
lateral  membrane  was  broad  in  the  middle,  translucent,  white.  Nol 
plates  outside  the  lateral  teeth  could  be  detected.  The  teeth  all  havel 
slender,  acute  tips.  The  median  teeth  have  three  points  of  nearly  equall 
length ;  the  inner  lateral  ones  have  two  points,  the  outer  one  sotnewhatl 
shorter  and  smaller  than  the  other;  the  two  outer  lateral  teeth  are  8im[ 


BBIES.     [102]  I     [103]      CEPHALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OP  AMERICA. 


e  outer  portion 
r  than  the  rest 
much  smaller, 
lored  at  tip. 
,  with  the  rim  I 
I  incurved,  un- 
argin  is  entire, 
e  of  the  minute 
ond  the  middle 
amber  of  large! 
»rsal  arms  bear, 
tnes. 

gs.  8,  8a)  has  a  I 
L  Tory  acute  in- 
irgin  on  the  in- 
je.   The  median 
than  the  others,  I 
4  and  gradually 
Bxternally  at  its  | 
but  smaller,  un 
margin,  but  not  I 
le  central  tooth,  I 
t.    Between  the 
pd  lobe,  or  blunt 
y  to  the  slender 
I'eater  diameter, 
height,  13°»;| 


^)  is  pale,  trans- 1 

teeth,  variablel 

I  tapering  to  an 

mules  were  de- 


ple,  long,  acute,  the  outermost  rather  narrower  at  base  and  somewhat 
longer. 

Total  length,  lOO""  (43  inches);  length  of  body  and  head,  48.2«»»  (1» 
inches) ;  length  of  body  fix)m  dorsal  edge  of  manUe,  35.56°™  (14  inches) ; 
from  ventral  edge,  33.16<""  (13  inches);  of  head  from  edge  of  mantle  to 

Meaauremmta  of  Sthenoteuthis  megaptera  and  8.  pteroput  (in  inches). 


Length,  tip  of  tail  to  end  of  doraal  arms 

Length,  tip  of  tail  to  end  of  third  pair 

Length  to  end  of  tentaoolar  arms 

Length  tobaaeof  arms 

From  base  of  arms  to  mantle. 

Tip  of  tail  to  edge  of  mantle  (above)  

Tip  of  tall  to  edge  of  mantle  (below) 

Tip  of  tail  to  center  of  eye , 

Length  of  caudal  fln  (tip  to  insertion) 

BreMlth  of  candal  tin 

Breadth  between  lateral  insertions 

End  of  body  to  outer  angle  of  fin , 

Front  edge  of  Bn,  from  outer  angle  to  insertion  . 

Circumforento  of  body , 

Breadth  of  bcly , 

Breadth  of  head 

Diameter  of  eye-opening  (longitudinal) 

Diameter  of  eye-opening  (transverse) 

Length  of  tentaouiar  arms 

Length  of  dorsal  arms  (first  pair) 

Length  of  snlidorsal  arms  (second  pair) 

Length  of  subveutral  arms  (third  pair) 

Length  of  ventral  arms  ( fourth  pair) 

Breadth  of  first  pair  of  arms  at  base 

Breadth  of  second  pair  of  arms 

Breadth  of  third  pair  of  arms 

Breadth  of  fourth  pair  of  arms 

Breedthof  tentacular  arms 

Breadth  df  terminal  club  of  same 

Length  of  siphon  iu  mid<Ue 

Breadth  of  siphon  at  bise 

Breadth  of  aperture  of  siphon 


UETAIU  OP  TBNTACULAB  ABMB. 


Length  of  '  club, '  or  expanded  part 

Length  of  part  bearing  large  suckers 

Length  of  'wrist,'  bearing  smaller  suckers . 

Length  of  tip,  with  small  suckers 

Breadth  of  'club' in  middle  J 

Breadth  of  middle  of  arm 


DETAILS  OF  BUCKKRS. 

Diameter  of  largest  suckers  of  t«ntacular  arms  . 

Diameter  of  rims  of  same 

Diameter  of  largest  suckers  of  dorsal  arms 

Diameter  of  rims  of  same 

Diameter  of  largest  suckers  of  second  pair 

Diameter  of  rims  of  same 

Diameter  of  largest  suckers  of  tliird  pair 

Diameter  of  rims  of  same 

Diameter  of  largest  suckers  on  ventral  arms 

Diameter  of  rims  of  same 


JAWS. 


Upper  mandlblo,  total  length 

Upper  mandible,  tip  of  beak  to  bottom  of  notch 

Upper  mandible,  tip  to  dorsal  edge  of  ftnntal  lamina 

Upper  mandible,  breadth  between  anterior  lobes  of  alas. 

Upper  mandible,  breadth  of  palatine 

Lower  mandible,  total  length 

Lower  mandible,  depth,  end  of  alas  to  montnm 

Lower  mandible,  beak  to  notch 


25.5 


43 
19 
5 
14 
13 


e 

13.5 

3.33 

7 

6.5 
12.6 

5 

4 

L25 
.75 
24 

6.5 

8 

&5 

8 
.75 

L12 

1.00 

LOO 

.88-.  60 

.75 


6.5 
3.25 
L26 
L60 
.76 
.60 


.40 


.310 


L16 
.40 


27.5 
29.5 


20.5 

6.26 

14.75 

14.5 

1&6 

6.75 

1L25 

2" 

7.25 
6.5 
U.6 
4.76 
8  + 
1.75 
L26 


7.26 

8.75 

9.25 

9.26 

.76 

.80 

.90 

.90 

.40-.  76 


2.6 
.2 
.1 


.28 
.20 
.40 
.28 
.32 
.24 
.30 
.23 


1.68 
.40 

L32 
.32 
.84 

Lie 

L12 
.44 


L25 
.34 
.98 
.25 
.70 
.91 
.87 
.81 


1 J 

*•  !? 

:!      , 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.     [104]   ■    T 

base  of  arms,  12.7«™  (5  inches);  length  of  long  tentacular  arms,  65.8'='" 
and  60.9'='"  (22  and  24  inches)  respectively ;  of  first  (dorsal)  pair  of  arms, 
ICS""  (6.5  inches);  of  second  pair,  20.3«">  (8  inches);  of  third  pair, 
21.6'="»  (8.5  inches) ;  of  fourth  pair,  20.3""'  (8  inches) ;  length  of  caudal  fin, 
15.24""'  (6  inches);  breadth,  34.3""'  (13.5  inches);  transverse  distance 
between  insertions  of  caudal  fins,  5.9""'  (2.33  inches) ;  breadth  across 
body  in  middle,  l^.T""  (5  inches) ;  circumference  of  body,  31.7""'  (12.5 
inches);  length  of  eye-opening,  3.2""';  its  breadth,  1.9"™;  length  of 
sucker-bearing  portion  of  tentacular  arms,  16.5""'  (6.5  inches);  of  por- 
tion bearing  large  suckers,  8.25""'  (3.25  inches);  breadth,  1.9""*  (.75  inch); 
length  of  terminal  portion,  3.8"™  (1.5  inches);  diameter  of  naked  or  pe- 
duncular portion,  .8"™  to  1.25"™  j  breadth  of  dorsal  arms  at  base,  1.9"'°; 
of  second  pair,  2.57"™;  of  third  pair,  2.54"™;  of  fourth  pair,  2.54"""; 
diameter  of  largest  tentacular  suckers,  9™""  to  10™™ ;  of  t'heir  rims,  7™"  I 
to  8™™ ;  diameter  of  largest  suckers  of  ventral  arms,  10"""  (.40  inch);  of 
their  rims,  7'"™  to  8'"'". 

Color,  in  alcohol,  reddish  or  purplish  brown,  specked  with  darker  | 
brown  on  the  iorsal  surface  of  the  body ;  upper  side  of  head  and  outer 
sides  of  arms  thickly  covered  with  specks  of  purplish  brown;  inner 
surfaces  paler,  much  as  in  the  common  small  squids ;  sides  yellowish 
brown;  under  surfaces  yellowish  brown,  tinged  with  purplish. 

The  original  specimen  was  cast  ashore  during  a  severe  gale  near  Cape  j 
Sable,  Nova  Scotia,  several  years  ago,  and  was  secured  for  the  Pro- 
vincial Museum  at  Halifax,  by  J.  Matthew  Jones,  esq.    It  is  preserved  | 
entire  in  alcohol  and  is  still  in  good  condition. 

I  also  refer  to  this  species  an  entire  beak  with  the  odontophore,  pre- 
sented by  Capt.  George  A.  Johnson  and  crew  of  the  schooner  "  A.  H.  I 
Johnson."    It  was  taken  at  Sable  Island  Bank,  Nova  Scotia,  in  28O-3O0 
fathoms,  September,  1878.     This  beak  (Plate  XVII,  fig.  2)  has  the 
exposed  parts  black,  the  internal  laminiB  reddish  brown.    The  upper 
mandible  is  sharp  and  strongly  incurved,  with  a  small  narrow  notch  at 
its  base,  irom  which  runs  a  raised  lateral  line ;  beyond  the  notch  the 
anterior  edge  of  the  ala  is  convex  and  slightly  uneven.    The  lower! 
mandible  has  a  small  not<;h  below  the  incurved  tip ;  below  this  the  cut- 
ting edge  is  slightly  concave  to  the  basal  notch,  which  is  narrow  on  the 
right  side,  but  broader  and  V-shaped  on  the  left;  beyond  the  notch  the 
alar  tooth  is  narrow,  prominent,  and  truncate  on  the  right,  but  broader 
and  blunt  on  the  left.    Opposite  the  notch  and  tooth  the  side  of  the 
beak  is  strongly  excavated.    Total  length  of  upper  mandible,  31™""; 
hight,  palatine  to  frontal,  24™™;  tip  to  bottom  of  notch,  8.5™™;  tip  to 
dorsiU  edge  of  frontal  lamiuee,  24.5™™;  breadth  between  anterior  lobes  I 
of  alsB,  6.2™™ ;  breadth  of  palatine,  17.5™™.    Total  length  of  lower  manf 
dible,  23™™;  hight,  mentum  to  inner  end  of  alse,  22™™;  tip  to  notch,] 
7.8™™ ;  tip  to  end  of  mentum,  8.2™™ ;  tip  to  dorsal  end  of  gular,  16™' 
transverse  breadth  at  alai'  teeth,  7™™. 

The  odontophore  is  similar  to  that  of  the  typical  8.  tnegaptera,  but  thel 


m 


IIES.     [104]  ■    [105]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


•  arms,  SS.S""" 
I  pair  of  arms, 
9f  third  pair, 
I  of  caudal  fin, 
erse  distance 
readth  across 
y,  31.7""*  (12.5 
!">.  length  of 
ches);  of  por- 
.O""  (.75  inch); 
f  naked  or  pe- 
at base,  l.O""" ; 
L  pair,  2.54«'»; 
tVelr  rims,  7™" 
'"  (.40  inch) ;  of 

d  with  darker 
tiead  and  outer 
brown;  inner 
ddiBS  yellowish 
fplish. 
gale  near  Cape 
,d  for  the  Pro 
It  is  preserved  | 

mtophore,  pre- 
thooner  "  A.  H. 
»tia,  in  2.80-300 1 
ig.  2)  has  the 
n.    The  upper 
[arrow  notch  at 
the  notch  the 
in.    The  lower 
fw  this  the  cut- 
narrow  on  the 
the  notch  the 
it,  but  broader 
he  side  of  the 
,ndible,  31"""; 
,8.5""";  tipt« 
anterior  lobes 
of  lower  man- 
tip  to  notch,! 
[f  gular,  16«"»; 

ttera,  but  the 


lateral  denticles  of  the  median  and  inner  lateral  teeth  are  relatively 
shorter,  and  these,  with  some  other  di£ferences,  render  it  doubtful 
whether  this  beak  actually  belongs  to  that  species.  The  odontophore  is 
4"""  broad ;  the  teeth  are  all  sharp,  rather  slender,  pointed,  and  pale 
amber-color.  A  slight,  smoothish,  marginal  ridge  borders  the  dentiger- 
ous  zone  on  each  side,  but  is  scarcely  divided  into  distinct  plates.  The 
median  teeth  have  three  shari),  rather  slender  denticles,  the  median 
about  a  third  longer  than  the  lateral ;  the  inner  lateral  teeth  have  a  < 
long  point,  with  the  acute  outer  denticle  much  shorter ;  the  teeth  of 
both  outer  rows  are  long,  considerably  incurved,  acute,  the  outer  ones 
the  more  slender. 

Several  additional  specimens  of  this  species  have  recently  been  re- 
ceived. The  most  important  of  these  consists  of  the  tentacular  club 
and  the  pharynx,  with  the  jaws  and  odontophore  complete  (Plate  XVII, 
fig.  1).  These  are  from  a  specimen  of  which  the  head  and  arms  were 
found  in  the  mouth  of  a  codfish  on  the  eastern  part  of  Oeorge's  Bank, 
by  Manuel  D.  Mitchel,  and  were  by  him  presented  to  the  United  States 
Fish  Commission.  The  portions  of  the  specimen  not  saved  were  used  as 
bait  for  cod.    The  arms  were  described  as  18  inches  long. 

The  part  of  the  tentacular  club  in  my  possession,  which  does  not  in- 
[  elude  the  proximal  portion,  is  175™™  long,  17™™  broad  in  the  middle ; 
the  distal  portion,  beyond  the  large  suckers,  is  62™™  long ;  breadth  of  its 
sucker-bearing  face,  8™™ ;  fiN)m  front  to  back,  including  width  of  dorsal 
i  keel,  but  not  the  suckers,  18™™ ;  diameter  of  largest  suckers,  12™™ ;  of 
horny  rings,  11™™ ;  of  aperture,  8™™';  hight  of  homy  ring,  outer  side, 
including  teeth,  6.5™™ ;  length  of  pedicels,  5™™ ;  distance  between  pedi- 
cels, 15™™.    The  large  suckers  agree  very  well  with  those  described  and 
figured  from  the  type-specimen  (Plate  XVI,  fig.  9);  this  portion  of 
the  club  had  nine  of  these  large  suckers  in  each  row ;  their  pedicels 
arise  from  the  middle  of  deep  squarish  depressions,  between  which  run 
thick  transverse  ridges,  which  bear  the  smaller  marginal  suckers  to- 
ward their  outer  ends,  and  then  support  the  marginal  membrane.    A 
part  of  the  large  suckers  have  retained  their  homy  rings,  but  all  the 
marginal  and  sn<u..  distal  suckers  have  lost  them.    The  homy  rings 
I  of  the  large  suckers  (fig.  10)  are  oblique,  much  higher  on  the  outer 
I  than  on  the  inner  side;  the  edge  bears  about  28  sharp,  incurved,  well- 
separated,  unequal  teeth;  of  these  the  largest  is  at  the  middle  of  the 
louter  edge ;  another  smaller  one,  but  larger  than  its  fellows,  is  at  the 
I  middle  of  the  iimer  edge ;  two  others,  in  size  similar  to  the  last,  occupy 
Ithe  middle  of  the  lateral  edges ;  thus  the  edge  is  divided  into  four  equal 
Iparta  by  the  four  larger  teeth,  between  which  there  are  five  or  six 
Ismaller,  very  acute  teeth,  separated  by  spaces   greater  than  their 
Ibreadth.    The  homy  rings  are  amber-broken,  the  teeth  are  golden  ye^- 
llow  at  tip.    The  distal  portion  of  the  club  is  compressed,  with  the  face 
Inarrow  and  tapering,  but  with  an  elevated  dorsal  keel ;  it  bears  four 
Icrowded  rows  of  small,  pediceled  suckers,  the  two  rows  on  one  side  of 
Ithe  median  line 'being  composed  of  very  much  smaller  suckers  than  the 


mi 


i 


{■  4rfl 


V.  ;J- 


BEPOBT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.     [106] 

other  two.    At  the  very  tip  of  the  club  there  is  a  round  cluster  of  small,  I 
smooth  suckers,  as  in  Arehiteuthia.    The  buccal  mass  is  52*°"  in  lengtli  ( 
and  42"""  in  diameter.    A  thick  buccal  membrane,  covered  with  low,  ir- 
regular vermcte,  surrounds  the  jaws.    The  jaws  are  sharp  and  strong;  I 
their  exposed  portions  are  black,  the  alae  reddish  brown.    The  beak  of 
the  upper  jaw  is  long,  strongly  incurved,  acute,  its  cutting  edge  regu 
larly  curved,  with  a  deep  notch  at  its  base,  from  which  a  well-deflned 
groove  runs  downward.    The  lower  jaw  is  sharp,  its  cutting  edge  is 
most  concave  near  the  tip,  below  which  it  is  nearly  straight;  sides 
covered  with  fine  radiating  lines )  basal  notch  broad,  shallow,  angular;  I 
beyond  the  notch  there  is  a  broad,  low,  angular  tooth.    The  surface  of  I 
the  fleshy  palate  is  covered  with  low,  rounded  verructe.    The  odontol 
phore  is  broad,  with  shari>,  pale  amber-colored  teeth,  which  agree  well  I 
with  those  of  the  original  specimen  (Plate  XYI,  figs.  3-7);  outside  I 
of  the  lateral  teeth  there  is  a  narrow,  raised,  chitinous  ridge,  apparently! 
not  divisible  into  plates. 

Another  specimen,  consisting  of  the  buccal  mass  and  jaws,  but  with- 1 
out  the  odontophore,  was  presented  to  the  United  States  Pish  Comnus  [ 
sion  (lot  797)  by  Gapt.  Gharles  Anderson  and  crew  of  the  schoonerj 
"  Alice  G.  Wunson,"  of  Gloucester,  Mass. 

The  jaws  of  this  were  slightly  larger  than  in  the  one  just  described,! 
They  agree  well  in  nearly  every  respeet,  but  the  notch  at  the  base  ofl 
the  lower  mandible  ?8  narrower  and  the  tooth  beyond  it  broad  and| 

rounded. 

Measurements  of  jaws  {in  iMllimeters). 


Number  of  lot. 


Upper  Jaw,  ttp  to  bottom  of  notch . . . 

TnuiSTerse  breadth,  at  notches 

Tip  to  end  of  frontal  Lunina 

Lowerjaw,  tip  to  bottom  of  notch  .. 

Tiptonotchofmentam 

Tip  to  ventral  end  of  gnlar  lamina . . 
Hentum  to  inner  end  of  lateral  ala> . 

Breadth  of  lateral  alie.... 

Breadth  of  odontophore,  across  face  . 


810. 


12 

13 

0 

10 

88 

41 

11 

13 

11 

U 

25 

81 

38 

16 

15 

5.5 

797. 


The  fifth  specimen,  received  in  lot  879,  October,  1880,  consists  of  tw«| 
of  the  sessile  arms,  but  the  suckers  have  lost  their  homy  rings,  so  tha 
the  identification  cannot  be  very  positive.  Tbe  largest  arm,  which  u| 
not  quite  entire,  is  255"""  long,  and  23"'"»  in  diameter  at  the  larger  end 
It  was  taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  cod,  on  the  Grand  Banks,  and  prfr| 
sented  to  the  United  States  Fish  Commission  by  the  captain  and  crev 
of  the  schooner  "Otis  P.  Lord." 

Specimens  examined. 


Lot. 


810 
797 
879 


Locality. 


Fathoms. 


-- 


Cape  Sable,  N.S... 
Sable  IsUnd  Bank. 
George's  Bank  — 
East  slope  G.'sB.. 
Grand  Banks 


Beach 

280-300 

Cod  stomach. 

....do 

....do  ....... 


When  re- 
oeiveH. 


Name  of  yessel, 


Sept.,  1878 
Aag.,  1880 
Aug.,  1880 
Oct.,  1880 


A.  H.  Johnson. 

Sultana 

AIG.Wnnson. 
Otis  P.  Lord... 


Keceived  from. 


Halifax  Mns'm 
tr.  8.  Pish  Com. 

....do 

....do 

. . .  .do  ....... 


Specimens. 


1,  entire. 
I,jaw8,&c. 
1,  jawv  and  ami 
l,Jaw8. 
l.utna. 


riOGlB     t^^^]     CEPHXLOPODS   op   northeastern  coast  op  AMERICA. 


nster  of  small, 
52°""  iu  length  | 
d  with  low,  ir- 
rp  and  strong;! 
.    The  beak  of 
ing  edgeregu' 
a  well-defined  I 
attlng  edge  is 
straight;  sides 
dlow,  angular;! 
The  surface  of  | 
.    The  odonto- 
hich  agree  well  I 
.  3-7);  outside  I 
4ge,  apparently 

jaws,  but  with- 
8  Pish  Commis  [ 
)f  the  schoonerj 

>  just  described,! 

at  the  baseofj 

id  it  broad  and! 


810. 

797. 

12 

13 

9 

10 

88 

41 

11 

U 



11 

14 
25 

SI 

38 

16 
5.5 

15 

consists  of  two| 

|y  rings,  so  tha 

arm,  which  H 

1  the  larger  eud 

^anks,  and  prfr| 

Lptain  and  crei 


I'm 


Speclmeua. 


1,  entire. 

l,j»W8,&C. 

1,  Jam  and  unl 

l,3»w». 
l,uina. 


Bthenoteuthls  pteropus  Yerrill. 

Omnuutrephea  pteropu$1  Steenstrup  (MSS.,  1856). 
Tiyon,  Man.  Conch.,  i,  p.  179  (no  description). 
Sthenoteuthit  pteropus  Yerrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  228,  pi.  27,  fig. 

7,  la,  pi.  36,  ligs.  5-9,  Fob.,  1880;  Amer.  Jonm.  Sci.,  vol.  xix,  p.  289,  Apr., 

1880. 
OmmaUntrephea  pteroptu  Steenstrup,  Oversigt  K.  Danske  Yidensk.  Selsk.  For- 

handl.,  1880  (received  Aug.),  pp.  76-81,  fig.  7,  p.  79,  fig.  2,  p.  81  (details). 

jrlate  VII,  figure  2.   Plate  XYII,  figures  3-9. 

A  large  squid,  74.8°™  (29.5  inches)  long  from  tail  to  tip  of  longest  sessile 
arms,  similar  in  size  and  form  to  the  preceding,  and  closely  allied  to  it^ 
has  been  sent  to  me  by  Mr.  G.  Brown  Goode,  who  obtained  it  at  Ber- 
muda.   It  is  probably  the  Ommatoatrephes  pteropus  of  Steenstrup. 

The  body  is  stout,  acuminate  posteriorly;  the  anterior  border  of  the 
mantle,  beneath,  is  even,  and  not  distinctly  emarginate  in  the  middle. 

The  caudal  fin  is  large,  broad,  transversely  rhomboidal,  but  neither 
so  broad  nor  so  large  proportionally  as  in  8.  megaptera.  The  siphon  is 
very  large  and  broad  (63"""  long  by  50"""  broad),  with  a  large  aperture, 
25mm  vnde.  The  eyeballs  are  very  large,  elongated,  me.^uring,  although 
somewhat  collapsed,  about  42°'"'  long  by  31'""'  broad.  The  eye-openings^ 
as  distended,  are  large,  oblong,  elliptical,  with  a  broad  sinus  and  slightly 
thickened  edges. 

The  arms  are  stout  and  rather  long,  the  third  and  ventral  pairs  being 
nearly  equal  in  length;  those  of  the  second  pair  are  about  12.5"'"'  shorter 
than  those  of  the  third ;  the  dorsal  ones  about  63'""'  shorter  than  those 
of  the  second ;  the  dorsal  arms  are  18.4°"'  long,  trapezoidal  in  form, 
the  outer  face  convex  and  about  1.9°"'  broad ;  the  lateral  and  inner  faises, 
1.2°"';  along  the  inner  angles  there  is  a  narrow  membrane,  outside 
the  suckers  (fig.  7,  a).  Those  of  the  second  pair  are  24.7°"'  in  length; 
their  transverse  breadth  is  about  2°"';  from  inner  face  to  outer  angle, 
1.9°"';  along  the  outer  angle,  in  these,  is  a  thick,  acute-edged  crest, 
widest  in  the  middle  of  the  arm;  along  the  lower  inner  angle,  outside 
the  suckers,  there  is  a  broad  and  very  thin  membrane,  2.5°"'  or  more  in 
width  (fig.  7,  5) ;  along  the  upper  inner  angle  is  a  similar  membrane, 
about  .e*™  wide. 

The  arms  of  the  third  pair  are  26°'"  long  (31°"  from  center  of  eye  to 
tip  of  arms) ;  they  are  compressed,  2.25°"'  broad  at  base ;  on  the  outer 
angle,  along  the  middle,  there  is  a  very  prominent  crest  (fig.  7,  c),  so 
that,  in  this  part,  the  distance  from  inner  face  to  outer  angle  is  4°"' ; 
along  the  lower  inner  angle  there  is  a  very  broad,  thin,  delicate  web, 
where  widest  at  least  5°'"  to  7°"'  (2  to  2.75  inches)  wide;  it  is  consider- 
ably torn  and  may  have  been  still  wider ;  it  is  widest  beyond  the  middle 
of  the  arm;  on  the  upper  inner  angle  the  corresponding  membrane  is 
about  0.6°™  wide  (fig.  7,  c).  li-ansverse,  thick,  fleshy  ridges  run  out 
from  between  the  suckers  a  short  distance  on  these  membranes,  and  then 
&de  out.    The  ventral  arms  are  2.25°"'  broad  at  base  and  tsapezoidal ; 


Wt 


.;l)'  f 


REPORT   OF  COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.      [108] 

they  have  a  smaller  crest  along  the  outer  angle,  and  a  narrow  membrane 
along  each  inner  angle. 

All  the  nessile  arms  bear  similar  suckers  (Plate  XVII,  figs.  8,  «t-o),  all 
of  which  are  provided  with  7  to  13  large,  very  acute,  incurved  teet^  on 
the  outer  margin  of  the  very  oblique  homy  rings,  and  with  much  smaller, 
sometimes  rudimentary  ones  on  the  inner  margin,  much  as  in  8.  megaptera. 
The  largest  of  all  the  suckers  are  near  the  middle  of  the  second  pair  of 
lateral  arms,  from  the  sixth  to  the  sixteenth,  and  especially  from  the 
ninth  to  the  fourteenth;  the  diameter  of  the  ninth  is  lO*^,  the  edge  of 
its  rim  8^^.  On  the  dorsal  arms  the  eighth  to  the  thirteenth  are  the 
largest ;  the  diameter  of  the  ninth  is  T"";  edge  of  homy  rim,  5""".  On 
the  third  pair  the  eighth  to  the  fourteenth  are  largest;  the  diameter 
of  the  tenth  is  8°"",  its  rim  e""™'  On  the  ventral  arms  the  fourteenth 
to  the  twentieth  are  largest;  the  diameter  of  the  flfteenth  is  7.5°"»,  its 
rim  5.5'°°>.  On  the  ventral  arms  the  rows  of  suckers  are  more  separated 
than  on  the  other  arms,  their  inner  faces  being  wider.  On  the  lateral 
arms,  toward  the  base,  the  two  rows  are  nearer  together,  while  the  suck- 
ers of  each  row  are  distant,  so  that  they  almost  form  one  irregular  row 
at  first.  The  suckers  are  all  very  oblique,  with  the  homy  rims  very  low 
or  narrow  in  front,  and  very  high  on  the  outer  side ;  these  rings  are  dark 
brown,  but  the  teeth  have  a  golden  luster. 

The  thick  fleshy  margin  (fig.  9),  outside  the  denticulated  edge  of  the 
homy  ring,  is  completely  covered  all  around  by  a  series  of  thin,  bracket- 
8hai)ed,  horny  plates,  light  brown  in  color,  arranged  radially  and  movable 
with  the  membrane  to  which  they  are  attached  for  the  most  of  their 
length;  both  the  outer  and  the  inner  ends  are  free  and  turned  upward, 
like  a  small  tooth  or  denticle;  those  of  the  inner  end  are  mostly  acute, 
and  form^  circle  of  minute  movable  denticles,  nearly  in  line  with  the 
large  teeth  of  the  homy  ring,  five  to  ten  occupying  the  intervals  between 
the  large  teeth  of  the  largest  suckers;  those  plates  that  stand  opposite 
the  teeth  of  the  ho  ny  ring  are  shorter  than  the  others,  and  often  broader, 
and  have  no  dentiv  le  on  the  flat  or  npcurved  inner  ends,  which  fit  to  the 
form  of  the  base  of  the  tooth  in  front  of  them ;  the  outer  ends  are  abruptly 
bent  upward  and  often  inward,  forming  a  denticle  or  flattened  hood,  usu- 
ally rounded  at  the  end.  These  marginal  plates  vary  greatly  in  width 
and  form,  even  on  the  same  sucker,  accoiAing  to  position,  and  small, 
imperfectly  developed,  wedge-shaped  ones  are  interpolated  between  the 
larger  ones,  around  the  periphery. 

One  of  the  largest  suckers,  the  twelfth  of  the  second  pair  of  arms 
(fig.  8,  bf  &'),  has  22  teeth  on  the  horny  ring;  of  these  five  are  small,  but 
sharp,  on  the  middle  of  the  inner  border;  nine,  on  the  outer  border,  are 
largest;  and  four,  on  each  side,  are  intermediate  in  size.  The  median 
tooth  on  the  outer  margin  is  largest,  and  the  one  next  to  it,  on  each  side, 
is  a  little  smaller  than  the  second  one  from  it.  The  thirteenth  sucker 
of  the  ventral  arms  has,  on  its  ring,  eighteen  denticles ;  of  these  nine 
are  very  large,  with  the  median  more  decidedly  the  largest,  and  the  one 


58.      [108] 
r  membrane 

J.  8,  or-o),  all 
red  teeth  on 
ach  smaller, 
S.megaptera. 
cond  pair  of 
lly  from  the 
,  the  edge  of 
enth  are  the 
m,  S""".    On 
the  diameter 
e  fourteenth 
I  is  7.5°»°»,  its 
jre  separated 
)n  the  lateral 
bile  the  suck- 
irregular  row 
rims  very  low 
rings  are  dark. 

d  edge  of  the 
thin,  bracket- 
and  movable 
most  of  their 
led  upward, 
mostly  acute, 
line  with  the 
als  between 
tand  opposite 
►ften  broader, 
Ihioh  fit  to  the 
are  abruptly 
led  hood,  usu- 
>atly  in  width 
|n,  and  small, 
between  the 

I  pair  of  arms 
re  small,  bnt 

tsr  border,  are 
The  median 

I  on  each  side, 
eenth  sucker 
rf  these  nine 

I,  and  the  one 


[109]     CEPHALOPODS  OP   NOBTHEASTBBN  COAST   OP  AMEBICA. 

on  each  side  of  it  is  shorter  as  compared  with  the  next;  six,  on  the  inner 
margin,  are  minute,  and  these  are  connected  with  the  larger  series  by 
one  or  two  somewhat  larger  ones  at  each  end  of  the  inner  border. 

The  stumps  of  the  tentacular  arms  are  flattened,  oval,  and  smooth, 
measuring  about  10"""  by  18"""  near  the  base;  their  length  is  about  28"" 
(11  inches),  which  is  doubtless  less  than  half  their  original  length. 

According  to  Steenstrnp  (op.  ult.  cit.,  p.  81,  fig.  2),  there  are,  in  his 
example,  a  few  connective  suckers  and  f^ubercles  on  the  proximal  part  of 
the  club. 

The  siphon  is  very  large  and  lodged  in  a  broad  groove  in  the  lower  side 
of  the  head ;  the  anterior  part  of  this  groove,  which  is  separated  from 
the  rest  by  a  transverse  fold  of  the  skin,  is  covered  by  about  twelve  nar* 
row,  longitudinal  ridges,  separated  by  strong  longitudinal  ftirrows;  an 
additional  outer  ridge,  on  each  side,  is  separated  fh>m  the  others  by  a 
wider  interval;  several  of  these  ridges  and  fiirrows  extend  backward 
beyond  the  transverse  fold.  The  dorsal  side  of  the  siphon  is  strength- 
ened by  a  thick,  longitudinal,  muscular  band,  which  becomes  free  from 
the  siphon  farther  back,  and  is  united  to  the  head  by  a  small  median 
connective  strap;  either  side  of  this  are  the  two  broad  connective  bridles, 
and  at  the  sides  of  the  siphon,  near  the  ears,  on  each  side,  is  a  broad 
lateral  connection  between  the  mantle  and  head,  with  a  large  aquiferous 
opening  beneath  it. 

The  exposed  parts  of  the  jaws  (Plate  XYII,  figs.  3,  a,  b)  are  black  and 
polished ;  the  laminte  are  reddish  brown,  with  broad,  thin,  yellowish- 
white  margins.  The  upper  mandible  has  a  long,  sharp  rostrum,  with  reg- 
ularly curved  cutting  edges,  and  a  small,  well-defined,  V-shaped  notoh, 
from  which  a  short  groove  runs  backward,  beyond  which  there  is  a  slight 
ridge ;  anterior  edge  of  alte,  beyond  the  notch,  forming  no  distinct  lobe 
or  tooth,  but  slightly  convex  and  irregularly  crenulate ;  posterior  lateral 
borders  of  alie  with  a  broad,  sinus  in  the  middle ;  palatine  lamina  long 
and  thin,  with  sinuous  posterior  margins;  frontal  lamina  broad,  extend- 
ing well  backward. 

The  total  length  of  the  upper  mandible  is  42">"> ;  tip  to  posterior  end 
of  frontal  lamina,  33""" ;  to  notch,  10""™;  greatest  breadth  (or  hight),  from 
palatine  to  end  of  frontal,  30™"" ;  transverse  breadth,  across  frontal, 
15mm .  transverse  breadth,  across  anterior  edges  of  alse,  8™"". 

The  lower  mandible  has  a  strongly  incurved  beak,  with  the  cutting 
edges  rather  suddenly  incurved  at  about  the  proximal  third,  and  a  well- 
developed,  broad,  V-shaped  notch  at  base,  beyond  which  there  is  a 
slightly  prominent,  broad  tooth;  alae  broad,  the  inner  ends  broader 
than  the  middle,  well  rounded;,  mentum  short,  with  a  broad  dorsal 
cmargination ;  gular  lamina  short,  the  inner  edges  incurved. 

The  total  length  of  the  lower  mandible  is  29">"';  tip  of  beak  to  end  of 
mentum,  lO"™;  to  ventral  end  of  gular,  21""";  to  bottom  of  notch,  11""" ; 
to  inner  ends  of  alas,  24"'">;  breadth,  fh)m  inner  ends  of  alae  to  mentum, 
28«»";  breadth  of  gular  lamina,  IT"""';  breadth  of  alse,  12.5""";  greatest 


w.  ^ 


BEPOBT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.     [110] 

transverse  breadth,  across  ale,  32"" ;  transverse  breadth,  across  anterior 
edges  of  alee,  at  teeth,  11">">. 

These  Jaws  agree  pretty  nearly  in  form  and  sice  wi^h  those  of  0. 
pUrcpiUf  as  flgored  by  Steenstmp,  but  the  latter  have  a  deeper  notch  in 
the  upper  mandible,  with  a  more  evident  lobe  beyond  it,  while  the  lower 
mandible  has  a  broader  and  less  triangolar  notch. 

The  baooal  membrane  is  large,  thin,  prolonged  into  seven  acute  angles 
or  lobes,  of  which  the  upper  is  in  the  median  plane,  opposite  the  inter- 
val between  the  dcrsal  arms;  the  six  others  are  opposite  the  three  other 
pairs  of  sessile  arms.  The  inner  surface  of  this  membrane  is  covered, 
near  the  periphery,  with  small  rounded  papillse ;  externally  it  is  oon< 
nected  to  the  arm  by  seven  membranous  bridles,  corresponding  to  the 
seven  angles ;  of  these  the  dorsal  one  forks,  one  branch  going  to  th« 
inner  margin  of  each  dorsal  arm ;  the  upper  lateral  ones  join  the  mar- 
ginal membrane  of  the  upper  angle  of  the  upper  lateral  arms;  the  lower 
lateral  ones  join  the  lower  marginal  membrane  of  the  third  pair  of  arms; 
the  ventral  ones  join  the  marginal  membrane  outside  of  the  sucker- 
liearing  face  of  the  ventral  arms.  In  front  of  the  bases  of  each  of  the  | 
dorsal  and  tentacular  arms  there  is  a  large  opening  to  the  space  beneath 
this  membrane. 

The  beak  is  closely  surrounded  by  a  thick,  prominent,  lobed,  and  I 
wrinkled  fleshy  collar,  with  papillae  on  its  inner  surface;  outside  of  this 
there  is  a  smooth,  sharp-edged,  erect  collar,  less  prominent  than  the  { 
inner  one.  t 

The  odontophore  is  similar  to  that  of  Ommastrephes  ;  it  is  sharply  bent  I 
upon  itself  anteriorly,  with  the  ventral  end  less  than  half  as  long  as  the 
dorsal ;  the  dentigerous  zone  is  yellowish  brown  in  color,  and  bordered 
laterally  by  a  thin  ridge  formed  by  a  row  of  small  plates ;  the  lateral 
membrane  is  broad,  thin,  and  pale  yellow,  running  straight  across,  from 
the  ventral  end,  at  right  angles  to  the  dorsal  portion,  and  then  folding 
bacl^  upon  itself  joins  the  dorsal  part  of  the  odontophore  farther  back, 
near  its  middle;  beyond  this  point  it  is  very  narrow  and  rolled  in. 
Length  of  the  dorsal  portion,  19°>°> ;  of  the  ventral,  9<°°> ;  breadth  of  the 
dentigerous  zone,  anteriorly,  5*^ ;  breadth  of  marginal  membrane,  ante-] 
riorly,  7""°. 

The  median  teeth  (Plate  XYU,  fig.  4,  a)  are  broad,  with  three  stent  I 
points,  the  middle  one  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  lateral;  the  inner 
lateral  teeth  (h)  are  much  longer,  with  one  long  stout  point  and  a  short 
denticle  <m  the  outer  side,  below  the  middle;  the  two  outer  rows  (o,d){ 
have  simple,  long,  and  rather  stout,  curved  teeth,  those  of  the  outermost 
row  a  little  longer  and  narrower  than. the  others.  The  teetb  differ  de- 
Qldedly  from  those  of  S.  megaptera  in  the  shortness  of  the  lateral  denticles 
of  the  median  and  inner  lateral  teeth;  moreover,  all  the  tooth  we  stouter] 
ftnd  less  acute. 

The  pen  (Plate  XYII,  figs.  5, 5  a)  resembles  that  of  Ommastrephes  ;  it  is  ] 
Ung,  widest  anteriorly,  bordered  by  strong  ribs,  obtusely  pointed  at  the 


ElIES.     [110]  l[ni]    OEPHALOPODS  OF  N0BTHEA8TEBN  COAST  OF  AMEBICA. 


«ro0S  anterior 

h  those  of  0. 
eeper  notch  in 
rhile  the  lower 

n  acate  angles 
(Site  the  inter- 
he  three  other 
»ne  is  covered, 
tally  it  is  con- 
tondiug  to  the 
I  going  to  the 
IS  join  the  mar> 
rms;  the  lower 
d  pair  of  arms; 
of  the  sucker- 
of  each  of  the  | 
)  space  beneath 

ant,  lobed,  and 

outside  of  this 

linent  than  the 

i  is  sharply  bent 
f  as  long  as  the 
and  bordered 

;  the  lateral 
ht  across,  from 
id  then  folding 

further  back, 
and  rolled  in. 
breadth  of  the 
embrane,  ante- 

[ith  three  stout 

Bral;  the  inner 

lint  and  a  short 

}uter  rows  (0,  d) 

'  the  outermost 

Iteeth  differ  de- 

ftteral  denticles 

oth  are  stouter 


interior  end,  gradually  narrowing  to  the  very  narrow  slender  portion 
ibont  three  inches  from  the  posterior  end,  beyond  which  there  is  a  thin 
margin,  which  expands  into  a  lanceolate  form,  widest  at  1J2S  inches  from 
the  end;  the  terminal  portion  forms  a  short,  hollow  hood,  formed  by  the 
Enfolding  of  the  margin,  and  marked  by  slender,  divergent,  raised  lines, 
stronger  laterally,  and  with  a  dorsal  keel.  The  central  rib  begins  at  the 
interior  end,  increases  in  size  to  the  middle  region,  then  narrows  to  the 
Blender  part,  where  it  forms  a  slender,  prominent  rib,  only  visible  dor- 
illy,  and  then  becoming  confluent  with  the  lateral  ribs  extends  as  a 
^barp  keel  to  the  end.  The  lateral  ribs  commence  at  about  .75  inch 
)m  the  anterior  end,  and  each  at  first  consists  of  three  riblets;  farther 
t>ack  another  appears  on  the  outside  margin,  but  is  separated  only  by 
slender  groove,  and  toward  the  slender  part  of  the  pen  they  all  co- 
Uesce  into  a  single  rib  on  each  side,  which  nearly  meet  in  the  middle  line 
rentrally,  where  they  are  separated  by  a  slender  groove,  which  disap- 
irs  farther  on.  Total  length  of  pen,  349'"'"  (13.75  inches) ;  greatest 
breadth,  22.5"""  (.90  inch) ;  length  of  posterior  cone  or  hood,  .9^  (.35 
ich);  breadth  of  posterior  expansion,  15'"'". 

This  specimen  is  entire,  except  that  it  has  lost  the  clubs  of  the  ten- 
cular  arms.  It  is  in  fair  condition,  though  considerably  contracted 
by  long  preservation  in  too  strong  alcohol.  The  head,  however,  has 
|)een  pulled  out  from  the  mantle  to  an  unnatural  extent,  so  as  to  increase 
[he  total  length  from  3°"'  to  4*""  at  least.  The  ventral  arms  do  not  show 
ly  of  the  sexual  modifications  characteristic  of  the  male  squids,  there- 
fore,  it  is  doubtless  a  female. 

Most  of  the  measurements  are  given  in  the  table  with  those  of  8. 
^legaptera  (p.  103);  some  of  the  more  general  are  as  follows:  Length 
om  end  of  body  to  tip  of  dorsal  arms,  69.8°'°  (27.5  inches);  to  edge  of 
lantle,  dorsally,  37.5<""  (14.75  inches);  to  base  of  dorsal  arms,  52«°>  (20.5 
aches);  to  center  of  eye,  47'=*°;  to  lateral  insertions  of  fin,  length,  17«"' 
|6.75  inches) ;  to  outer  angle  of  fin,  along  posterior  edge,  18.4<'">  (7.25 
iches) ;  breadth  of  fins  transversely,  28.5°°>  (11.25  inches);  outer  angle 
I  lateral  insertion,  along  front  edge,  14o'°  (5.5  inches);  between  lateral 
isertions,  5«"  (2  inches);  breadth  of  body,  11.9«'";  circumference  of 
iy,  29.20"'  (11.5  inches). 
This  specimen,  which  was  obtained  at  Bermuda,  by  Mr.  G.  Brown 
iroode,  now  belongs  to  the  museum  of  Wesleyan  University,  Middletown,* 
ponn.  Mr.  Goode  informs  me  that  it  was  picked  up  on  ilie  north  shore 
|f  the  island,  in  December,  1876,  and  that  it  was  regarded  by  the  inhab- 
its as  a  novelty  or  great  rarity,  and  was  noticed  as  snch  in  the  local 
newspapers. 

Stenoteuthis  pteropua  has  been  recorded  from  the  Mediterranean  Sea 
|nd  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 


\astrepk€8;  it  is  I 
pointed  at  the 


BEPOBT   OF   COMMISSIONEB   OF    FISH   AND   FI8HBBIE8.      [112] 

•tlMnotatttlils  BarUamll  Verrill. 

Loligo  mgiltattii  (pan)  Lnniarck,  1700;  Anini.  sans  Vert.,  vol.  vii,  p.  665. 
Lotigo  nartramH  LMOour,  Journ.  Phil.  AomI.,  I,  vol.  ii,  p.  00,  pi.  7,  1891. 

Blainvillo,  Diet.  8ci.  Nat.,  vol.  xxvU,  p.  141,  IfSS. 
LoHgo  iiagiltatut  Ulaiuv.,  Diet.  Soi.  Nat.,  vol.  xxvii,  p.  140. 
Omnuutrepkeii  BartramU  D'Orb.,  Voy.  Ani^r.  M^^rid.,  Moll.,  p.  55,  1838  (t.  Gray); 
C^ph.  Acdtab.,  pi.  S,  flfia.  11-80;  Hiat.  Cuba,  Moll., p.  59. 
Gray,  Catal.  Moll.  Brit.  Maa.,  Cephal.  Antep.,  p.  02,  1849. 
Verrill,  Invert.  Vineyard  Sound,  dto.,  p.  Ml  [635],  1874  (non  Binney  in  Oould, 

Invert.  Mass. ). 
Tryon,  Man.  Concb.,  vol.  i,  p.  180,  pi.  80,  figs.  361,  302  (after  D'Orb.). 
.     atkmotmitkU  BartramU  Verrill,  Trans.  Conu.  Aoad.,  vol.  v,  p.  S83,  Feb.,  1880; 
p.  1288,  Jan.,  1881;  Amer.  Jouni.  Soi.,  vol.  xix,  p.  989,  Apr.,  1880. 
OmiiMtoatrephee  BartramU  Steenstrup,  Orenigt  K.  Danake  Videnak.  Selak.  For- 
handl.,  1880,  p.  79,  fig.  2,  p.  81,  fig.  3,  p.  89;  anth.  sep.  copy  (received 
Aug.),  p.  9,  flg.  2,  p.  11,  fig.  3,  p.  19. 

Body  cylindrical,  elongated,  slender,  tapering  but  little  in  front  of  the 
fin ;  anterior  edge  of  mantle  with  a  very  slight  median  dorsal  angle. 
Caudal  fin  short  and  transversely  rhomboidal,  with  the  outer  angles 
acute,  posterior  angle  obtuse,  and  the  front  edges  rounded  and  project- 
ing forward  beyond  the  insertion.  Length  of  fln  (from  insertion)  to  its 
breadth,  asl :  2;  length  of  fln  to  mantle,  as  1 : 2.80,  in  a  your  female 
specimen  with  the  body  3.25  inches  long.  Head  short,  as  bro  as  the 
body;  eye-opening  angular,  higher  than  long,  with  a  narrow,  oblique 
sinus.  Nuchal  crests  nearly  as  in  O.  illccehroHus,  consisting  of  a  low, 
transverse,  undulated  ridge  extending  aix)und  botli  sides  to  the  dorsal 
line,  and  with  three  raised  longitudinal  ciests  on  each  side.  Siphon 
large,  sunken  in  a  deep  pit ;  anterior  border  of  the  pit  with  a  series  of 
6  to  12  or  more  (varying  with  age)  small  and  short  furrows,  which  e^ 
tend  inward  only  a  short  distance  from  the  edge.  Arms  rather  short, 
not  very  unequal;  the  dorsal  ones  are  a  little  the  shortest  and  smallest; 
the  third  pair  are  the  longest,  the  second  and  fourth  pairs  are  interme- 
diate in  length  and  nearly  equal ;  the  arms  of  the  second  pair  are  frir- 
nished  with  a  well-developed  membrane  along  the  lower  outer  angle, 
and  with  a  thin  marginal  membrane  of  moderate  width  along  the  inner  | 
angles,  outside  the  suckers,  that  on  the  lower  side  extending  beyond  the 
suckers.  Those  of  the  third  pair  are  compressed,  'with  a  well-developed 
membranous  keel  on  the  median  outer  edge,  beyond  the  basal  portion; 
on  the  lower  inner  angle  there  is  a  broad,  thin,  marginal  membrane,  ex- 
tending beyond  the  suckers,  and  a  narrow  one  on  the  upper  side ;  the  I 
dorsal  and  ventral  arms  have  narrow  marginal  membranes.  Suckers  of 
the  dorsal  and  lateral  arms  furnished  with  horny  rings,  which  have  the 
edge  divided  into  small,  acute-triangular  teeth,  largest  on  the  otlter  | 
side ;  on  the  ventral  arms  the  suckers  are  smaller,  those  on  the  prox- 
imal half  of  the  arm  having  smooth-edged  rings,  while  those  on  the  I 
distal  portion  are  sharply  toothed  on  the  outer  edge.  Tentacular  arms 
slender  and  moderately  elongated,  with  distinctly  broader  clubs,  which  j 
are  keeled  on  the  back  side  and  furnished  with  a  thin  marginal  mem- 
brane on  each  edge.    The  suckers  form  two  median  alternating  rows 


B8.      [112]  H[lld]     CEPHAL0P0D8    OP   NORTHEASTERN   C0A8T   OF   AMERICA. 


il,  p.  665. 
0,  pi.  7,  1891. 


1838  (t.  Gray); 

InneyinOould, 

D'Orb.). 

S3,  Feb.,  1880; 

.,1880. 

iBk.  Selsk.  For- 

copy  (received 

a  front  of  the 
lorsal  angle, 
outer  angles 
L  and  project- 
sertion)  to  its 
rour     female 
bro      as  the 
rrow,  oblique 
ing  of  a  low, 
to  the  dorsal 
iide.    Siphon 
ith  a  series  of 
;v^8,  which  e^ 
rather  short, 
and  smallest; 
are  interrae- 
pair  are  fur- 
outer  angle, 
mg  the  inner 
g  beyond  the 
ell-developed 
asal  portion; 
lembrane,  ex- 
ler  side ;  the 
Suckers  of 
ich  have  the 
n  the  oftter 
»n  the  prox- 
ihose  on  the 
tacular  arms 
clubs,  which 
xginal  mem- 
latingrows 


uf  larger,  oblique,  dentate  ones,  of  which  seven  to  nine  in  each  row- 
are  decidedly  the  largest;  alternating  with  those,  on  each  margin,  there 
JH  a  row  of  smaller,  more  oblique,  sharply  denticalate,  marginal  suckers; 
<liHta1  face  of  the  club  narrowed  and  covered  with  four  rows  of  minute 
crowded  suckers,  and  a  small  cluster  at  the  tip;  the  proximal  part  of  the 
club  has  an  irregular  group  of  few,  small,  denticulate  suckers,  beyond 
which,  extending  down  on  the  upper  margin  of  the  arm,  is  a  row  of  about 
live  or  six  or  more  e-mail,  smooth-edged,  connective  suckers,  alternating 
with  small  round  tubercles  of  corresponding  size;  along  the  lower  edge 
of  the  arm,  for  about  the  same  distance,  there  la  a  row  of  more  minute 
pediceled  suckers.  The  horny  rings  of  the  larger  median  suckers  are 
oblique,  and  the  edge  is  divided  into  many  small  slender  teeth,  longer 
on  the  outer  or  higher  margin;  the  teeth  of  the  marginal  suckers  are 
similar,  but  more  unequal  and  more  incurved. 

Specimens  in. alcohol  generally  show  a  distinct  dark  purplish  brown 
jdorsnl  stripe,  where  the  chromatophores  are  very  much  crowded. 

According  to  D'Orbigny  (Hist.  Cuba,  Moll.,  p.  62)  the  colors  of  this 
Ispecies,  when  living,  are  very  brilliant,  and  are  continually  changing. 
AloAg  the  middle  dorsal  line  there  is  a  broad  violet  stripe,  with  a  stripe 
of  reddish  yellow  on  each  side  of  it.    These  bands  are  closely  defined, 
jand  do  not  grade  into  each   »ther.     Body  elsewhere  bluish;  flns  rosy, 
ith  a  carmine-red    int  each  side  of  the  darker  median  stripe.    The  sur- 
face is  throughout  covered  with  small  reddish-violet  chromatophores. 
'he  liead  is  dark  violet  above,  rosy  beneath.     Upon  the  eyes  there  are 
;wo  elongated  spots  of  brilliant  blue,  and  below  a  spot  of  bright  red. 
The  color  of  the  ink,  according  to  the  same  authoi:ity,  is  not  blaclc, 
lat  coffee-and-milk  color.    It  is  emitted  very  rapidly  and  discolors  a 
[arge  area.    Length  of  body,  ISO"" ;  diameter,  27'"™ ;  diameter  of  head, 
length  of  tentacular  arms,  75""";  length  of  dorsal  arms,  42"'"»; 
length  of  third  pair,  66™"> ;  length  of  fourth  pair,  SO""" ;  length  of  can* 
A  fin,  60«"«;  breadth  of  fin,  »«■""'. 

A  young  specimen,  in  alcohol,  has  the  following  dimensions :  Total 
[ength  to  tips  of  lateral  arms,  121™"> ;  tail  to  base  of  arms,  93">"' ;  body, 
\2F"^;  length  of  caudal  fin,  to  insertion,  29""";  its  breadth,  SS"""*;  diam-. 
iter  of  body,  IG"'"' ;  length  of  tentacular  arms,  48™"'. 
Middle  Atlantic  and  West  Indies  to  Brazil  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
mges  chiefly  between  35°  south  and  36°  north  latitude ;  common  in 
[he  region  of  the  Gulf  Stream. 
This  is  an  exceedingly  active  species,  swimming  with  great  velocity, 
kud  not  rarely  leaping  so  high  out  of  the  water  as  to  fall  on  the  decks 
►f  vessels.*  On  this  account  it  has  been  called  the  ^^ flying  squid^  by 
laiiors. 

•  D'Orbigny  (Hist.  Cuba,  Moll.,  p.  62)  relates  that  in  a  beautiful  night  in  October, 

It  34°  south  latitude,  off  South  America,  he  himself  saw  two  specimens  leap  out  of 

ae  water  so  high  as  to  fall  on  the  deck  of  the  vessel,  which  was  nearly  fifteen  feet 

^bove  the  surface  of  the  water.     It  is  supposed  that  this  is  done  in  their  efforts  to 

»pe  from  predatory  fishes  that  pursue  them. 


i     i 


II 


m 


IILPORT   OF   COMMISSIONEB  OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.      [114]    |     [1. 

Tbis  is  a  more  slender  species  than  0.  iUecebroeus,  with  a  shorter  fin, 
and  it  has  but  four  rows  of  small  suckers  on  the  distal  part  of  the  club, 
instead  of  eight.  The  most  important  difierences,  of  generic  value,  are 
the  presence  cf  conneetive  suckers  and  tubercles  on  the  tentacular  arms, 
and  the  great  develoinnent  of  the  marginal  membranes  on  the  lateral 
axms.  The  grooves  in  the  siphon-pit  are  of  comparatively  little  impor- 
tance. 

Abohitextthis  Steenstrup  (see  page  23). 

This  genus,  which  includes  the  most  gigantic  species  known,  differs 
from  Sthenoieuthis  mainly  in  having  a  smaller  and  differently  shaped  cau- 
dal fln,  and  in  lacking  the  broad  lateral  membranes  on  the  lateral  arms. 
The  pen  is  also  different,  judging  from  the  portions  preserved.  The  large 
tentacular  suckers  are  more  evenly  and  regularly  denticulated;  and 
those  of  the  sessile  arms  are  smaller,  with  less  claw-like  teeth. 

From  Ommastrephes  it  differs  in  the  form  and  size  of  the  fln  and 
pen,  and  especially  in  having  connective  suckers  and  tubercles  at  the 
bases  of  the  tentacular  clubs. 

Arohiteuthls  Harvejri  Verrill  (see  pages  23-40).— Giant  Squid. 

(Plates  I-VI.) 

Fishing  banks  off  Nova  Scotia  to  Labrador.    Northern  Europe! 

Architeuthis  princeps  Verrill  (see  pages  41-50).— Giant  Squid. 

(Plates  VII-XI.) 

Newfoundland  and  the  Grand  Banks  to  Labrador.    Northern  Europet  | 

Family  MASTIGOTEOTHID^  VerriU. 

Bulletiu  Mns.  Comp;  ZooL,  viii,  p.  100,  March,  1881. 

Body  slender,  pointed  behind.  Caudal  fin  large,  rhombic.  Mantlel 
united  to  neck  by  three  movable  cartilages.  Siphon  with  an  interDall 
valve  and  one  pair  of  dorsal  bridles.  Eyes  l&rge,  not  prominent;  lidsl 
free,  simple.  Buccal  membrane  6-angled,  without  suckers.  AnnsiTee;| 
suckers  in  two  rows.  Tentacular  arms  (in  the  typical  species)  not  ei| 
panded  into  a  club,  the  terminal  portion  round,  tapeiing,  covered  wit! 
a  multitude  of  minute  suckers,  in  many  rows.  No  auditory  crests.  Fe 
narrow,  with  a  long,  hollow  posterior  cone. 

This  family  differa  from  OmmastrephicUiB  in  lacking  diotinct  lachryi 
sinuses  and  auditory  crests,  in  the  remarkable  character  of  the  tentacc 
arms,  and  in  the  simple  connective  cartilages.    From  CMroteuthidceajA 
HisUotmthidw  it  differs  in  having  the  siphon  provided  with  a  dorsal  bridlij 
and  internal  valve,  as  well  as  in  the  armature  of  tentacular  arms. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  Calliteuthi8  belongs  near  this  fanily,  its  tent 
ular  arms  being  unknown,  and  its  pen  being  entirely  different.    Fo8si| 
bly  it  may  belong  to  the  Ohiroteuthidce. 


ss. 


[114] 


shorter  fin, 
of  the  club, 

0  value,  axe 
Msular  arms, 

1  the  lateral 
little  impor- 


aown,  differs 
J  shaped  can- 
lateral  arms, 
i.  The  large 
Bulated;  and 
)eth. 

f  the  fln  and 
)eroleB  at  the 


EuTopel 


lern  Europel 


^mbic.    Mantle! 

ith  an  intemall 

Irominent;  Udsl 

Arms  free! 

kpecies)  not  exj 

r,  covered  "witf 

r crests.    Pc 

ict  lachry 
'thetentaci 
\iroteuthidv! 
L  a  dorsal  bridli 
laranns 
lUy,  its  tem 
ferent.    Possii 


[115]  •  CEPHAL0P0D8  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST   OF  AMERICA. 

Mastiooteuthis  Yerrill. 

Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  t,  p.  "^f  Jan.,  1881 ;  Bulletin  Mns.  Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  viii,  p. 
100,  March,  1881. 

Body  elongated,  tapering  to  a  point,  confluent  with  the  7«itdal  fin 
posteriori:^'  Caudal  fln  very  large  and  broad,  rhomboidaL,  occupying 
about  hah  the  length  of  the  body.  Mantle  fastened  to  thb  base  of  the 
siphon  by  an  ovate,  ear-shaped,  elevated  cartilage,  on  each  side,  fltting 
into  corresponding  deep,  circumscribed  pits  ot*  the  base  of  the  siphon. 
Siphon  with  a  bilabiate  aperture,  an  internal  valve,  and  a  pair  of  dorsal 
bridles.  Eyes  large,  with  round  pupils ;  lids  free,  thin,  apparently  with 
a  very  small  anterior  sinus.  Arms  very  unequal,  the  ventral  ones  much 
the  longest.  Suckers  small,  in  two  regular  rows.  Tentacular  arms  long 
and  round,  tapering  to  the  tips,  shaped  like  a  whip-lasb.,  without  any 
distinct  club ;  the  distal  portion  is  covered  nearly  all  around  with  ex- 
ceedingly numerous  and  minute  suckers,  which  leave  only  a  very  narrow 
naked  line  along  the  outside.  Pen  narrow  and  bicostate  anteriorly,  very 
slender  in  the  middle ;  posteriorly  much  larger,  with  a  long  tubular 
cone  (figs.  1  (,  1  c).  This  remarkable  genus  differs  widely  from  all  others 
hitherto  described  in  the  character  of  the  tentacular  arms  and  suckers. 
This,  with  the  great  size  of  the  caudal  fin,  gives  a  very  peculiar  aspect  to 
the  species. 

MastigotentbiB  Agasaizil  Verrill. 

Bulletin  Mns.  Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  viii,  p.  100,  pi.  1,  fig.  1,  pi.  2,  figs.  2, 3-.^  «,  J881 ; 
Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  287,  pi.  47,  pi.  49,  figs.  2, 3-3  e,  Jan.,  1881. 

Plate  XXI.    Plate  XXII,  figures  2-2  d. 

Body  elongated,  round  anteriorly ;  posteriorly  tapering  rapidly  to  the 
sicnuotr,  acute,  terminal  portion,  ^  liich  is  confluent  with  the  caudal  fln 
to  the  tip.  Front  dorsal  edge  oi  mantle  emarginate  in  the  middle. 
Caudal  fln  very  large  and  broad,  transversely  rhomboidal,  obtuse  pos- 
teriorly, its  length,  from  origin  to  tip,  aboat  equal  to  half  the  combined 
I  length  of  the  head  and  body.  Eyes  large,  with  thin  lids,  which  appear 
to  have  had  a  distinct  but  very  small  sinus  in  front;  pnpUs  circular ; 
iris  brown,  in  alcohol.  Sessile  arms  very  unequal ;  ventral  arms  much 
larger  and  longer  than  the  otiiers,  about  equal  to  length  of  head  and 
body;  dorsal  arms  very  smaU,  scarcely  one-third  the  length  of  the  ventral 
pair ;  two  lateral  pairs  nearly  equal,  decidedly  longer  and  stouter  than 
the  dorstd  pair.  A  delicate,  thin,  marginal  membrane  extends  along  the 
|arm8,  outside  the  raws  of  suckers,  to  the  slender  tips.  Suckers  small, 
two  regular  rows  on  all  the  arms,  subglobuJar,  with  small  oblique 
kpertiires,  surrounded  by  small  homy  rings,  whicl^have  a  nearly  entire 
largin,  and  by  several  series  of  minute  plates  (Plate  XXII,  flg.  2  d). 
Basal  web,  between  the  arms,  very  small.  In  the  smaller  specimen, 
rhich  is  a  male,  the  right  ventral  arm  is  longer  than  the  left,  and  the 
tip  appears  to  have  been  flattened,  and  the  marginal  membranes  seem 


-%'  • : 


-'■i 


life?' . 


BEPOBT   OF   COMMISSIONER  OF   FISH  AND   FISHEBIES.      [116] 

to  have  been  wider,  with  the  edges  infolded,  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  far- 
row on  the  outer  side,  but  the  suckers  are  mostly  gone,  and  it  is  too 
much  injured  to  be  accurately  described.  Tent;acular  arms  long,  more 
than  twice  the  combined  length  of  the  head  and  body,  slender,  round, 
gradually  tapering  to  the  tip,  like  a  whip-lash,  the  distal  half  of  their 
length  covered  with  very  numerous,  crowded,  minute,  pediceled  suckers 
(fig.  2  5),  which  cover  nearly  the  entire  surface  along  the  terminal  por- 
tion, leiiving  only  a  narrow  naked  line  along  the  back,  but  farther  firom 
the  tip  this  naked  space  becomes  gradually  wider  and  the  band  of  suck> 
ers  narrower,  and  after  thede  crowded  bands  of  suckers  cease,  scattered 
suckers,  placed  mostly  two  by  two,  extend  for  some  distance  along  the 
proximal  part  of  the  arms.  The  suckers  of  the  tentacular  arms  are  so 
small  that  their  form  cannot  be  seen  with  the  naked  eye ;  they  are  deep, 
cup-shai)ed,  with  a  small  circular  aperture,  supported  by  a  homy  rim, 
which  is  often  arm<dd  with  two  or  three  sharp  teeth  on  one  side  (fig.  2  c). 

Golor  of  body  and  arms,  so  far  as  preserved  in  alcohol,  deep  brownish 
orange ;  on  the  upper  side  of  the  back  and  caudal  fin  the  color  is  better 
preserved,  and  shows  small,  occellated,  circular  spots  of  orange-brown, 
with  an  inher  circle  of  whitish  and  a  central  spot  of  purplish  brown. 
Similar  ,spots  also  exist  on  the  head  and  arms,  and  also  on  the  lower  side 
of  the  body,  where  the  color  is  best  preserved. 

A  considerable  amount  of  a  bright  orange  oily  fluid,  insoluble  in  alco- 
hol, exuded  from  the  viscera.  Examined  by  means  of  the  spectroscope 
this  fluid  absorbed  part  of  the  green,  all  of  the  blue,  and  most  of  the 
violet  rays.  The  stomach  contained  fragments  of  small  Crustacea.  The 
pen  is  pale  yellow,  thin,  and  slender  anteriorly,  with  two  sublateral 
oostse,  and  narrow  delicate  margins  outside  the  costae ;  in  the  middle  it 
becomes  stiU  thinner  and  narrower,  with  the  margin  inrolled ;  farther 
back  the  margins  become  much  wider  and  th*  n  unite  together  ventrally, 
forming  a  long,  hollow,  conical  portion,  extcTiding  to  the  acute  posterior 
tip;  this  portion  is  not  so  broad  as  deep,  and  has  a  slight  dorsal  keel 
and  a  ventral  groove. 

Measuremmu.    (Inmilli'mek  -). 


Sex. 


Total  length  to  end  of  seMile  anns. 
Head  ana  body  combined 


Length  of  body 

X«ngfh  of  oaadal  fin,  ftom  origin ,. 

BreiMthof  oandalfln 

Breadth  of  body 

Length  of  dorsal  arms 

Length  of  second  pair  of  urns 

Length  of  third  pur  of  arms 

Length  of  ventral  anna • 

Length  of  tentaonlar  arms 

Breadth  of  dorsal  arms,  at  baw 

Breadth  of  ventral  arms .? 

Breadth  of  tentacular  arms 

Diameter  of  eye 

I<engfh  of  pen 

Breadth  of  pen  anteriorly 

Breadth  of  pen  posteriorly 

Depth  of  pen  posteriorly i. 


Uale. 


187 
fiO 
46 
80 
42 
16 
24 
88 
34 
80 


8 

e 

2 

7.6 


Male. 


132 


75 

23 

4fi 

«0 

00 

112 

813 

4 

7 

4 

0 

108 

%3t 

2.N 

4.N 


1' 


I 


S.     [116]    I    [117]     CEPHALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OP  AMERICA. 


jort  of  fur- 
Ld  it  is  too 
long,  more 
ier,  round, 
ilf  of  their 
led  suckers 
rminal  por- 
^rther  flrom 
md  of  suck- 
,e,  scattered 
se  along  the 
arms  are  so 
icy  are  deep, 
I  homy  rim, 
lide  (flg.  2  c). 
lep  brownish 
)lor  is  better 
»nge-brown, 
plish  brown, 
he  lower  side 

•luble  in  alco- 
spectroscope 
L  most  of  the 
istacea.    The 
0  sublateral 
the  middle  it 
►lied;  farther 
berventrally, 
iute  posterior 
dorsal  keel 


Ible.     Hale. 


Spedmeiu  examined. 


187 
60 
46 
80 
42 
IB 
24 
88 
34 
80 


•  • 

8 
0 

a 

7.B 

*' 

■ 

■•l 

• 

Loodity. 

i 

1 

1 

Seoelved  from— 

Specimen. 

i 

Ko. 

Sex. 

24 
23 

occxxT.     M'.L.88<'a6'aO"|W.Lg.7eo 

ocoxxviU.  W.  L.  840  W  26" ;  W.  Lg.  76°  22' 60" . 

647 
1,632 

1880 
1880 

Blake... 
...do  .... 

Mii8.Coinp.Zool.. 

1 
1 

122 

99 
60 
75 
23 
46 
SO 
60 
112 
812 

4 

7 

4 

0 
108 

2,21 

2.M 

4.M 


Calliteuthis  Verrill. 

Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  xx,  p.  393,  for  Nov.,  1880  (pablished  Oct.  85);  Proo.  Nat-MoB.,  yoL 
iii,p.362,  1880;  Trans.  Conn.  Aoad.,ToI.v,  p.  295,  Jan.,  1881 ;  Balletin  Mas. 
Comp.  Zool.,  Tiii,  p.  Ill,  March,  1881.         « 

Body  short,  tapering  to  a  small,  free  tip.  Fins  small,  united  behind 
the  tip  of  the  body.  Pen  with  a  sho:t  narrow  shaft  and  thin  lanceolate 
blade,  as  in  Loligo.  Siphon  not  sunken  in  a  furrow,  but  united  to  the 
bead  by  a  pair  of  dorsal  bands ;  an  internal  valve.  Mantle  united  to 
tbe  sides  of  the  siphon  by  simple,  linear,  longitudinal,  lateral  ridges, 
corresponding  with  connective  cartilages  on  the  sides  of  the  siphon, 
wbicb  are  long-ovate,  with  a  raised  margin  all  around.  A  dorsal,  elon- 
gated, connective  cartilage  on  the  neck,  opposite  the  pen.  Arms  long, 
not  webbed.  Suckers  in  two  rows,  largest  on  the  middle  of  the  lateral 
and  dorsal  arms ;  horny  rings  of  suckers  smooth  on  most  of  the  suckera, 
j  simply  dentate  on  the  distal  ones.  Eyes  large,  with  rounded  openings 
I  and  thin,  free  lids.  TSo  nuchal  frills  or  crests.  Buccal  membrane  simple, 
[  sack  like,  with  seven  connective  bridles.  Internal  anatomy  of  the  female 
similar  to  that  of  Ommaittrephes.  Oviducts  and  nidamental  glands  sym- 
metrically developed  on  the  two  sides.  Oviducts  opening  in  front  of  the 
bases  of  the  gills,  the  openings  simple,  long,  narrow,  oblique.  Two  long, 
ligulate  nidamental  glands,  with  acute  anterior  ends,  lie  side  by  side  and 
a  little  apart,  on  the  middle  of  the  visceral  mass,  behind  and  over  the 
heart ;  each  of  these  consists  of  two  halves,  folded  together,  and  covered 
on  the  inner  surface  with  fine  transverse  laminae ;  they  open  along  the 
[outer  edge. 

This  genus  may,  perhaps,  belong  to  the  Chiroteuthidce. 

I  Caliiteuthis  reversa  Yorrill. 

Amer.  Joam.  Sci.,  vol.  xx,p.  393, Nov.,  1880 ;  Proo.  Nat.  Mn8.,vol.  iii,p.  362, 
Dec. ,  1880 ;  Trans.  Conn.  Acad. ,  vol.  v,  p.  295,  pi.  46,  figs.  1-1  b,  Jan. ,  1881 ; 
Bulletin  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  viii,  p.  112,  pi.  vii,  figs.  1-1  b,  1881. 

Plato  XXII,  flgureH  1-1  c. 

Body  rather  short,  tapering  backward,  subacute  posteriorly;  front 
ledge  of  mantle  advancing  somewhat  in  the  middle  and  forming  an  ob- 
hise  angle ;  considerably  emarginate  beneath.  Caudal  fin  small,  short, 
Ithin,  each  half  nearly  semicircular,  attached  subdorsally,  posterior  end 


m; 


REPORT   OP   COMMISSIONER   OP   PISH   AND  FISHERIES.      [118] 

emarginate  and  free  from  the  tip  of  the  body,  but  not  extending  much 
beyond  it.  Head  large,  flattened  above.  Eyes  very  large,  with  simple, 
thin,  free,  circular  lids,  without  any  sinus.  Openings  of  the  ears  be- 
hind the  eyes,  minute,  with  a  small,  erect,  clavate,  fleshy  process  of  the 
skin.  Arms  long,  tapering,  equal  to  the  length  of  hea<l  and  body  com- 
bined ;  the  lateral  pairs  are  equal;  the  dorsal  and  ventral  nearly  equal, 
somewhat  shorter  than  laterals ;  suckers  deeper  than  broad,  well  rounded, 
laterally  attached  by  slender  pedicels ;  homy  rings  with  smooth,  circu- 
lar, thin  edges,  except  on  the  small «uckers,  toward  the  tips  of  the  arms, 
in  which  the  outer  edge  is  divided  into  a  number  of  small,  narrow,  blunt 
teeth.  On  the  ventral  arms  the  suckers  are  much  smaller.  Basal  web 
rudimentary ;  a  narrow,  thin,  simple  membrane  along  each  side,  outside 
the  suckers.  Tentacular  arm  i  rather  slender,  compressed,'  smooth  at 
base,  the  ends  absent,  riolcy  reddish  brown.  The  ventral  surface  of 
tbe  body,  head,  and  arms  is  more  ornamented  than  the  dorsal  surface, 
being  covered  w»th  large,  rounded  verrucae,  their  center  or  anterior  half 
pale,  the  border  or  posterior  half  dark  purplish  brown;  upper  surface 
of  body  with  much  fewer  and  smaller  scattered  verrucae ;  a  circle  of  the 
same  around  the  eyes ;  inner  surfaces  of  sessile  arms  and  buccal  mem- 
branes chocolate-brown;  tentacular  arms  lighter ;  suckers  pale  yello\^, 
with  a  light  brown  band.  Caudal  fin  white,  translucent.  Iris  in  the 
preserved  specimen,  brown.  Gills  with  the  free  edge  brown,  and  a 
brown  line  On  the  outer  edges  of  all  the  lamina) 

Total  length,  to  end  of  lateral  arms,  133""" ;  to  base  of  arms,  67""" ; 
mantle,  SV^ ;  •  of  fin,  17"™ ;  breadth  of  fins,  24""' ;  of  body,  20™"' ;  diameter 
of  eyeball,  16™™ ;  length  of  dorsal  arms,  58™™ ;  of  second  pair,  67"™ ;  of 
third  pair,  68™" ;  of  ventral  pair,  60™" ;  breadth  of  dorsal  arms  at  base, 
5™"' ;  of  lateral,  6™" ;  diameter  of  largest  suckers,  1.2™". 

Dredged  by  the  steamer  "  Fish  Hawk,"  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Oommission, 
at  station  894,  about  100  miles  south  of  Newport,  R.  I.,  N.  lat.  39°  63', 
W.  long.  70°  58'  30",  in  365  fathoms. 

Family  CHIROTEUTHID^  Gray  (restricted). 

Loligopridfe  {pars)  D'Orb.,  C^phal.  Ac^tab.,  p.  320, 1B35-1848. 
ChiroteuthidcB  {para)  Gray,  Brit.  Mus.  Catal.,  Moll.,  vol.  i,  p.  42, 1849. 

Body  small,  connective  cartilages  three,  movable.  Eyes  with  free, 
simple  lids,  no  sinus.  Siphon  small,  with  neither  internal  valve  nor 
dorsal  bridle.  Nuchal  or  auditory  crests  absent.  Buccal  membrane 
seven-angled,  without  suckers.  Buccal  aquiferous  openings  six.  Ses- 
sile arms  simple;  suckers  with  horny  rings,  which  are  encircled  by  a 
groove;  web  rudimentary.  Tentacular  arms  very  long  and  slender, 
with  a  large  club;  tip  with  a  spoon-shaped  organ,  opening  backward; 
peduncle  with  connective  suckers  and  tubercles;  club  with  rows  of  sin- 
gular small  suckers,  having  a  swollen  bulb  on  the  long  pedicel.  Pen 
lance-shaped,  with  a  long,  narrow  shaft. 

Chiroteuthia  D'Orb.  is  the  best  known  genus. 


ni81  B     [119]     CEPHALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

Cbiroteuthis  Bonplandi  D'Orb.  (f). 

LoUgopsia  Bonplandi  Verany,  Acad.  Turin,  ser.  ii,  voL  i,  pi.  5  (specimen  with- 
out tentacular  arms,  t.  D'Orb. ). 

Chirotcuthis  Bonplandi  D'Orbigny,  Cdphai.  Ac<Stab.,  p.  226  (description  com- 
piled from  Verany). 
Verrill,  Bulletin  Mns.  Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  viii,  p.  102,  pi.  3,  figs.  1-1  b,  1881 ; 
Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  299,  pi.  47,  figs.  1-1  6. 

Plate  XXXII,  figures  1-1  c. 

A  detached  tentacular  arm  belonging  to  a  species  of  Chiroteuthis  was 
taken  by  the  United  States  Coast  Survey  steamer  "Blake,''  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1880,  at  station  ccciii,  lat.  41°  34'  30",  long.  65°  54'  30",  in  306 
fathoms. 

The  arm  is  very  long  and  slender,  the  length  being  780"""  (or  over  30 
inches),  its  diameter  being  from  LS"""  to  2""™,  except  near  the  base,  where 
it  is  3""',  and  at  the  terminal  club,  which  is  6'""'  broad  and  54"""  long. 
The  arm  is  white,  with  purplish  specks,  and  is  generally  roundish,  ex- 
cept at  the  club;  along  the  greater  part  of  its  length  there  is  a  row  of 
rather  distant  sessile  suckers,  the  distance  between  them  being  usually 
from  12"'"'  to  18""";  these  suckers  are  larger  than  those  of  the  club,  and 
jiave  a  nearly  flat  upper  surface  and  no  horny  marginal  rim  is  preserved. 
A  row  of  small,  simple,  scattered  pits,  i>erhaps  homologues  of  these 
suckers,  extends  up  the  back  side  of  the  club.  These  smooth  suckers  evi- 
dently serve  to  unite  the  tentacular  arms  together  when  used  in  concert. 
The  club  is  much  stouter  than  the  rest  of  the  arm,  convex  on  both  sides, 
and  but  little  flattened;  on  each  side  it  is  bordered  by  a  well-developed 
scalloped  marginal  membrane,  supported  by  a  series  of  transverse,  thick- 
ened, but  flat,  tapering,  acute,  muscular  processes,  with  their  ends  pro- 
longed beyond  the  edge  of  the  intermediate  membrane,  producing  a 
deeply-scalloped  border;  on  the  distal  half  of  the  club  these  muscular 
supports  are  separated  by  spaces  greater  than  their  breadth,  but  on  the 
proximal  portion  they  subdivide  into  two  or  three  parts,  which  become 
crowded  close  together,  showing  only  narrow  intervals  or  merely  a  groove 
between  them.  At  the  tip  of  the  arm  there  is  a  thick,  ovate,  dark  pur- 
ple, spoon-shaped,  hollow  organ,  about  4"""  long,  with  its  opening  on  the 
back  side  of  the  arm.  This  so  strongly  resembles  the  spoon-shaped  organ 
of  the  hectocotylized  arm  of  some  Octopods  as  to  suggest  the  possibil- 
ity of  a  similar  use  for  sexual  purposes.  The  suckers  are  crowded  in 
four  or  more  indistinct  rows.  Their  pedicels  are  long  and  slender,  hav- 
ing beyond  the  middle  a  large,  dark  purple,  fluted,  swollen  portion  or 
bulb,  beyond  which  the  pedicel  is  more  slender;  the  cup  of  the  sucker 
is  small  and  lateral,  with  a  very  oblique,  oblong,  horny  rim,  which  is  not 
distinctly  toothed  (fig.  1  h) ;  but  its  extreme  outer  edge  is  sometimes 
slightly  beaked  and  much  thickened. 

The  fleshy  border  of  the  suckers  is  covered  with  small  angular  and 
irregular  scales  (fig.  1  c) ;  its  edge  is  tinged  with  purple. 

This  tentacular  arm  is  referred  to  C.  Bonplandi  only  provisionally,  for 


If-  3 


REPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.      [120]    |    [12 

no  perfect  specimen  of  the  latter,  with  the  coiTesponding  arms  present, 
has  been  described.  It  appears  to  differ  from  the  tentacular  arm  of  C. 
Veranyi  D'Orb.,  which  is  the  only  other  species  sufficiently  described  to 
be  recognized  as  belonging  to  this  genus. 

Family  HISTIOTEUTHID^E,  nov. 

LoligopsidcB  (jpara)  D'Orbig.,  C^phal.  Ac<5tab.,  p.  320,  1835-1848. 
Chiroteuthida  {para)  Qray,  Catal.  Brit.  Mob.,  Moll.,  vol.  i,  p.  42,  1849. 

Body  small,  short,  with  caudal  fins.  Mantle  united  to  the  neck  by  three 
movable  cartilages.  Siphon  with  neither  dorsal  bridle  nor  internal 
valve.  Head  large.  Nuchal  crests  absent.  Eyes  large,  not  prominent; 
lids  free  and  simple;  no  sinus.  Buccal  membrane  with  six  smooth 
4obes;  buccal  aquiferous  openings  four.  Two  brachial  openings  at 
the  bases  of  the  tentacular  arms.  Six  upper  arms  united  by  a  very 
broad  web ;  suckers  in  two  rows ;  rings  convex,  with  small,  oblique 
apertures.  Tentacular  arms  long,  with  a  well-developed  club,  bearing 
large  central  and  small  marginal  suckers ;  proximal  part  of  club  with 
connective  suckers  and  tubercles.  Pen  broad,  short,  lanceolate,  much 
like  that  of  Loligo. 

HiSTiOTBUTHis  D'Orbigny,  1839. 

fTufioteut/tts  F6ru8sac  <&  D'Orbigny,  Histoire  Naturelle  des- C^plialopodes  Ac^tabuli- 
fferes,  p.  226. 
Gray,  Catal.  British  Mus.,  Moll.,  vol.  i,  p.  34,  1849  (description  after  D'Or- 
bigny). 

This  genus  is  remarkable  for  having  the  six  upper  sessile  arms  united 
together  nearly  to  their  tips  by  a  thin,  elastic  membrane  or  web.  The 
ventral  arms  are  also  united  together  for  a  part  of  their  length,  and  their 
common  web*  is  joined  to  the  great  web,  in  the  median  line,  by  a  bridle- 
like membrane.  The  tentacular  arms  are  very  long,  and  have  expanded 
clubs,  with  a  broad  dorsal  keel.  As  in  Architeuthis  and  Sthenoteuthis, 
they  are  furnished  with  a  series  of  small  smooth-rimmed  suckers,  alter- 
nating with  tubercles,  on  the  proximal  part  of  the  club  and  adjacent  part 
of  the  arm,  for  the  purpose  of  uniting  the  arms  together  at  will ',  but  in  the 
following  species  a  row  of  such  suckers  and  tubercles  also  extends  along 
one  side  of  the  club,  opposite  part  of  the  large  central  suckers.  The 
large  suckers  are  serrated,  and  alternate  in  two  rows ;  two  rows  of  large 
marginal  suckers  exist  on  one  side  and  two  rows  of  much  smaller  ones 
on  the  other.  At  the  extreme  tip  of  the  arm  there  is  a  cluster  of  small 
smooth-edged  suckers,  as  in  Ommaatrephes,  Architeuthis,  &c. 

The  mouth  is  surrounded  by  a  broad  buccal  membrane,  with  six 
angles  or  lobes,  but  without  suckers.  The  body  is  relatively  short,  with 
short,  bilobed  caudal  fins.  The  eyes  are  large,  and  have  distinct  lids. 
The  dorsal  bone  or  pen  is  thin,  short,  lanceolate,  and  somewhat  quill' 
shaped,  with  a  long  blade.  , 


lft=.; 


S.      [120]   I    [121]      CEPHALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTEHN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


18  present, 
r  arm  of  C. 
escribed  to 


jck  by  three 
lor  internal 
prominent ; 
six  smooth 
jpenings  at 
a  by  a  very 
aall,  oblique 
lub,  bearing 
)f  club  with 
folate,  much 


odea  Ac6tabuli- 
fion  after  D'Or- 

arms  united 
)r  web.    The 
th,  and  theii 
by  a  bridle- 
e  expanded 
'thenoteuthis, 
ickers,  alter- 
idjacent  part 
1;  but  in  the 
:tend8  along 
ickers.    The 
■ows  of  large 
smaller  ones 
iter  of  small 


.V 


le,  with  six 
short,  with 
istinot  lids. 

^ewhat  quill- 


The  species,  so  far  as  known,  are  brilliantly  colored,  having  occellated 
spots  on  raised  verrucee,  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  chromatophores  of 
squids. 

The  two  foreign  species,  hitherto  described,  are  both  from  the  Medi- 
terranean. 

HiatioteuthlB  Collinsii  Vcrrill. 

HUtioteutkU  Collinni  Verrill,  American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  xvii,  p.  241, 
March,  1879 ;  vol.  xLx,  p.  290,  pi.  14,  April,  1880 ;  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol. 
V,  p.  234,  pis.  22,  27,  figs.  3,  4,  5,  pi.  37,  fig.  5,  1880. 
Tryon,  Manual  of  Conchology,  vol.  i,  p.  166,  1879  (description  copied  ijrom 
the  original  one). 

Plate  XXIII,  Plate  XXIV,  figures  3-6. 

A  large  and  handsome  species,  with  the  broad,  thin,,  dark-brown  web 
extending  between  and  nearly  to  the  ends  of  the  six  upper  arms.  The 
enter  surface  of  the  head  and  arms  is  covered  with  large,  slightly  raised 
warts  or  tubercles,  which  are  dark  blue  with  a  whitish  center,  specked 
with  brown ;  three  rows  extend  along  the  ventral  arms  and  two  along 
the  others  ;  a  circle  of  these  surrounds  the  eyelids,  but  the  edges  of  the 
eyelids  are  narrowly  bordered  with  dark  brown.  Color  between  the 
wartii  pale  purplish  brown,  with  small,  raised  dark-brown  spots,  reddish 
specks,  and  white  granules ;  web  and  inner  surface  of  arms  uniform 
dark  reddish  or  purplish  brown;  suckers  yellowish  white,  their  pedicels 
specked  with  brown ;  tentacular  arms  light  orange-brown.  Eyes  mu- 
tilated ;  their  lid8\  form  a  large,  simple,  rounded  opening. 

Tentacular  arms  slender,  about  2  feet  long  and  expanding  near  the 
lend  into  a  broad,  long-oval,  sucker-bearing  portion  or  club  (PlatQ 
XXIV,  fig,  3),  which  is  bordered  by  a  membrane,  widest  on  the  upper 
edge ;  it  ends  in  a  tapering  tip,  on  the  back  of  which  there  is  a  thin, 
crest  like  membrane  or  keel,  enlarging  proximally  to  its  end,  where  it 
forms  a  rounded  lobe.  The  most  expanded  portion  of  the  club  bears 
six  rows  of  suckers,  with  finely  serrate  homy  rings;  the  two  central 
rows  contain  much  the  largest  suckers,  four  or  five  in  each ;  the  more 
central  of  these  two  rows  contrins  four  suckers,  larger  than  the  rest, 
land  of  these  the  two  median  are  largest ;  outside  of  these  two  median 
I  rows  are  two  regular  marginal  rows  of  nearly  equal,  medium-sized,  ser- 
jrate  suckers  on  the  upper  edge  ;  and  along  the  lower  edge  of  the  club 
I  there  is  one  row  of  few  similar  but  smaller  ones ;  outside  of  these  there 
lis  an  incomplete  alternating  row  of  much  smaller  marginal  ones.  On 
Ithe  lower  edge  of  the  proximal  portion  of  the  club,  extending  from  the 
jmiddle  backward,  there  is  a  row  of  four  small,  smooth-edged,  unequal 
Isackers,  alternating  with  rounded,  sessile  tubercles  that  fit  into  corre- 
hponding  suckers  on  the  other  arm ;  a  row  of  similar  but  smaller  suckers 
lexteuds  for  about  6  inches  along  the  inner  surface  in  the  median  line 
jof  the  arm,  alternating  at  first  singly,  and  then  two  by  two,  with  tuber- 
cles, and  gradually  becoming  more  distant.    The  end  of  the  arm,  beyond 


EEPORT   OF   COMMISSIONER   OF   FISH   AND   FISHERIES.     [122] 

the  oxpandeil  club,  bears  miuuto  seri'ate  suckers,  at  first  in  six  rows, 
decreasiug  to  two  toward  the  end.  The  extreme  tip  bears  a  small  group 
of  minute,  smooth-edged  suckers.  The  largest  suckers  of  the  club  are 
decidedly  constricted  below  the  margin,  and  then  swell  out  at  the  basal 
portion.  The  edge  of  the  Jiorny  rim  is  divided  into  very  numerona 
small,  iucurved,  and  crowded  denticles,  nearly  equal  in  length,  but  part 
are  thickened  and  obtuse,  while  the  rest  are  more  slender  and  acute. 
Diameter  of  the  largest  suckers  6.5""" ;  of  the  largest  in  the  second  row, 
5.5"™ ;  of  the  largest  in  the  lateral  rows,  3"""  to  4"'"" ;  of  the  largest  smooth- 
rimmed  marginal  suckers,  2'""'  to  2.5"" "  j  of  the  smooth-rimmed  suckers  | 
of  the  wrist,  1.5"""  to  2""". 

Sessile  arms  stout,  trapezoidal,  tapering  to  slender  tips,  and  bearing  I 
two  rows  of  numerous  suckers.    All  the  arms  on  the  left  side      e  an 
inch  or  more  longer  than  the  corresponding  rif^ht  ones.    The  dorsal  aud 
ventral  arms  of  the  same  side  are  about  equal,  and  decidedly  shorter 
than  the  two  lateral  pairs,  which  diSier  but  little  in  length.    Web  about  I 
two-thirds  as  broad  as  the  length  of  the  arms,  uniting  the  upper  three  I 
pairs  together,  and  as  a  narrowing  border  extending  along  their  sides! 
to  the  tips.    The  lower  lateral  arms  have  a  thin,  crest-line  membrane  on  I 
their  outer  median  surface,  commencing  at  the  basal  fourth  and  extend- [ 
ing  nearly  to  the  tips.    The  ventral  arms  are  united  together,  toward! 
the  base,  by  a  web,  which  is  also  joined  to  the  main  web,  in  the  median  I 
plane.    A  narrow  outer  web,  arising  from  the  outer  angles  of  the  arms,! 
also  unites  all  the  arms  together  for  a  short  distance  above  their  bases.! 

The  suckers  (Plate  XXIV,  figs.  5,  a,  b)  are  all  similar  in  form.  The! 
larger  ones  on  the  dorsal  arms  are,  perhaps,  a  little  larger  than  those  on! 
the  lateral  and  ventral  ones.  The  largest  are  subglobular,  laterally  atl 
tached,  and  gibbous ;  the  aperture  is  small,  usually  with  three  or  four  flat,! 
blunt,  or  rounded  lobes  or  denticles  on  the  outer  margin,  with  none  on  the| 
inner  margin.  The  pedicels  of  the  larger  suckers  are  very  stout  at  baso, 
tapering  up  to  their  attachment  on  the  lower  side  of  the  sucker,  wherej 
they  axe  small  and  slender.  The  largest  suckers  of  the  dorsal  arms  aie| 
5""°  in  diameter;  their  apertures,  2""";  length  of  pedicels,  4"""  to 5" 
The  largest  suckers  on  the  ventral  arms  are  not  so  large  as  those  on  thel 
others ;  the  largest  are  4"™  in  diameter.  Only  a  few  suckers  (five  or  sixJ 
and  these  of  very  small  siize  and  nearly  in  one  row,  extend  below  thel 
level  of  the  ventral  web,  which  is  attached  along  the  inner  margin,  in[ 
side  the  row  of  suckers.  The  larger  ventral  suckers  are  depressed 
oblique,  with  a  very  one-sided  horny  ring,  which  has  a  small,  obliqutl 
aperture,  with  about  three  bluntly  rounded,  slightly  prominent  lobes  ot| 
denticles  on  the  outer  margin,  while  the  inner  margin  is  smooth. 

The  membranes  about  the  mouth  are  arranged  nearly  as  in  Omina-I 
strikes.    The  mouth  is  surrounded  externally  by  a  broad,  elevated,| 
smooth,  dark  chocolate-brown  buccal  membrane  or  collar,  which 
prolonged  into  six  angular  lobes,  corresponding  to  all  the  interva 
between  the  arms,  except  those  between  the  second  and  third  pairsjl 


as.    [122]  I    [123]  cephalopods  of  northeastern  coast  op  America. 


1  six  rows, 
jmall  group 
he  club  are 
it  the  basal 
jT  numerous 
:th,  but  part 
and  acute, 
second  row, 
gest  smooth- 
ned  suckers] 

and  lieariug 
;  side      e  an 
le  dorsal  aud 
ledly  shorter 
Web  about 
upper  three 
ig  their  sides 
membrane  on 
li  and  extend- 
ether,  toward 
in  the  median 
8  of  the  arms, 
ii,  their  bases, 
n  form.    Thel 
than  those  on 
',  laterally  at 
le  or  four  flat,! 
;h  none  on  th«l 
stout  at  bast 
lucker,  wlieitl 
>sal  anns  are| 
[Is,  4™"  to  5' 
,s  those  on  tli«| 

■8  (five  or  six),! 
id  below  the 

|er  margin,  in 
Lepressed  and 
mall,  oblique 
jinent  lobes  oi| 
Imooth. 
as  iu  OmvMs\ 
»ad,  elevate 
lar,  which 
Ithe  intervi 
third  pairs 


this  buccal  collar  is  connected  ^.o  the  interbrachial  membrane  by  six 
membranous  bridles,  corresponding  to  the  six  lobes;  on  both  sides  of  the 
dorsal  aud  ventral  bridles  are  large  poaches.  The  beak  (Plate  XXIV, 
fig.  4)  is  immediately  surrounded  by  a  thick,  fleshy,  lobedand  wrinkled 
collar,  and  outside  of  this  by  another  less  prominent  and  less  wrinkled 
one. 

The  exposed  parts  of  the  mandibles  are  black,  the  inner  lamincB 
bright  reddish  brown.  The  beak  of  the  upper  mandible  is  very  acute, 
strongly  incurved,  with  scarcely  any  distinct  notch  at  the  base  of  the 
cutting  edge,  but  with  a  conspicuously-excavated  V-shaped  area ;  the 
anterior  edges  of  the  alse  are  irregularly  and  slightly  denticulate  or 
crenulate.  The  lower  mandible  has  a  much  incurved  beak,  with  the 
catting  edges  decidedly  concave,  and  a  very  small  notch  at  their  basesy 
but  with  abroad  excavated  area  along  their  sides  and  bases;  the  ante- 
rior edges  of  the  alee  are  slightly  convex  and  form  a  very  obtuse  angle 
with  the  edges  of  the  beak  or  rostrum;  a  small,  thin  tooth  exists  just 
beyond  the  notch;  the  alse  are  broadest  near  their  inner  ends;  the 
gular  lamina  is  peculiar  in  having  a  prominent,  thickened,  curved,  lat- 
real  rib  on  each  side,  running  to  the  end  of  the  prolonged  and  subacute 
lateral  lobes,  and  another  dorsal  one,  running  to  the  dorsal  emargina 
tion.  Length  of  upper  mandible,  30""";  hight,  palatine  to  frontal,  20™°'; 
hight  (or  breadth)  of  palatine,  li"";  tip  of  beak  to  end  of  frontal,  22"'°'; 
to  base  of  cutting  edge  (notch),  7.5""";  notch  to  inner  end  of  aJae  (union 
with  palatine),  7.05  """;  beak  to  posterior  lateral  border  of  alte,  13.5"'"'; 
transverse  breadth  across  outer  side  of  alae,  O.S"""".  Lower  mandible, 
length,  23"'"';  inner  ends  of  alae  to  mentum,  22.5"'"';  tip  of  beak  to  dorsal 
border  of  gular  lamina,  17""";  to  inner  ends  of  ala?,  IS"""";  to  notch,  8.5""'; 
breadth  of  alae  in  middle,  S""";  greatest  transverse  breadth  across  alae, 
23""" ;  across  anterior  edge,  at  teeth,  7.5"";  notch  to  union  of  gular  lamina 
iiud  alsB,  6.5"";  breadth  of  gular  lamina,  12.5"". 

The  odontophore  is  rather  short,  the  dorsal  portion  not  much  exceeds 
iug  the  ventral  in  length;  the  lateral  membrane  is  broad  and  thin,  its 
posterior  border  extending  transversely  straight  across  to  the  dorsal 
fold,  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  dorsal  portion  of  the  odontophore; 
the  dentigerous  portion,  including  a  thickened  lateral  ridge  outside 
the  teeth,  is  light  red  in  color.  Length  of  dorsal  portion,  from  anterior 
bend,  8.5"";  of  ventral  portion,  8"";  breadth  of  dentigerous  zone,  3"°. 
The  median  teeth  (Plate  XXTV,  fig.  6,  a)  are  short,  with  a  strongly  in- 
curved, acute  central  point,  and  with  small,  inconspicuous  or  rudimentary, 
blunt,  lateral  denticles  on  each  side ;  the  inner  lateral  teeth  (6)  are  longer, 
without  a  distinct  lateral  denticle ;  the  two  outer  rows  have  simple,  rather 
Blender,  strongly  incurved,  acute  teeth,  the  outermost  a  little  longer 
and  more  slender.  The  plates  along  the  border  appear  to  be  so  closely 
united  as  not  to  be  easily  separated  entire;  they  fbrm  a  continuous  but 
Blight,  narrow  ridge,  which  has  an  undulated  surface.    The  membrane 


Of! 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [124] 

lining  the  palate  bears  pale  yellowish,  scattered,  stout,  not  very  acute, 
and  but  slightly  curved  teeth,  with  bases  not  much  enlarged ;  among 
these  are  clusters  of  small,  stony,  smoothish  granules,  often  aggregated 
into  masses  of  considerable  size.  The  gnlar  membrane  also  bears  ag- 
gregations of  small,  smoothish,  rounded,  and  angular  granules,  with 
others  that  are  larger,  oblong,  and  oval,  smooth,  and  more  or  less  regu- 
larly arranged.    The  oesophagus  is  very  long  and  slender,  dark  colored. 

Meaauremmtt  of  Hiatioteuthia  Collituii. 


Tentacular  arms,  length 

Diameter  at  baae 

Breadth  of  olnb,  without  membrane 

Its  membranous  border 

Length  of  club 

Length  of  the  slender  tip 

Of  dorsal  crest 

Length  of  dorsal  arm  of  leftside 

Of  Ist  lateral  (2d  pair) 

Of  2d  lateral  (3d  pair) 1 

Of  ventralarm 

Breadth  of  lateral  arms  at  base 

Thickness 

Diameter  of  eye-opening 

Diameter  of  bead  at  base  of  arms 

Breadth  of  web  l>etween  arms 

Diameter  of  largest  suckers  of  tentacular  arms. 


HllUmeters. 

Inches. 

eogand  63S 

24  and  2J 

13.6 

.60 

17.6 

.70 

0.2 

.26 

09 

3.76 

81 

1.36 

87 

1.60 

866 

14 

432 

17 

438 

17.26 

361 

14.26 

22.6 

.00 

IB 

.76 

22.6 

.90 

87 

3.80 

203  to  254 

8  to  10 

&6 

.20 

Taken  from  the  sbomaxih  of  Alepidosaurusferox,  lat.  42°  49',  long.  62<3 
57',  off  Nova  Scotia,  by  Capt.  J.  W.  Collins  and  crew  of  the  schoonei 
"Marion,"  1879. 

All  parts  back  of  the  eyes  are  absent ;  the  eyes  are  mutilated,  but  the 
specimen  is  otherwise  in  excellent  preservation,  even  the  web  and  suck- 
ers being  nearly  uninjured. 

In  addition  to  the  original  specimen,  above  described,  another  speci- 
men, represented  by  the  jaws  alone,  has  been  received  by  the  United 
States  Fish  Commission  from  the  Gloucester  fisheries  (lot  843).  This 
was  obtained  on  the  Western  Bank,  off  Nova  Scotia. 

Another  beak  was  dredged  by  the  "  Fish  Hawk,"  at  station  893,  south 
of  Newport,  E.  I.,  in  372  fathoms. 

These  jaws  agree  well  in  size  and  all  other  characters  with  those  of 
the  original  specimen  (Plate  XXIV,  fig.  4). 

Family  DESMOTEUTHID^  Verrill. 

Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  300,  Feb.,  1881. 

For  the  reception  of  the  genera  Besmoteuthis  V.  and  Taonius  St.,  as 
defined  below,  I  established  this  new  family,  which  had  previously  been 
confounded  with  CremchidcB  and  Loligopaida. 

Body  much  elongated,  pointed  posteriorly ;  caudal  fin  narrow,  termi- 
nal, mantle  united  to  neck  by  a  dorsal  and  two  lateral  muscular  commis- 
sures. Pen  lance-shaped,  as  long  as  the  mantle,  with  a  long,  narrow 
shaft ;  blade  incurved  or  hooded  posteriorly.  CBsophagus  and  intestine 
very  much  elongated.  Nidamental  glands  and  oviducts  large,  symmet- 
rical. Eyes  large,  protuberant;  lids  free  and  simple.  No  auditory 
crests.     Siphon  large,  with  neither  internal  valve  nor  dorsal  bridle. 


ri241   I    [^^^J      CKPUALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


very  acute, 
ed;  among 
aggregated 
3  bears  ag- 
Qules,  "With 
r  less  regu- 
axk  colored. 


en. 

Inches. 

n.-)5 

24  and  25 

.60 

.70 

.25 

2.75 

1.25 

LSO 

14 

17 

17.26 

14.25 

.90 

.75 

.90 

3.80 

M 

8  to  10 

.24 

19',  long.  620 
bhe  schoonei 

ited,  but  the 
eb  and  suck- 

lother  speci- 
the  United 
843).    This 

)n  893,  south 
ith  those  of 


ionitis  St.,  as 
Iviouslybeen 

|irrow,  termi- 

lar  commis- 

long,  narrow 

Wd  intestine  ] 

l^ge,  synunet- 

fo  auditory 

arsal  bridle. 


Arms  with  depressed  suckers.    Tentacular  arms  with  a  well-developed 
club,  bearing  suckers. 

DBSMOTBUTHIS  Verrill. 

0 

TaoniuM  (part)  Steenstnip,  18G1. 

DmMteutkU  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  300,  Feb.,  1881. 

Body  very  long,  tapering  backward  to  a  long,  slender,  acute  caudal 
portion.  Caudal  fin  long,  narrow,  tapering  to  a  long,  acute  tip.  Anterior 
edge  of  the  mantle  united  directly  to  the  head,  on  the  dorsal  side,  by  a 
commissure,  so  that  there  is  no  free  edge  medially,  and  the  surface  is 
continuous,  as  in  Sepiola;  the  dorsal  commissure  extends  backward  and 
diverges  within  the  mantle ;  two  additional  muscular  commissures  unite 
the  lateral  inner  surfaces  of  the  mantle  to  the  sides  of  the  siphon. 
Eyes  very  large  and  prominent,  with  simple  circular  lids,  "^o  aquiferous 
pores.  Siphon  large  and  prominent,  with  neither  valve  nor  dorsal  bri* 
dies.  Arms  small  and  short,  subequal,  with  a  basal  web  and  lateral 
membranes;  suckers  smallest  on  the  ventral  arms,  and  urceolate,  largest 
and  flatish  on  the  middle  of  the  lateral  and  dorsal  arms,  feebly  toothed. 
Pen  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  body,  very  slender  and  of  uni- 
form  width  for  more  than  half  the  length,  then  becoming  broad-lanceo- 
late, the  terminal  portion  having  the  edges  involute,  forming  a  long, 
slender  cone,  into  which  the  ovary  extends.  Nidamental  glands  large, 
symmetrically  developed  on  the  two  sides.  Gills  small,  situated  in  front 
of  the  middle  of  the  body. 

The  genus  Taonius  was  proposed  by  Steenstrup  to  include  this  and 
T.pavo  (Lea.  sp.),  but  he  has  not,  to  my  knowledge,  definitely  defined 
the  genus.  As  T.  pavo  appears  to  be  generically  distinct  from  the  pres- 
ent genus,  I  propose  to  retain  Taonius,  with  T.  pavo  for  its  type.  By 
many  writers  T.  pavo  has  been  placed  in  Loligopsis  or  Leachia.  Steen- 
strup himself  formerly  referred  D.  hyperborea  to  Leachia.  By  Tryon 
both  have  been  referred  back  to  Loligopsis. 

Loligopsis,  as  defined  by  D'Orbigny,  in  1839,  included  T.  pavo,  as  well 
as  the  type  of  Leachia,  but  he  referred  Lamarck's  original  type  of  Loli- 
I  gopsis  to  the  genus,  as  amended  by  him,  only  with  doubt. 

It  seems  desirable,  therefore,  to  explain  this  confusion,  so  far  as  pos- 
I  sible. 

Loligopsis  Lamarck,*  1812  and  1822,  was  based  only  on  an  imperfect 
I  figure,  made  by  P^ron,  of  a  small  oceanic  squid  which  had  lost  its  ten- 
tacular arms.  The  supposed  character  of  having  eight  arms  was,  for 
Mm,  the  only  basis  for  the  genus,  no  others  being  mentioned.  The 
species  (JD.  Peronii)  was,  however,  described  very  briefly  as  a  small  squid 
With  eight  equal  arms  and  two  posterior,  distinct  caudal  fins,  and  it  was 
compared  to  Sepiola.  It  has  apparently  not  been  rediscovered  by  later 
writers,  unless  L.  chrysophthalma  D'Orb.  be  the  same  species,  which  is 
[quite  possible.     The  latter,  as  figured,  is  a  small,  short-bodied  species, 

*Extr.  de  Cours  de  Zool.,  p.  133,  1812  (t.  D'Orb.);  Animaux  sans  Vert.,  vol.  vii,  p. 
1659, 1828. 


li 


Ifi. 


fifiili  < 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FI8II  AND  KI8HKR1E8.     [126] 

Ufith  dittinct,  separate,  small  caudal  fins,  which  are  free  from  the  end  of 
the  body;  its  mantle-edge  is  also  represented  as  flree  dorsally.  This 
evidently  is  a  generic  type  distinct  from  Taonius  and  Desmoteuthit. 
Indeed,  it  probably  will  be  found  not  to  belong  to  the  same /am% 
when  actually  studied.  Therefore,  it  seems  necessary  to  allow  the  name 
LoUgopsis  to  remain  connected  with  snch  small,  short-bodied  species, 
for  which  alone  it  was  originally  used.  The  genus,  in  its  original  sense, 
cannot  yet  be  regarded  as  fully  established. 

Leaohia  Losueur,  1821*  {=Perothis  (Esch.)  Bathke,  1835),  was  also 
based  on  an  imperfect  figure  of  a  small  Pacific  Ocean  squid,  which  had 
likewise  lost  its  tentacular  arms.  The  only  generic  character  given  was, 
as  in  Lamarck's  c&se,  the  presence  of  only  eight  arms — a  purely  fictitiooB 
character.  The  type  of  this  genus  was  Leachia  cyclura  Les.  It  has  a 
more  elongated  body,  slender  posteriorly,  with  a  more  or  less  rounded 
caudal  fin,  the  two  sides  of  the  fin  completely  united  together  and  to  the 
posterior  end  of  the  body.  The  third  pair  of  arms  is  much  larger  than 
the  others.  The  anterior  dorsal  edge  of  the  mantle  is  represented  as 
free  in  all  the  figures,  but,  according  to  D'Orbigny,  there  is  an  internal 
dorsal  commissure,  and  also  two  lateral  ones.  The  visceral  anatomy  of  | 
one  species  of  this  group  {L.  guttata  Grant),  which  D'Orbigny  refers, 
probably  correctly ,t  to  the  original  L.  cyclura,  is  pretty  well  Imown,  and 
is  widely  different  from  that  of  Desmoteuthis  (see  Plate  XXIY,  fig.  1),  as  | 
well  as  from  that  of  Taonius,  so  far  as  the  latter  is  known. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  whatever  as  to  the  generic  dictinctness  of  I 
Leaohia,  if  the  anatomy  he  tr^^en  into  account.  (Se3  the  figures  of| 
Grant  and  D'Orbigny.) 

Taonius  Steenstrup,  1861  (type  j.      '"o).    This  differs  from  the  two  I 
preceding  genera  in  its  more  elongatov.  ''orm,  narrow  caudal  fin,  &c 
From  Leaohia  and  Desmoteuthis  it  differs  in  the  form  of  its  pen.    The| 
dorsal  edge  of  the  mantle  is  represented  and  described  as  free  by  D'Or- 
bigny.   The  anatomical  characters  are  not  known. 

Deunoteuthla  hyperborea  Yerrill. 

Leachia  hyperborea  Steenstrnp,  KrougoU ;  o  Danske  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Skrifter,  6r.,| 

vol.  iv,  p.  200,  1856  (sep.  copula,  ^.  16). 
Taonius  hyperhoreut  Steenst.,  OvKr^i^t  Kgl.  Danske  Vidensk.  Selsk.,  Forhand- 

linger,  1861,  p.  83. 
Verrill,  Amer.  Joom.  Sci.,  vol.  xvii,  p.  243,  1879;  vol.  xix,  p.  290, 1880. 
Loligopria  hyperloreua  Tryon,  op.  cit.,  p.  162  (inaccnrate  translation,  afl«| 

Steendtrup). 
Detmoteuthii  hyperborea  Verrill,  Trans..  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  302,  pi.  27,  figi<| 

1,  2,  pi.  29,  fig.  1,  Feb.,  1881. 

Plate  XXrV,  fignres  1-3.    Plate  XXV,  figures  1,  2  (anatomy). 

9 .  Body  very  long,  tapering  gradually  backward,  and  ending  in  a| 

*  Joomal  Philad.  Acad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  89,  pi.  2. 

t Tryon  criticizes  this  determination  because  Lesueur  "describes  and  figures  tl 
smooth  species,"  Trhile  L.  guttata  has  two  rows  of  curious  tubercles  on  the  ventral  udtM 
But  as  Lesaonr  only  desoribed  a  figure  of  the  doreal  surface,  his  objection  to  this  identi'[ 
fication  is  ftbsord. 


ES,     [126]   I    [127]      CEPIIALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTKRN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

long,  slenddr,  acute  tail ;  mantle  soft  and  flabby,  with  a  oapaoioas  bran- 
chial  cavity ;  anterior  dorsal  edge  advancing  somewhat  in  the  middle 
and  directly  united  to  the  head,  so  as  to  leave  no  free  edge  medially,  by 
a  rather  wide  commissural  band,  the  sides  of  which  diverge  as  they 
extend  backward  within  the  manUe.  Gaudal  fin  long,  narrow,  lanceo- 
late, narrowly  acuminate  to  a  very  long,  acute  tip ;  the  anterior  inser- 
tions are  wide  apart,  and  the  ant^uor  border  is  rounded.  Head  short 
and  small,  exclusive  of  the  eyes,  which  are  very  large,  globular,  and 
prominent, their  lower  sides  in  contact  beneath  the  head;  openings 
round,  looking  somewhat  downward ;  pupils  large  and  round ;  lids  thin 
and  simple.  Siphon  very  large  and  prominent,  extending  forward  be- 
tween the  eyes,  but  without  a  special  groove ;  dorsal  surface  firmly 
united  to  the  head  by  a  thick  commissure,  leaving  about  half  the  length 
free ;  opening  large,  without  any  valve. 

Arms  comparatively  small  and  short,  none  of  them  complete  in  our 
specimen  except  those  of  the  third  and  fourth  pairs,  which  are  nearly 
equal  in  length,  the  ventral  ones  a  little  the  shortest  and  most  slender; 
the  dorsal  and  second  pairs  of  arms  have  lost  their  distal  portions,  but 
the  parts  of  the  dorsal  arms  remaining  correspond  in  size  with  the 
ventral  cues,  and  those  of  the  second  pair  with  the  third  pair.  The 
arms  are  all  united  together  by  a  thin,  delicate  basal  web,  which  extends 
up  some  distance  between  the  arms  (farthest  between  the  dorsal  pair), 
and  then  runs  along  the  sides  of  the  arms,  as  broad,  thin  margiaal 
membranes,  to  the  tips.  Suckers  of  the  ventral  arms  smaller  and  dif- 
ferent in  form  from  those  of  the  others,  all  of  them  being  urceolate,  with 
narrow  apertures,  surrounded  by  a  slightly  enlarged  border,  and  having 
small  homy  rings,  with  the  edge  entire,  or  nearly  so,  on  the  proximal 
suckers,  but  on  the  smaller  ones,  toward  the  tip,  with  a  few  broad,  blunt 
teeth  on  the  outer  edge.  On  the  dorsal  and  lateral  arms  the  basal  suok- 
ors  are  ventricose  and  urceolate,  like  those  of  the  ventral  arms,  but  along 
the  middle  portion  of  these  arms  the  suckers  become  much  larger,  and 
have  a  broad,  shallow  form,  with  wide  apertures  and  expanded  bases ;  the 
homy  rings  of  these  larger  suckers  are  divided  into  several  brood,  bluntly 
rounded  teeth  on  the  outer  edge;  toward  the  tips  of  the  arms  the  smaller 
suckers  again  become  deeper,  with  more  contracted  apertures,  and  with 
a  few  more  prominent  denticles  on  the  rings. 

Outer  buccal  membrane  with  seven  obtuse  angles,  and  united  to  the 
arms  by  seven  bridles,  or  commissures,  of  which  the  upper  one  is  double. 
Exposed  part  of  the  beak  black;  mandibles  very  acute,  strongly  in- 
curved. 

Pen  very  thin  and  narrow,  and  of  nearly  uniform  width  (4""°)  for  more 
than  half  its  length ;  at  about  four-sevenths  of  its  length  from  the 
anterior  end  it  gradually  expands  laterally  into  a  broad,  very  thin,  lan- 
ceolate form,  becoming,  opposite  the  broadest  part  of  the  fin,  30°^  wide, 
with  very  delicate  lateral  expansions  and  with  a  pretty  strong  dorsal 
keel;  farther  back  it  tapers  and  is  very  acuminate,  the  lateral  margins 


•  • 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.      [128] 

becomiag  iuvolute,  so  as  to  form  a  very  long,  slender,  acute,  terminal, 
hollow  cone,  extending  to  the  tip  of  the  tail.  The  anterior  end  is  ob- 
tusely rounded  and  thin;  a  short  distance  from  the  anLerior  end  there 
ere  two  thin  lateral  processes,  directed  forward,  to  which  the  commis- 
sural muscles  were  attached  (Plaxe  XXV,  figure  2). 

Color  of  entire  body,  siphon,  and  caudal  fln  dark  brown,  thickly 
covered  with  large,  roundish,  unequal  spots  of  darker  brown  and  paler 
brown,  intermixed;  head,  eyes,  arms,  and  web  dark  brownish  purple, 
with  crowded  crhomatophores;  suckers  yellowish. 

Total  length,  to  end  of  lateral  arms,  16  inches ;  to  dorsal  edge  of 
mantle,  13  inches;  length  of  head,  1  inch;  diameter  of  eye,  1  inch; 
length  of  caudal  fin,  5  inches;  its  breadth,  1.80  inches.* 

MeasuremenU  {in  niTlimetera). 


Length  to  tip  of  lateral  arms 

Length  to  basu  of  arms 

Length  to  baso  of  mantle,  above 

Length  of  caudnl  ilu 

BreMlth  of  caudal  fln 

Diameter  of  body 

Diameter  of  eye 

Length  of  3d  pair  of  arms 

Length  of  ventral  arms 

Diameter  of  largest  suckers  of  lateral  arms. 

Length  of  pen 

Of  I  nterior  linear  portion 

Of  posterior  lanceolate  part 

Breadth  of  anterior  portion 

Breadth  of  lanceolate  part 


A?, 


410 

354 

830 

127 

46 

57 

25 

56 

52 

3 

330 

180 

150 

3 

80 


2fa 

103 
18 


26 
63 
38 

5 


A  is  the  specimen  described  above ;  B  io  the  specimen  described  by  Steenstrup  from  Greenland. 
The  latter  had  the  dorsal  arms  40""  long ;  2d  pair  50°"°  j  tentacular  arms  68  and  70°™,  respectively.  The 
larger  size  of  the  suckers  of  the  lai^^r  may  indicate  that  it  was  a  male. 

Our  specimen  was  taken  near  the  northern  edge  of  the  Gulf  Stream, 
West  long.  55°,  by  Thomas  Lee,  of  iche  schooner  '•' Wm.  H.  Oaks,"  Janu- 
ary, 1879,  and  by  him  presented  to  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  Bpffin's 
Bay,  Northern  Greenland  (Steenstrup). 

.    ,,,        ,    ..  Notes  on  the  visceral  anatomy.  -.  , 

•::vU   .'    •     ■    .    fV.      .;•>       Plate  XXV,  figure  1.  -    ■     ,    v        s  (i- 

The  only  specimen  of  this  species  obtained  had  the  internal  organs 
considerably  Lijured,  but/  the  anatomy  is  so  unlike  that  of  the  more 
common  genera  of  squids  that  it  seemed  to  me  desirable  to  figure  such 
parts  as  are  preserved. 

This  specimen  is  a  female,  and  the  large  nidameutal  glands  {x',  xx) 
xx')  are  symmetrically  developed  on  the  two  sides;  these  are  swollen, 
voluminous  organs,  composed  of  great  numbers  of  internal  lamellae; 
the  anterior  ones  {x')  occupy  the  region  around  and  in  front  of  the 

*  Some  of  tlirse  measuremonta  are  slightly  larger  tliau  tUoso  originally  giveu.  Tliia 
is  duo  to  tbo  fact  that  the  specimen  has  been  kept,  since  first  receivod,  in  somewhat 
■weaker  alcohol,  and  has  become  more  relaxed  in  consequence  of  thif.,  combined  vritli 
repeat*  d  handling. 


ES.      [128]     I    [129]       CEPHALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OV  AMERICA. 


e,  termmal, 
:  end  is  ob- 
►r  end  there 
he  commis- 

wn,  thickly 
a  and  paler 
lish  purple, 

sal  edge  of 
eye,  1  inchf 


A?. 

B 

410 

354 
330 

"'2io 

127 

103 

46 

18 

67 

25 

26 

56 

63 

62 

S» 

3 

5 

330 

180 

160 

3 

80 

from  Greenland, 
eapectively.    Ihe 


ulf  Stream, 
Jaks,"  Janu- 
on.   Bpffin's 


rnal  organs 
of  the  more 
figure  sucli 

mds  (j?',  a\i', 
ire  swollen, 
al  lamellae; 
front  of  the 

'  giveu.  Tlu3 
,  in  somewhat 
ombiued  with 


bases  of  the  gills,  extending  forward  and  having  an  oblique,  oblong  open- 
ing {op,  op')  on  the  outside  of  the  anteiior  ends ;  the  posterior  ones  {xx, 
xx*)  are  behind  the  gills  and  co.er  the  branchial  auricles;  the  oblique, 
slit-like  opening  is  on  the  outer  side  of  the  posterior  ends;  the  gland  on 
the  left  side  {xx')  was  mutilated;  the  posterior  vena  cava  in  front  of  r' 
passes  through  the  center  of  the  posterior  gland  {xx).  The  ovary  (ov) 
is  a  very  long  organ,  attached  to  the  stomach  («)  and  to  the  sides  of  its 
long  coBcal  appendage;  it  extends  far  backward  to  near  the  tip  of  the 
tail,  occupying  the  concavity  of  the  pen  {p) ;  it  consists  of  great  num- 
bers of  small  clustered  folicles;  connected  with  its  anterior  end,  and 
attached  to  the  stomach,  there  is  a  convoluted  tube,  probably  an  oviduct, 
not  well  shown  in  the  figure;  connected  with  and  opening  into  the  intes- 
tine, near  its  origin,  there  is  a  firm,  roundish  organ,  with  internal  lamellie, 
perhaps  a  part  of  the  stomach  or  gizzard  (fig.  1,  s).  The  stomach  was 
much  mutilated,  so  that  its  form  could  not  be  certainly  made  out.  What 
appears  to  have  been  a  portion  of  the  stomach,  or  else  the  anterior  part 
of  the  coecal  appendage  («,«),  had  a  cavity  lined  with  numerous  longitudi^ 
nal  folds ;  from  this  a  very  long,  saccular,  ccecal  appendage,  longitudinally 
plicated  within  («"),  runs  back,  along  the  ovary,  into  the  caudal  cavity  of 
the  pen.  ^he  oesophagus  had  been  destroyed.  The  intestine  {I,  h)  is 
very  long  and  slender,  internally  longitudinally  plicated,  and  externally 
covered  along  nearly  its  whole  length,  on  one  side,  by  close  groups  of 
small  glandular  folicles  (/,  l) ;  the  terminal  portion  is  closely  attached  to 
the  ventral  edge  of  the  small,  smooth,  firm,  compressed,  oblong-ovate 
liver  (i),  and  its  free,  stout  anal  end  {h)  is  i)rovided  with  two  slender, 
taper! Qg  cirri.  The  ink-sac  {i')  is  small,  pyriform,  between  the  front 
part  of  the  liver  and  the  rectum. 

The  gills  {g,  g)  are  small  and  short,  situated  far  forward,  and  con- 
nected to  the  ventricle  of  the  heart  {H)  by  long  afferent  vessels  (bo) ; 
the  branchial  auricles  {au,  au)  are  rounded,  without  terminal  capsules ; 
the  ventricle  of  the  heart  {H),  as  preserved,  is  small  and  four  lobed,  the 
largest  lobe  directed  forward  and  past iug  into  the  anterior  aorta.  The 
condition  of  the  specimen  did  not  permit  the  circulation  to  be  much 
studied.  The  two  large,  fusiform,  cellular  organs  (r',  r')  are  probably 
renal  in  nat'ire ;  their  interior  is  filled  with  large,  irregular  cavities  or 
lacunte,  which  appear  to  be  connected  with  the  posterior  venaj  cava)  («•'"). 

TAONIUS  Steenstrup  (restricted),  •  -'•" 

Loligo  (par  )  Lesii*"  •    Journ.  Pbilad.  Acad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  9G,  1821. 
LoUgopm  (pars)  j.:''  . oigny,  C<ipli.  Ac6tal).,  p.  320  {non  Lamarck). 

Gray  {pars),  Catal.  Moll.  Brit.  Mus.,  vol.  i,  p.  39,  1849. 
Taoniua  (pars)  Steenstrup,  Oversigt  Kgl.  Danske  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forb.,  1861,  pp.  70, 

85. 
Taoiii.-f  ■■  orriil,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  306,  Feb.,  1891. 

This  genus  seems  to  bear  about  the  same  relation  to  Besmotenthia  that 
Rossia  does  to  Sepiola.  Its  relations  with  Loligopais  and  Leaohia  have 
already  been  discussed  (pp.  301,  302).    The  body  is  short-jpointed  pes- 


KEPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.      [130] 

terior^y.  The  caudal  fin  is  long-cordate,  but  not  slender-pointed.  The 
pen  is  lance-shaped,  the  anterior  portion  being  long,  narrow,  of  nearly 
uniforn  width;  posterior  end  broad-lanceolate,  short-pointed  posteriorly, 
and,  according  to  the  figures,  without  a  cone  at  the  tip.  The  anterior 
dorsal  edge  of  the^mantle  is  represented  as  free  externally,  but  there  is 
a  dorsal  commissure  within  the  mantle-cavity,  and  a  lateral  one  on  each 
side.  Arms  short,  subeqaal ;  suckers  flat,  denticulate,  those  of  the  i 
tentacles  with  sharp,  incurved  teeth.  Eyes  large,  globular,  prominent;  j 
lids  free  and  simple. 

Siphon  with  neither  valve  nor  dorsal  bridle.  No  external  ears,  nuchal  | 
crests,  nor  cephalic  aquiferous  pores. 

Taonius  pavo  Stceastrup. 

Loligo  pavo  Lesueur,  Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Science  Philad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  96,  with  | 

a  plate,  1821. 
LoUgopaU  pavo  Fdrussac  &  D'Orb.,  C«5ph.  Ac6tab.,  p.  321,  Calmars,  pi.  6,  figi| 
1-4  (after  Lesueur) ;  Loligopsis,  pi.  4,  figs.  1-8  (details,  original). 
Binney,  in  Gould's  Invert.  Mass.,  ed.  2,  p.  309  (but  not  the  figure,  pi.  26). 
Verrill,  Amer.  Joum.  Sci.,  vol.  xix,  p.  290,  1880. 
Tryon,  Amer.  Mar.  Conch,  p.  9,  pi.  1,  fig.  3  (after  Lesueur) ;  Man.  ConcL.,  { 
vol.  i,  p.  163,  pi.  68,  fig.  252,  pi.  69,  fig.  2.53, 1879  (descr.  from  Gray,  figures  j 
from  Lesueur  and  D'Orb. ). 
Taoniua  pavo  Steenst.,  Oversig';  Kgl.  Dansko  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forh.,  1861,  pp.| 
70,  85. 
Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  306,  Feb.,  1881. 

This  species  differs  externally  from  the  preceding  in  having  a  much  I 
shorter,  obtuse,  oblong-cordate  fin,  instead  of  a  long,  slender,  pointedl 
one,  and  by  its  very  distinct  coloration.  According  to  Lesueur,  the! 
general  color  is  carmine-brown,  the  mantle,  head,  and  arms  "  coveredl 
on  every  part  with  very  lai'ge  ocellations,  which  are  connected  togetheij 
by  str.dller  intermediate  ones."    Length  of  mantle,  10  inches. 

Sandy  Bay,  Mass.  (Lesueur).  Newfoundland  (Steenstrup).  Off  Ma| 
deira  (D'Orbigny). 

No  instance  of  the  occurrence  of  this  oceanic  species  on  the  Newl 
England  coast  has  been  recorded  since  the  original  specimen  was  dfrl 
*  scribed  by  Lesueur  in  1821.  The  circumstances  connected  with  the  hi»l 
tory  of  his  specimen  are  such  as  to  render  it  not  improbable  that  sonul 
interchange  of  labels  had  occurred  in  his  case.  Therefore,  the  NenT 
England  habitat  for  this  species  needs  confirmation. 

Lesueur's  statement  (loc.  cit.,  p.  94)  is  that  when  at  Sandy  Bay,  Ma 
(on  Cape  Ann),  in  1816,  he  saw  a  "great  number"  of  squids  {^^Loligos^i 
that  had  been  taken  by  the  fishermen  for  bait,  and  that  "  the  beautifoj 
color  with  which  they  were  ornamented  induced  me  to  take  a  drawin 
of  one  immediately,  but  not  then  having  leisure  to  complete  it,  I  took^ 
specimen  with  me  to  finish  the  drawing  at  my  leisure.  But  recently  [il 
1821],  upon  comparing  this  sp'?o)'?5en  with  my  drawing,  I  was  mi>eli  si«| 
piiscd  to  perceive  that  I  had  wrought  with  me  a  very  '.listiuct  F4  ceiei 
firom  that  which  I  had  observed  [0.  illecehrosm].    I  menvion  thl';  ".ii  ail 


acci 


lES. 


[130] 


loiuted.  The 
DW,  of  nearly 
d  posteriorly, 

The  anterior 
'j  but  there  is 
i  one  on  each 

those  of  the  | 
ir,  prominent; 

il  ears,  nuchal  I 


ol.  ii,  p.  96,  with 

ilmars,  pi.  6,  figs.  | 

original). 

I  figure,  pi.  26;. 

ir) ;  Man.  Concb., 
trom  Gray,  figureij 

k.  Forh.,  1861,  pp. 


having  a  muchl 
lender,  pointedl 
,0  Lesueur,  the! 
arms  "  coveredl 

ected  togetheij 

hes. 

rup).    Off  Mai 

U  on  the  Ne»l 

cimen  was  del 

bd  with  the  hi»| 

bable  that  somef 

efore,  the  Ne» 

ady  Bay,  Mj 
lids  {^^Loligosl^ 
1 "  the  beautifii 
Eike  a  drawii 
|lete  it,  I  tooki 
Jut  recently  [i 
J  was  mvcli  stt| 
tisitiuet  Ri'cci; 
Ion  th^'^i  '  '  ^' 


[131]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

stance  to  explain  the  cause  of  the  brevity  of  the  following  description 
[of  0.  illecebroaus]  taken  from  my  drawing."  The  drawing  was  also  in- 
accurate for  the  same  reason. 

MTOPSZD2]  D'Orbigny. 

Eyes  without  regular  lids,  the  integument  of  the  head  extending  con- 
tinuously  over  the  eye,  and  becoming  transparent  over  the  pupil  of 
the  eye.  In  some  genera  {Bos8ia,  &c.)  there  is  a  thickened  fold  of  skin 
below  the  eye,  constituting  a  sort  of  false  lower  eyelid.  Pupil  crescent- 
shaped.  A  small  mucous  pore  in  front  of  the  anterior  edge  of  the  eye, 
connected  with  the  orbital  cavity. 

Family  LOLIGINID^. 

Teuthidw  (para)  Owen,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  p.  285,  1847. 
LoUgidcb  D'Orbigny,  C6ph.  Acdtab.,  p.  297,  1848. 
''cl'rl(ltr  (para)  Gray,  Catal.  Moll.  Brit.  Mas.,  vol.  i,  p.  66,  1849. 
■  L''a*{par8)  H.  &  A.  Adams,  Genera,  Moll.,  vol.  i,  p.  3.5. 

^J  more  or  less  elongated,  cylindro-conical.    Fins  elongated,  united 
1 3»\,  acute  posteriorly,  sometimes  extending  the  whole  length  of  the 
I  body.    Pen  large,  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  mantle,  with  an 
[acute,  short,  pen-like  anterior  shaft,  and  a  broader,  thin,  lanceolate 
I  blade.    Connective  cartilages  of  the  mantle  three,  movable.    Eyes  with- 
out a  thickened  false  lid.    Siphon  provided  with  an  internal  valve,  and 
attached  to  the  head  by  a  dorsal  bridle.    Nuchal  crests  about  the  ears 
well-developed.    Tentacular  club  large,  with  four  rows  of  denticulated 
suckers  on  the  middle  portion.    Horny  rings  of  the  suckers  encircled 
[externally  by  a  raised  median  ridge. 

On  our  coast  this  family  is  represented  only  by  the  genus  Loligo.    At 
[Bermuda  and  ."i  the  West  Indies  a  species  of  Sepioteuthis  occurs,  which 
will  probably  ;er«after  be  found  on  our  southern  coast.    In  the  latter 
|the  fins  extf.  >'  tu  .ig  the  whole  length  of  the  mantle. 

LOLIOO  Lamarck,  1779. 

lloJijo  {pan)  Lama^.  -,    ./btj.  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  p.  50,  1801. 
|P(eroteu^Ai«  (subgenus)  Blaiuville,  Man.  Malac,  p.  367,  1825. 
\Loligo  (restricted)  D'Orbigny,  Cdph.  Acdtab.,  p.  305,  1848. 
Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  307,  Feb.,  1881. 

Body  elongated,  tapering  to  a  point  behind ;  anterior  edge  of  mantle 
jfree  dorsally,  and  prolonged  into  a  lobe,  covering  the  end  of  the  pen. 
ICaudal  flu  posterior,  elor  gated-rhomboidal,  united  to  the  sii^ps  of  the 
jbody  to  t>'  posterior  tip.  Mantle  connected  to  the  neck  by  a  dorsal 
land  two  '.;eral  connective  cartilages;  lateral  cartilages  of  the  mantle 
Isimple  loDf!'  i  linal  ridges;  corresponding  cartilages,  on  the  base  of  the 
jsiphou,  irreguiarly  ovate,  witL  a  median  groove.  Pen  as  long  as  the 
jmantlO;  anteriorly  narrow,  with  a  central  keel  and  two  lateral  ridges ; 
Iposteriorly  broad,  thin,  lanceolate,  concave,  but  not  involute.  Head 
[rather  large ;  eyes  without  lids,  covered  with  transparent  skin,  pupil 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.      [132]    I   [1^^] 


crescent-sliaped,  encroached  upon  dorsally  by  the  iris ;  a  small  mucous 
pore  in  front  of  the  eyes ;  behind  the  eyes,  on  each  side,  there  is  an 
oblique  transverse  and  two  longitudinal,  erect,  thin  crests,  in  relation 
with  the  ears.  Siphon  situated  in  a  shallow  groove,  united  to  the  head 
by  a  pair  of  dorsal  bridles,  and  furnished  with  a  large  internal  valve. 
Six  buccal  aquiferous  pores,  and  a  pair  of  branchial  pores,  one  on  each 
side,  between  the  bases  of  the  third  and  fourth  pairs  of  arms.  Buccal 
membrane  with  seven  elongated  points,  covered  on  their  inner  surfaces 
with  small  suckers ;  in  the  female  with  a  special  organ  (Plate  XXVI, 
fig.  4,  s),  below  the  beak,  on  the  ventral  side,  for  the  attachment  of  the 
spermatophores. 

Sessile  arms  angular;  basal  web  rudimentary  or  none;  suckers  in  two 
rows,  oblique,  deep  cup-shaped;  horny  rings  toothed  on  the  broad  side, 
and  surrounded  w ML  a  median  ridge.  Male  with  one  of  the  ventral 
arms  (usually  the  It  tocotylized,  near  the  tip,  by  an  enlargement 

of  the  bases  of  the  pet  s  of  the  suckers  and  a  decrease  or  disappear- 
ance of  the  cups.  Tentacular  arms  long  and  strong,  with  an  expanded 
club,  provided  with  marginal  membranes  and  a  dorsal  keel ;  suckers,  j 
on  the  widest  part,  usually  in  four  rows,  those  in  the  two  central  rows  | 
larger,  broad-urceolate;  smaller  ones  cover  the  proximal  and  distal  por 
tions ;  no  connective  suckers  on  the  club  or  along  the  arm.  Sucker- 
rings  surrounded  externally  by  a  raised  band. 

Oviduct  large,  developed  only  on  the  left  side.  Nidamental  glands  I 
large  in  front  of  heart.  Eggs  in  fusiform,  gelatinous  capsules,  attached  [ 
by  one  end,  and  usually  radially  united  into  large  clusters. 


Loligo  F 

Vari( 


8,  1821. 


U 


Loligo  Pealei  Lesueur  (typical form). 

Loligo  Pealei  Lesueur,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.,  vol.  ii,  p.  92,  pi 
Loligo  Pealii  Blaiuville,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  xxvii,  p.  144,  1823. 
F6ru8sac  &  D'Orbigny,  Odph.  Ac^tab.,  p.  311,  Calmars,  pi.  11,  figs, 

pi.  20,  figs.  17-21  (details). 
Gray  (Pealii),  Catal.  Moll.  Brit.  Mus.,  vol.  i,  p.  71,  1849. 
Binney,  in  Gould's  Invert.  Mass.,  ed.  2,  p.  514,  pi.  25,  figs,  339,  340  (figu« 
erroneously  referred  to  0.  Bartramii). 
.  Verrill  (Pealii),  Report  on  Invert.  Vineyard  Sd.,  pp.  440,  635  (sep.  copies,  p. 
341),  pi.  20,  figs.  102-105,  1877. 
Tryon  (Pealii),  Man.  Conch.,  vol.  i,  p.  142,  pi.  51,  figs.  133-140  (figs,  from 

F^r.  &  D'Orb.  and  Dekay). 

Verrill,  Amer.  Joum.  Sci.,  vol.  iii,  p.  281,  1872;  Amer.  Naturalist,  vol.  viii, 

p.  170  (habits);  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  xix, p.  292,  1880(deBcr.)  (Pealei) 

Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  pp.  308-340,  pi.  29,  figs.  1-4,  pi.  37,  figs.  l-3,j 

.     pi.  39,  fig.  4,  pi.  40,  pi.  45,  figs.  3,  4,  1881. 

Brooks  (Pealii),  Develop,  of  the  squid,  in  Anniver.  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Natj 

Hist.  pi.  1-3,  March,  1881  (embryology). 

Loligo  punctata  Dokay,  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  MoUusca,  p.  3,  pi.  1,  fig.  1,  1 

(young). 

Binney,  in  Gould's  Invert.  Mass.,  p.  513  (aftei  Dekay). 

Tryon,  Amer.  Mar.  Conch.,  p.  14,  pi.  43,  figs.  10,  11  (after  Dekay). 

Variety  horealia  Verrill. 

Loligo  Pealei  var.  lorcalia  Vorrill,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  xix,  p.  292, 1880. 


Plate  XX\ 

Plate  XX 

XXXII, 

Bodyr 
tion  or  c( 
end,  mor( 
boidal,  \^ 
according 
also,  in  tl] 
length  of 
althongh 
ity.  In  t; 
125'"'"  loui 
to  1:1.90; 
1:1.05  to: 
400°""  lonj 
1:1.75.  1 
mantle,  in 
varying  cc 
larger  femi 
The  ante 
in  a  broad 
I  lateral  cart 
jconca\e  lin 
nent  raedij 

The  inai'.l 

wLcn  the  wat 

jdition  ill  whi( 

pood,  and  wh( 

[stonter  than  i 

tThis  varia 

Jchanges  durin 

death,  and  pa 

These  latter  ci 

(of  growth  in  ( 

The  most  mi 

Jthe  breadth  of 

[length  of  the 

(in  too  strong  a 

"kO  a  difierent 

lender  bodies. 


ri321   I   [1^^]      CEIMJALOPODS  OF  NORTHKASTEUN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


11  mucous 
lere  is  an 
n  relation 
)  the  head 
Qal  valve. 
10  on  each 
3.  Buccal 
iv  surfaces 
ite  XXVI, 
ient  of  the 

tors  in  two 
broad  side, 
;he  ventrd 
ttlargement 
disappear- 
a  expanded 
}1;  suckers,  I 
entral  rows  | 
I  distal  per- 
m.    Sucker- 

iUtal  glands  I 
es,  attached 


|92,  pi.  8, 1821, 
11,  figs.  1-5,1 

|39,  340  (flgnn 

[sep.  copies,?. 

|l40  (figs.  &oiii| 

lalist,  vol.  viii,! 
Iscr.)  (Pealei);! 
Jl.  37,  figs.  1-3, 

Lstou  Soc.  Nal| 
1,  fig.  1,  1^ 

^kay). 
,  292,  1880. 


Loligo  Pealei  Lesuour — (Continued). 
Variety  2)0  Hida  Ycrrill. 

Loligo  pallida  VerriJl,  Rep.  Invert.  Viney.  Sd.,  "u  Rep.  U.  S.  Com,  Fish  and 
Fisheries,  vol.  i,  p.  635  [341],  pi.  20,  figs.  101,  101  a,  1874. 
Tryon,  Man.  Conch.,  p.  143,  pi.  52,  figs.  141, 142  (descr.  and  figs,  copied  from 

preceding). 
Verrill,  Amor.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  xix,  p.  292,  1880. 
Loligo PealeiviXT.  pallida  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  317,  pi.  28,  figs. 
1-6,  1881. 

Plate  XXVI,  figures  1-4.     Platw  XXVII,  figures  1-4  (pens).    Plate  XXVIII,  figures  1-9, 
Plate  XXIX  (anatomy  rf).     Plate  XXX  (young).     Plate  XXXI,  figures  1-3.   Plate 
XXXII,  figure  2  (anatomy  9  )• 

Body  rather  elongated,  more  or  less  stout,  according  to  state  of  disten- 
tion or  contraction,*  tapering  backward  to  a  moderately  acute  posterior 
end,  more  acute  in  the  male  than  in  the  female.  Caudal  fin  long-rhom- 
boidal,  with  the  outer  angles  very  obtusely  rounded,  and  varying, 
according  to  age,  in  the  ratio  of  its  length  to  its  breadth,  and  greatly, 
I  also,  in  the  proportion  that  its  length  bears  to  that  of  the  mantle.t  The 
length  of  the  caudal  fin,  in  proportion  to  that  of  the  body  (mantle), 
although  variable,  normally  increases  with  age,  even  after  sexual  matur- 
ity. In  this  species,  with  specimens  having  the  mantle  from  100""°  to 
125°""  long,  the  ratio  of  the  fin  to  the  mantle  usually  varies  from  1 : 1.80 
to  1 : 1.90 ;  with  the  mantle  150"""  to  ITS"™  long,  the  ratio  usually  becomes 
1:1.05  to  1:1.75;  in  the  largest  specimens,  with  the  mantle  260"™  to 
400°""  long,  the  ratio  varies  from  1:1.50  to  1:1.65,  rarely  becoming 
1 : 1.75.  The  ratio  of  the  breadth  of  the  caudal  fin  to  the  length  of  the 
mantle,  in  the  larger  male  specimens,  ranges  from  1 : 2.12  to  1 : 2.40, 
varying  considerably  according  to  the  mode  of  preservation;  in  the 
[larger  females  it  varies  from  1 : 1.70  to  1 : 2.12. 

The  anterior  ventral  edge  of  the  mantle  recedes,  in  front  of  the  siphon, 
I  in  a  broad  curve,  leaving  an  obtuse  angle  at  either  side,  opposite  the 
I  lateral  cartilages;  from  these  angles  it  again  recedes,  on  the  sides,  in  a 
|conca\e  line,  and  then  projects  considerably  forward,  forming  a  promi- 
Inent  median  dorsal  lobe,  which  gradually  tapers  from  the  base,  and 


*  The  mantle,  when  the  gill-cavity  is  distended  with  water,  has  a  larger  size  than 
Iwlicn  the  water  is  expelled  by  the  contraction  of  its  walls,  which  is  usually  the  con- 
Idition  In  which  specimens  die.  Moreover,  when  the  large  stomach  is  distended  with 
Ifooil,  and  when  the  ovary  is  distended,  in  the  breeding  season,  with  eggs,  the  form  is 
Istontcr  than  usual. 

tThis  variation  is  largely  independent  of  sex,  and  is  duo  partly  to  the  ordinaij 
Ichangcs  during  growth,  partly  to  the  condition  of  the  muscular  tissues  at  the  time  of 
Ideath,  and  partly  to  the  eflfects  of  the  alcohol  in  which  they  have  been  preserved. 
IThose  latter  causes,  in  the  case  of  preserved  specimens,more  or  less  obscure  the  eflVjcts 
|of  growth  in  causing  the  proportions  to  change. 

The  most  marked  eflfect  of  strong  alcohol  is  to  reduce  the  diameter  of  the  body  and 
Ithe  breadth  of  the  caudal  fin  to  a  proportionally  far  greater  extent  than  it  does  the 
llength  of  the  mantle  and  liu.  Therefore,  with  specimens  that  have  been  preserved 
Tin  too  strong  alcohol,  the  females  resemble  the  males  in  form,  and  the  males  often  look 
Dike  a  dififeront  species,  on  account  of  their  unnaturally  long  and  narrow  fins  and  yory 
ilender  bodies. 


"i;i 


Ml*!  J 

it  M 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [134]   |       [I'i 

theu  rather  suddenly  narrows  to  a  point,  over  the  end  of  the  pen;  tUo 
point,  wlieu  in  its  normal  position,  reaches  as  far  forward  as  the  poste- 
rior border  of  the  eye,  or  even  beyond  it.  Dorsal  connective  cartilage 
long,  tapering  backwards,  with  a  very  prominent,  broad  dorsal  keel; 
the  anterior  end  is  free  and  shaped  like  the  end  of  the  pen.  Siphon  ■  mi 
large,  rounded  anteriorly,  with  a  broad,  bilabiate  opening;  lateral  carti- 
lages (Plate  XXIX,  fig.  1,  /)  long  and  narrow,  subacute  anteriorly,  pos- 
terior end  with  -i  thin,  rounded  outer  lobe ;  median  groove  narrow.  Tlie 
connective  cartilages  of  the  mantle  (flg.  1,  /')  are  simple  longitudinal 
ridges,  fading  out  gradually  posteriorly.  Head  moderately  large,  usually 
narrower  than  the  mantle,  smaller  in  the  male  than  in  the  female;  eyes 
large ;  luichal  crests  (fig.  1,  b)  above  the  ear,  formed  by  longer  upper, 
and  shoi  .er  inferior,  oblique,  longitudinal  membranes,  the  two  united 
by  a  doubly  curved  or  V-shaped  membrane,  having  its  angle  directed 
forward,  the  whole  having  a  rude  W -shaped  form. 

Arms  large,  stout,  the  three  upper  pairs  successively  longer;  the  ven- 
tral ones  a  little  shorter  than  the  third  pair,  and  a  little  longer  than  the 
second  pair.  All  the  arms  have  narrow,  thin  marginal  membranes, 
strengthened  by  strong  transverse  muscular  ridges.  The  first  ud 
second  pairs  of  arms  are  trapezoidal  at  base;  third  pair  stouter,  com- 
pressed, with  a  keel  on  the  middle  of  the  outer  side.  Suckers  in  two 
regular  rows  on  all  the  arms,  deep,  very  oblique,  largest  on  the  lateral 
arms;  those  on  the  ventral  arms  are  smaller,  but  otherwise  similar. 
Horny  rings  yellowish  or  brownish  (white  when  fresh),  strong;  on  the 
larger  proximal  suckers  the  outer  or  higher  side  is  divided  into  about 
six  broad,  flattened,  incurved  teeth,  which  are  blunt,  subtruncate,  and 
sometimes  even  emarginate  at  tip,  remainder  of  margin  nearly  even; 
the  smaller  suckers,  toward  the  tips  of  the  arms,  have  the  teeth  longer, 
much  more  slender,  and  more  acute. 

The  tentacular  arms  (Plato  XXVI,  flg.  2)  with  fresh  specimens,  in  full  I 
extension,  may  reach  back  nearly  to  the  end  of  the  body ;  with  preserved 
specimens  they  seldom  extend  beyond  the  middle  of  the  caudal  fin; 
they  are  rather  slender,  compressed,  with  a  narrow,  thin  membranous  keel 
along  the  outer  edge,  becoming  wider  at  the  club ;  on  the  distal  half 
of  the  club  it  is  much  wider  and  runs  a  little  obliquely  along  the  back 
part  of  the  upper  side,  where  it  is  usually  folded  down  against  the  side, 
its  inner  surface  being  whitish.    The  club  is  rather  broad  and  thick,  | 
with  a  wide,  scalloped  marginal  membrane  along  each  edge;  these  mem 
branes  are  strengthened  by  transverse  muscular  ridges,  which  commenc*  I 
between  the  large  central  suckers  and  fork  at  the  pedicels  of  the  marg» 
nalones.    Along  the  center  of  the  cluV  there  are  two  alternating  rows  I 
of  large,  broad,  depressed  suckers,  about  seven  in  each,  with  a  few  I 
smaller  ones,  of  the  same  series,  at  both  ends;  along  each  edge,  alter! 
nating  with  the  large  suckers,  there  is  a  row  of  smaller  and  more  oblique  j 
marginal  suckers,  about  half  as  large.    The  proximal  ])art  of  the  clubl 
bears  only  a  few  small  denticulated  suckers;  the  distal  part  bears  a  I 


as.     [134]   I       [135]       CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA 


le  pen;  tbo 
the  poste- 
re  cartilage 
orsal  keel; 
m.    Siplion 
iteral  carti- 
sriorly,  pos- 
xrow.     The 
ongitudinal 
,rge,  usually 
emale;  eyes 
inger  upper, 
two  united 
glo  directed 

er;  the  ven- 
ger  than  tlie 
membranes, 
ie  first     lid 
stouter,  coin- 
ckers  in  two 
n  the  lateral 
wise  similar, 
rong;  on  the 
id  into  about 
runcate,  and 
nearly  even; 
Iteeth  longer, 


large  number  of  small,  sharply  denticulated,  pedicelled  suckers,  crowd- 
edly  arranged  in  four  rows;  close  to  the  tips  of  the  arms  about  twenty 
of  the  small  suckers  have  smooth  rims  and  very  short  pedicels,  but  aro 
still  in  four  rows.  The  largo  suckers  vary  greatly  in  relative  size,  uccord- 
iug  to  age,  sex,  season,  and  locality  (Plato  XXXI,  figs.  1,2,  3) ;  they  aro 
a  little  higher  on  one  side  than  on  the  other,  with  a  broad  aperture,  sur- 
roiimled  by  a  horuy  marginal  ring,  which  is  divided  all  around  into 
sharp,  unequal  teeth,  which  aro  larger  on  the  outer  side  (Plate  XXVIII, 
figs  3,  4,  c,  c);  usually  one  minute  sharp  tooth  stands  between  two 
larger  ones,  and  these  sets  of  three  stand  between  still  larger  and  less 
acute  ones;  the  horny  ring  is  surrounded  by  a  wide,  thick,  soft  marginal 
membrane;  below  the  border  a  groove  surrounds  the  sucker,  and  below 
this  there  is  a  basal  swelling,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  margin  in^diam- 
eter.  T.  a  smaller  marginal  suckers  (Plate  XXVIII,  figs.  9,  9  a)  have 
the  aperture  more  oblique  and  the  horny  ring  much  wider  on  the  outer 
side,  with  its  outer  duarp  marginal  teeth  longer  and  more  incurved; 
usually  these  have  the  teeth  alternately  larger  and  smaller. 

The  outer  buccal  membrane  (Plate  XXVI,  fig.  4)  is  large,  thin,  with 
seven  prominent,  elongated,  acute  angles,  all  of  which  have  a  cluster  of 
about  ten  to  fifteen  small  pedicelled  suckers,  in  two  rows,  on  the  inner 
surface  (a,  &,  c,  d).  These  suckers  have  horny  rings,  denticulated  on  one 
side.  In  the  female  there  is  a  special  thickened  organ  («)  in  the  form  of 
a  horseshoe  on  the  inner  ventral  surface  of  the  buccal  membrane.  This 
in  the  breeding  season  serves  for  the  attachment  of  the  spermatophores 
by  the  male. 

The  muscular  pbarynx  (fig.  4,  c,/)  containing  the  jaws  can  be  pro- 
trud^  its  whole  length.  The  inner  buccal  membrane  (/)  or  sheath 
incloSng  the  beak  (;»)  has  a  prominent,  thickened,  radially  wrinkled 
and  puckered  anterior  margin.  On  the  ventral  side  the  pharynx  bears, 
externally,  two  thin  chitinous  plates,  not  connected  with  the  jaws.  The 
points  and  exposed  edges  of  the  beak  are  hard  and  black,  becoming  dark 
reddish  brown  farther  back ;  the  alae  and  gular  and  palatine  lamina;  aro 
thin  and  pale  yellowish  or  light  amber-color,  in  alcoholic  specimens. 
The  upper  mandible  (Plato  XXVIII,  figs.  5, 5  a,  var.  pallida)  has  a  sharp, 
strongly  incurved  point ;  cutting  edge  regularly  curved,  with  a  triangular 
notch  at  its  base,  followed  by  a  i)rominent  triangular  tooth  on  the  alar 
edge,  beyond  which  the  edge  is  nearly  straight,  but  recedes  somewhat. 
Lower  mandible  with  a  sharply  incurved  point  and  sinuous  cutting 
edges,  which  have  a  slight  tooth  below  the  middle  and  only  a  slight 
rounfled  notch  at  base,  which  passes  gradually  into  the  very  oblique  and 
receding  alar  edge.  The  bilobed  palate  is  covered  with  a  chitinous  mem- 
brane, which  bears  transparent,  small,  sharp,  recurved  denticles. 

Radula  with  pale  amber-colored  teeth  and  thin  transparent  borders. 
The  median  teeth  (Plate  XXVIII,  figs.  G-8)  are  broad,  with  a  long,  acute 
median  denticle,  and  a  shorter,  curved,  and  less  acute  lateral  one,  on  each 
side;   the  inner  lateral  teeth  (fc)  are  short,  strongly  incurved,  with  a 


>4| 


REPORT  OP  COMMISSIONER  OF  IISII  AM)  riSHERIES.      [13G]     I    [V 

longer,  acute  central  denticle  and  a  smaller  outer  one,  and  with  the  inner 
angle  of  the  base  slightly  iirominent ;  the  next  to  the  outer  lateral  teeth 
(Qg.  0,  c)  are  much  longer,  broad,  tapered,  curved,  acute;  the  outer 
teetli  (fig.  0,  (1)  are  longer,  more  slender,  more  curved,  triquetral,  and 
very  acute,  with  a  large  basal  lobe.  A  row  of  thin,  distinct,  roundish 
scales  (fig.  6,  e)  forms  a  border  outside  the  teeth. 

The  pen  (Plate  XXVII,  figs.  1-4)  is  thin,  translucent,  pale  yellowish 
in  fresh  specimens,  but  brownish  or  amber-color  in  alcoholic  specimens. 
It  has  a  short,  narrow,  anterior  shaft  and  a  long,  very  thin,  lanceolate 
blade,  which  is  concave  beneath,  especially  posteriorly,  for  the  edges 
curve  downward,  but  are  not  involute;  the  posterior  tip  is  acute,  a  little 
thickened,  and  slightly  curved  downward,  so  that  the  posterior  end  is 
shapeU  something  like  the  forward  part  of  an  inverted  shallow  canoe; 
the  cavity  at  the  extreme  tip  is  slightly  decked  over  in  large  specimens. 
In  the  male  (fig.  4)  the  pen  is  relatively  longer  and  the  blade  narrower 
than  in  the  female.  The  extreme  anterior  end  is  thin  and  flexible,  and 
rather  sharply  and  abruptly  pointed,  being  shaped  like  a  pen ;  the  shaft 
is  rather  stiff,  with  a  strong,  regularly  rounded  keel,  convex  above  and 
concave  beneath ;  outside  of  the  keel  the  marginal  portion  curves  out 
ward  and  then  upward,  so  that  its  convex  surface  is  below,  and  the 
edge  slightly  turns  up.  The  shaft,  \.  ith  its  central  keel  and  marginal 
ridges,  extends  to  the  posterior  tip  of  the  pen,  decreasing  regularly  in 
width  beyond  the  commencement  of  the  blade.  The  blade  is  at  first 
very  narrow,  .ind  gradually  increases  in  width :  it  is  marked  by  numer- 
ous slightly  thickened  ridges,  which  diverge  froui  the  central  lino  as 
they  extend  backward ;  the  edges  arc  very  thin. 

In  <'ie  larger  males  the  i)roportiou  of  the  greatest  breadth  0  the 
blade  t*  >  the  total  length  of  the  pen  varies  from  1 : 7.50  to  1 : 9.3G.  tu  the 
females  it  varies  from  1 : 5.60  to  1 : 0.10. 

The  following  description  of  the  colors  was  made  from  a  freshly  caught 
adult  male  specimen  (1  G),  taken  in  New  Haven  Harbor,  May  18, 1880. 

Upper  surfaces  of  the  body,  head,  and  caudal  fin  thickly  covered  with 
rather  large  chromatophores,  which  are  mostly  rounded  or  nearly  cir- 
cular, except  along  the  middle  of  the  back,  where  they  are  more  crowded 
and  darker,  and  mostly  have  along-elliptical  form  (perhaps  accidental). 

The  chromatophores,  when  expanded,  are  light  red  to  dark  lake-red, 
varying  to  purplish  red  and  pink;  when  contracted  to  small  points, 
they  become  brownish  purple. 

On  the  head,  behind  the  middle  of  the  eyes,  and  toward  the  margin 
of  the  caudal  fin,  the  spots  are  smaller  and  less  numerous,  the  interven- 
ing bluish  white  ground-color  showing  more  largely.  Over  most  of  the 
dorsal  surface  the  chromatophores  are  arranged  more  or  less  evidently 
in  circular  groups ;  usually  the  central  chromatophore  is  a  large,  round, 
dark-purplish  spot ;  this  is  surrounded  by  a  circular  space  of  wbitisli 
ground-color,  and  by  a  circle  of  roundish  chromatophores,  mostly  of 
different  shades  of  lake-red  and  pink,  and  a  deeper  lying  circle  of  pale 


I  -  m 


:S.      [130]    I    [137]      CEPIIALOPODS  of  NORTIIKASTERN  coast  of  AMERICA. 


h  the  inner 
iteral teeth 
the  outer 
iietral,  and 
t,  roundish 

ie  yellowish 

specimens. 
I,  lanceolate 
r  the  edges 
cute,  a  little 
erior  end  is 
bUow  canoe; 
e  specimens, 
de  narrower 
flexible,  and 
!u;  the  shaft 
X  above  and 
1  curves  out 
low,  and  the 
md  marginal 

regularly  in 
ide  is  at  first 
ed  by  numer- 
ntral  line  as 

eadth  0f  the 
9.30.    tuthe 

•eshly  caught 
tf  ay  18, 1880. 
covered  with 
or  nearly  cir- 
ore  crowded 
accidental), 
iark  lake-red, 
[small  points, 

the  margin 
the  interven- 

most  of  the 
ess  evidently 
large,  round, 
Ie  of  whitish  I 
les,  mostly  of 
Ijircle  of  pale  1 


ciiuiiry  yellow  ones.  On  the  lower  side  they  are  so  thinly  scattered 
that  they  leave  much  of  tlie  translucent  bluish  white  ground-color  visi- 
ble between  them ;  along  the  median  ventral  line  the  spots  are  more 
Tiumorous,  producing  a  distinct  median  stripe.  The  caudal  tin  is  clear 
bluish  white  beneath,  and  very  translucent,  becoming  almost  transparent 
no!U"  the  margin. 

Exposed  part  of  the  siphon  similar  to  the  ventral  surface  of  the  body, 
but  with  the  spots  more  sparse,  and  mostly  disappearing  near  the  margin 
and  at  the  base  j  lower  side  of  the  head,  in  front  of  the  eyes,  sparsely 
spotted.  Outtr  and  upper  sides  of  the  upper  arms  and  outer  surfaces 
of  the  ventral  p  ir  similarly,  but  somewhat  more  densely,  specked ;  both 
sides  of  the  ventral  arms  and  lower  sides  of  the  lateral  arms  pinkish 
white  and  unspotted.  Tentacular  arms  pale  translucent,  bluish  white, 
with  the  outer  surface,  except  at  base,  rather  thinly  specked  with  small 
pniplish  chromatophores ;  the  inner  surface  and  upper  side  of  the  tip 
and  the  suckers  are  translucent  white ;  rings  of  suckers  white. 

On  the  inner  surface  of  the  dorsal  and  lateral  arms,  between  the 
snckers,  there  are  a  few  large  chromatophores,  and  a  double  row  of  them 
runs  out  obliquely  on  the  muscular  thickenings  of  the  marginal  mem- 
brane, alternating  with  the  suckers,  on  each  side :  suckers  pure  trans- 
lucent, bluish  white  (becoming  yellow  or  brown  in  alcohol). 

The  pupils  of  the  eyes  are  deep  bluish  black ;  on  the  upper  side  they 
are  encroached  upon  by  a  sinuous  downward  extension  of  the  iris, 
which  is  silvery  or  pearly  white,  with  brilliant,  green,  opalescent  reflec- 
tions at  the  upper  margin. 

Scxiuil  differences. 

The  sexes  differ  to  a  considerable  extent  in  proportions.  If  we  com- 
pare specimens  of  equal  length,  the  female  will  have  the  body  relatively 
stouter  and  less  tapered  posteriorly  than  the  male  j  the  head  is  decidedly 
larger;*  the  arms  are  longer;  the  suckers  are  usually  distinctly  larger, 
especially  those  of  the  tentacular  arms.  But  if  we  compare  specimens 
having  the  head  and  arms  of  equal  size,  the  male  will  be  found  to  have 
II  decidedly  longer,  more  slender,  and  more  tapered  body,  and  a  some- 
what longer  and  narrower  fin.  (See  Table  B,  for  comparative  propor- 
tions.) 

In  the  adidt  male  the  circumference  of  the  head  to  the  mantle-length 
I  usually  varies  from  1 : 2.55  to  3.45,  averaging  about  1 : 3.10;  in  the  female 
I  from  1:1.75  to  1: 2.45,  averaging  about  1:2.25. 

The  ratio  of  the  breadth  of  the  fin  to  the  mantle-length,  in  the  male, 
I  varies  from  1 : 2.12  to  1 : 2.45,  averaging  about  1 : 2.25 ;  in  the  female,  from 
1 1 : 1.70  to  1 : 2.12,  averaging  about  1 : 1.90. 

'Some  of  the  uominal  European  species  of  Loligo,  that  have  been  based  on  the 
[  smaller  size  of  the  head,  arms,  andsnckers,  are  probably  only  the  males  of  the  common 
species.    The  sexual  variations  in  this  genus  have  apparently  been  very  imperfectly 
uiulerstood  by  Eu'-opoan  writers  generally. 


i 
4       » 


•vr 


REPORT  or  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FIHIIKRIES,      [138] 

Tho  ratio  of  tlio  diameter  of  tlie  largest  tentacular  suckers  to  tlio 
mantleleugth  varies,  in  the  male,  from  1 :5()  to  1:90,  averaging  about 
1  :(i5;  in  the  female  it  varies  from  1:30  to  1:51,  averaging  about  1:45. 

The  proportion  of  the  length  of  the  dorsal  arms  to  the  mantleleng^li. 
in  the  male,  averages  about  1:3.50;  in  the  female  about  1:2.75. 

Tho  pen  of  the  female  is  relatively  broader  and  shorter  than  that  of 
the  male  (see  Table  A). 

The  best  and  most  positive  external  characters  for  distinguishing  the 
sexes  are  the  hectocotylized  condition  of  the  left  ventral  arm  of  the 
male,  near  tho  tip  (Plate  XXVI,  flgs.  3,  3  a),  and  tho  presence,  in  the 
female,  of  a  horseshoe-shaped  sucker,  or  place  for  attachment  of  the 
spermatophores,  on  the  inner  buccal  membrane,  below  the  beak  (flg.  4, 
«,)  These  characters,  however,  are  not  present  in  the  very  young  indi- 
viduals, and  in  those  with  the  mantle  two  or  three  inches  long  they 
appear  only  in  a  very  rudimentary  state.* 

A. — Sexual  variations  in  the  pen  (meaauremvnta  in  inches). 


Length  of  pen  . . . 
Length  of  shaft.. 
Length  of  blade. . 
Breadth  of  abaft. 
Breadth  of  blade. 


PROrOBTIONS. 

Greatest  breadth  to  length 1 : 


rfp. 

rf9V. 

d-iov. 

rfW. 

?E. 

$  EE. 

?17V. 

10.50 

10.20 

9.65 

8.60 

7.75 

7.66 

7.65 

1.40 

2.10 

2.20 

2.00 

2. 00 

1.10 

1.50 

9.10 

8.10 

7.85 

6.50 

5.75 

0.55 

a  05 

.60 

.35 

.40 

.40 

.15 

.38 

.35 

1.40 

1.15 

1.02 

.98 

1.00 

1.35 

1.25 

7.50 

8.86 

9.36 

8.67 

7.75 

5.60 

0.04 

?  An. 


7.50 
1.50 
6.00 
.35 
1.30 


5.7» 


The  specimen  marked  An  is  from  Capti  Ann,  Mass.  (var.  iior«a{i«) ;  that  marked  9  E  is  var.  pallida, 
from  Astoria,  X.  Y. ;  the  rest  are  from  Vineyard  Sound,  Mass. 

The  adult  males  have  the  left  ventral  arm  conspicuously  hectocoty- 
lized (Plate  XXVI,  figs.  3,  3  a)  by  an  altera^on  and  enlargement  of  I 
the  sutker-pedicels  and  a  decrease  in  the  size  ol(ithe  cups  of  the  suckers,  [ 
some  of  which  usually  disappear  entirely,  espeomlly  in  the  outer  row. 
The  modification  commences  at  about  the  18th  to  20th  sucker,  by  the  I 
swelling  of  the  bases  of  the  pedicels;  on  succeeding  suckers  this  rapidly 
becomes  more  marked,  and  the  swollen  bases  of  the  pedicels  become 
more  elongated  and  gradually  become  compressed  transversely,  while 
the  size  of  the  cups  rapidly  decreases  till  at  about  the  28th  to  30th  they  [ 
are  very  minute  and  rest  at  the  summits  of  the  large,  flattened,  acute- 
triangular  supports;  from  the  30th  to  35th  the  cups  usually  become 
mere  rudiments,  or  disappear  in  large  males;  beyond  this  the  cups  I 
again  grow  larger  and  the  pedicels  decrease  in  size,  till  the  small  suckers! 
become  normal  on  the  tip  of  the  arm.    Aboui  twenty-five  to  thirty  of  I 

*  Professor  Steenstriip  formerly  adrancud  tlio  opiuion  that  the  males  of  Octopus  and  j 
other  genera  of  Cephalopods  wore  provided  with  the  hectocotylized  arm  from  the  first,  F 
but  this  we  have  not  found  to  be  the  case.  The  hectocotylized  condition  of  the  arm  in  j 
ioZijio  is' developed  in  proportion  to  the  development  of  the  internal  sexual  organM 
and  is  first  distinctly  noticeable  in  the  larger  of  the  young  ones  taken  in  autumn,  and| 
in  the  spring  in  the  young  ones  that  have  survived  their  first  winter. 


:'■■•■    W 


KS.     [138]   I        [130]      Ci:iMIALOPOD;<  OF  NORTIIKASTKRN  COAST  OF  AMKIMCA. 

the  suckers  of  tl»c  outer  row  are  thus  modified  iu  the  larger  males.  Of 
the  iuner  row  a  'uewhat  smaller  number  of  suckers  show  distinct  al- 
teration, and  these  are  less  extensively  altered;  their  pedicels  are 
.swollen  and  their  cups  reduced,  but  not  to  so  great  an  extent,  and 
usually  none  of  the  cups  are  entirely  absent. 

In  young  males,  with  the  mantle  about  70"""  to  90"'"'  (young  of  the 
previous  year,  or  i)erhaps  of  the  first  year,  when  three  to  ilve  months 
old),  these  modifications  of  the  suckers  began  to  appear,  at  first  very 
indistinctly,  by  a  slight  enlargement  of  the  bases  of  the  pedicels  and  a 
scarcely  noticeable  decrease  in  the  size  of  the  cups.  In  specimens  with 
the  mantle  100'""'  to  130'"'"  long  (probably  young  of  the  previous  year, 
nine  months  to  a  year  old)  the  modification  of  the  suckers^  though  much 
less  marked  than  in  the  adults,  is  sufficiently  distinct,  the  pedicels  having 
become  distinctly  longer  and  stouter,  while  the  cups  are  evidently  re- 
duced in  size,  but  none  of  them  are  abortive  in  such  specimens. 

Loligo  Pealei  var.  borealis  Verrill. 

Plate  XXVII,  figure  1  (peu).    Plate  XXXII,  figure  2  (anatomy). 

Since  describing  this  variety,  I  have  had  opportunities  to  examine 
a  much  larger  series  of  specimens  from  Cape  Ann.  These  show  very 
plainly  that  this  form  passes  by  intermediate  gradations  into  the  typical 
form,  so  that  it  cannot  be  considered  as  anything  more  than  a  local  or 
geographical  variety.  The  diflferences  iu  the  proportion  of  the  fin  to 
the  mantle,  noticed  in  the  original  specimens,  do  not  hold  good  with  a 
larger  series.  The  only  varietal  character  of  much  importance  is  the 
relatively  smaller  suckers,  and  this  is  much  less  marked  iu  most  of  the 
later  examples  than  in  the  former  ones,  and  is  a  character  that  varies 
greatly  in  the  specimens  from  every  locality.* 

In  the  original  specimens  the  'pen'  (Plate XXVII,  fig.  1),  while  having 
the  general  form  of  that  of  L.  Pealei^  tapers  more  gradually  anteriorly, 
and  has  a  narrower,  more  tapered,  sharper,  and  stiffer  anterior  tip. 
The  variations  in  proportion  are  sufficiently  indicated  by  the  measure- 
ments given  in  Tables  A,  B,  and  C,  in  which  those  specimens  designated 
as  2  G  to  5  G  were  measured  while  fresh.  The  one  marked  An  2  is 
from  the  lot  originally  described  as  variety  borealis,  and  illustrates  the 
abnormally  small  size  of  the  suckers. 

Loligo  Pealei  . var.  pallida  Vorrill. 

Plate  XXVIII,  figures  1-7.    Plate  XXIX,  figure  1  (anatomy). 

This  geographical  variety  or  subspecies  is  distinguished  from  the 
typical  form  chiefly  by  its  shorter  and  stouter  body  in  both  sexes,  its 
broader  and  larger  caudal  fin,  and  the  larger  size  of  the  suckers,  es- 
pecially those  of  the  tentacular  club. 

The  caudal  fin  is  broad-rhomboidal,  often  as  broad  as  long,  or  even 

*  Probably  tliose  with  abnormally  small  tentacular  suckers  are  instances  in  which 
the  arms,  the  clubs,  or  the  suckers  have  been  lost  and  afterwards  reproduced,  as  ex- 
plained below. 


9  Eis  var.i>allici«, 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONKR  OF  FIHII  AND  FISIIRRIES.      [140] 

broader  than  lung  in  adult  spccimous.  Tho  ratio  of  the  breadth  of  tho 
fin  to  tho  ninntle-lougth  in  the  larger  specimens  (with  mantle  ISO*""'  to 
225'"'"  long)  is,  in  the  males,  from  1 : 1.75  to  1 :  2.00,  while  in  L.  Pealei, 
of  corresponding  size,  the  ratio  is  1 :  2.15  to  1 : 2.30 ;  in  the  females  of 
var.  pallida,  of  similar  size,  the  ratio  varies  from  1 : 1.45  to  1 : 1.75  (see 
Tables  F,  G).  Tentacular  arms  long  and  slender,  varying  in  length  ac- 
cording to  the  amount  of  contraction,  in  extension  longer  than  the  body, 
the  club  or  portion  that  bears  suckers  forming  about  one-third  the  whole 
length.  In  a  few  males  the  larger  suckers  on  the  middle  of  this  portion 
are  not  so  large  as  the  Inrgest  on  the  lateral  arms,  but  usually  they  are 
twice  as  large.  In  some  feniales  tho  principal  suckers  of  the  tentacular 
arms  are  very  much  larger  than  In  others,  and  considerably  exceed  those 
of  the  males  of  equal  length ;  they  form  two  alternating  rows,  of  eight 
to  ten  each,  along  the  iriddle  of  the  club ;  external  to  them  there  is  a 
row  of  smaller  suckers  alternating  with  them  on  each  side;  the  suckers 
toward  the  tips  are  very  numerous,  small,  and  crowded  in  four  rows;  at 
the  tip  there  is  a  group  of  about  twenty  minute,  smooth-edged  suckers, 
in  four  rows  Outside  of  the  suckers,  on  each  side,  there  is  a  broad 
marginal  membrane,  having  the  edges  scalloped,  and  strengthened  be- 
tween the  scallops  by  strong  transverse  muscular  ridges;  another  mem- 
branous fold  runs  along  the  back  side,  expanding  into  a  broad  mem- 
branous keel  or  crest  near  the  end.  The  arms  of  the  ventral  pair  '•e 
intermediate  iu  length  between  those  of  the  second  and  third  pai 

Ground-color  of  the  body,  head,  arms,  and  fins  pale,  transii.  .^i 
yellowisV.  white;  the  upper  surface  is  covered  with  pale  brown,  unequal, 
circular  spots,  which  are  not  crowded,  having  spaces  of  whitish  between 
them ;  the  spots  are  more  sparse  on  the  head  and  arms,  but  somewhat 
clustered  above  the  eyes ;  entire  ventral  surface  pale,  with  small,  dis- 
J^^ant,  brownish,  circular*  spots,  which  are  nearly  obsolete  on  the  siphon 
and  arms.  The  geiieral  appearance  of  the  animal,  when  fresh,  is  un- 
usually pale  and  gelatinous.  The  pen  is  broad,  quill-shaped,  translucent, 
and  amber-colored. 

A  medium-sized  male  specimen,  recently  preserved  in  alcohol,  meas- 
ured 145°"°  from  the  base  of  the  dorsal  arms  to  the  posterior  end  of  the 
body;  length  of  body,  120°"";  length  of  caudal  flu,  70™°';  breadth  of 
fin,  TS™"";  length  of  first  pair  of  arms,  42"°';  of  second  pair,  SO"";  of 
third,  60°"°;  of  ventral  pair,  53°"";  of  tentacular  arms,  150"»°>.  (For 
other  measurements,  see  Tables  B  to  E.) 

Astoria,  Lcug  Island,  Nov.  16  and  Dec.  7, 1871  (Eobert  Benner). 

This  form  has  been  received  hitherto  only  from  the  western  part  of 
Long  Island  Sound,  where  it  is  abundant  with  the  schools  of  menhaden, 
on  which  it  feeds. 

Reproduction  of  lost  parts. 

I  have  observed  in  this  species,  as  well  as  in  Ommastrephes  illecehrosus, 
numerous  instances  in  which  some  of  the  suckers  have  been  torn  off  and 


::l^  .:■ 


M: 


[141]  *  CtPIIALOPODS  OP  NORTIIEASTEUN  COA.' T  OF  AMEUICA. 


afterwards  reproduced,  lu  tmuh  examples  new  suckers  of  various  sizes, 
t'rotu  those  that  are  very  miuute  up  to  those  that  are  Imt  little  siimdor 
tliau  the  uoriual  ones,  can  often  be  found  scattered  among  the  latter  on 
the  same  individual.  It  seems  to  me  possible  that  some  of  the  :*ij>cci- 
mens  having  the  suckers  on  the  tentacular  arms  unusually  small  may 
have  reproduced  all  those  suckers,  or,  still  more  likely,  the  entire  arm. 

I  have  seen  si)ecimens  of  this  species,  and  also  of  0.  iUecchrosuH,  which, 
after  having  lost  the  tips,  or  even  the  distal  half  of  one  or  more  of  the 
sessile  arms,  have  more  or  less  completely  reproduced  the  lost  parts.* 
In  such  cases  the  restored  portion  is  often  more  slender  and  has  smaller 
suckers  than  the  normal  arms,  and  where  the  old  part  joins  the  new 
there  is  often  an  abrupt  change  in  size.  Probably  this  ditt'erence  would 
wholly  disappear  after  a  longer  time. 

An  unquestionable  and  most  remarkable  example  of  the  reproduction 
of  several  entire  arms  occurs  in  a  small  specimen  taken  off  Newport, 
R.  I.,  August,  1880.  This  has  the  mantle  70"""  long;  dorsal  arms, 
22"'"'  J  3d  pair  of  arms,  30'""'.  The  three  upper  pairs  of  arms  are  per- 
fectly normal,  but  both  the  tentacular  and  both  the  ventral  arms  have 
evidently  been  entirely  lost  and  then  reproduced  from  the  very  base. 
These  four  arms  are  now  nearly  perfect  in  form,  but  are  scarcely  half 
their  normal  size  on  the  left  side,  and.  still  smaller  on  the  right  side. 
The  left  tentacular  arm  is  only  24"""  long,  and  very  slender,  but  it  has 
the  normal  proportion  of  club,  and  the  suckers,  though  well  formed, 
are  diminutive,  and  those  of  the  two  median  rows  are  scarcely  larger 
than  the  lateral  ones,  and  delicately  denticulated.  The  right  tentacular 
arm  is  less  than  half  as  long  (12"""),  being  of  about  the  same  length  as 
the  restored  ventral  one  of  the  same  side  j  it  is  also  very  slender,  and 
its  suckers  very  minute  and  soft,  in  four  equal  rows.  The  right  ventral 
arm  is  only  14"""  long ;  the  left  one  15"""  long ;  both  are  provided  with 
very  small  but  otherwise  normal  suckers. 

In  another  specimen  from  Vineyard  Sound,  a  female,  with  the  mantle 
about  ISO™"'  long,  one  of  the  tentacular  arms  had  lost  its  club,  but  the 
wound  had  healed  and  a  new  club  was  in  process  of  formation.  This 
new  club  is  represented  by  a  small,  tapering,  acute  process,  starting  out 
obliquely  from  the  stump,  and  having  a  sigmoid  curvature;  its  inner 
surface  is  covered  with  very  minute  suckers.  The  othCi"  arms  are  normal. 


Eggs  and  young. 


".V,.y 


The  eggs  are  contained  in  many  elongated,  fusiform,  gelatinous  cap- 
sules (Plate  XXX,  fig.  7)  which  are  attached  in  clusters  by  one  end  to 
sea- weeds  or  some  other  common  support;  from  the  point  of  attachoient 
they  radiate  in  all  directions.  These  clusters  Jire  often  six  or  eight  inches 
in  diameter,  containing  hundreds  of  capsnles,  which  are  mostly  from  two 

*  Perhaps  the  Dosidicua  Eachrkhtii  Steenstrnp  is  only  an  Ommaatrephea  or  Sthenoteuihia 
which  had  lost  and  partially  reproduced  the  tips  of  all  the  arms.  At  any  rate,  no 
sufficient  characters  have  been  given  to  distinguish  it  generically. 


l.'-i 


I  1-1 


i 


REPORT  OF  C0MM:<SI0M:R  of  fish  and  FISIIPlRltS.*    [142] 

to  three  inches  long  and  filled  with  numerous  eggs,  the  7»-ainber  varying 
from  20,  or  less,  up  to  about  200.  The  transparent  eggs  are  arranged, 
in  the  well-formed  capsules,  in  six  or  more  rows,  and  are  so  closely 
crowded  that  they  touch  eacL  other  and  often  take  polygonal  forms, 
especially  when  preserved. 

How  many  of  these  capsules  are  deposited  by  one  female  is  very  un- 
certain. Probably  several  females  are  concerned  in  the  formation  of 
the  larger  clusters.  The  eggs  are  mostly  laid  in  June  and  July,  but 
many  are  laid  in  August,  and  some  even  in  September.  By  the  11th  of 
June,  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Haven,  many  of  these  eggs  contain  em- 
bryos in  advanced  stages  of  development  (Plate  XXX,  figs.  1, 2).  The 
embryos,  before  hatching,  can  swim  around  inside  the  eggs. 

These  embryos  are  very  beautiful  objects  to  observe  under  the  micro- 
scope. 

Even  at  this  early  period  some  of  the  chromatophores  are  already 
developed  in  the  mantle  and  arms,  and  during  life,  if  examined  under 
the  microscope,  these  orange  and  purple  vesicles  can  be  seen  to  contract 
and  expand  rapidly  and  change  colors,  as  in  the  adult,  but  the  phenomena 
can  be  far  more  clearly  seen  in  these  embryos  owing  to  the  greater  trans- 
parency of  the  skin.  In  the  young  the  chromatophores  are  very  regu- 
larly and  symmetrically  arranged  on  the  arms,  head,  and  mantle.  At 
tbis  stage  of  development  the  eyes  are  brown.  In  these  embryos  a 
remnant  of  '^he  yolk-sac  (y)  appears  to  protrude  from  the  month;  but  it 
is  really  connected  with  the  space  around  the  mouth  and  pharynx,  and 
into  this  it  is  eventually  absorbed. 

The  more  advanced  of  the  embryos  were  capable  of  swimming  about, 
when  removed  from  the  eggs,  by  means  of  the  jets  of  rvater  from  the 
siphon  («),  which  is  developed  at  an  earlier  stage.  The  arms  {a'-a"") 
arc  then  short,  blunt,  \ery  unequal,  with  few  minute  suckers;  the  dorsal 
arms  are  very  small,  wiiile  those  of  the  2d  and  3d  puirs  are  successively 
longer,  and  have  distinct  suckers ;  the  tentacular  arms  {a'")  are  longer 
and  larger  thai  any  of  the  others,  and  have  larger  suckers,  which 
alread/  in  some  examples,' can  be  seen  to  form  foai  rows,  but  in  this 
stage  the  peduncular  part  of  these  arms  is  short;  the  venti-al  arms  («"") 
are  about  as  long  as  the  2d  pair,  and  bear  several  suckers.  The  mantle 
{m)  is  short,  and  the  caudal  fins  (/)  are  very  small,  short,  lateral,  and 
separately  attached  to  each  side  of  the  blunt  posterior  end  of  the  body,  ' 
thus  recalling  their  atJiilt  condition  in  Bossia.  The  eyes  (e)  are  large 
and  prominent;  the  rudimentary  beuk  {d)  and  odontophore  (/)  are  dis- 
tinctly visible.  The  two  otoliths  (o)  are  very  distinctly  visible,  as 
highly  refracting  ovate  bodies,  above  the  basal  part  of  the  siphon,  one 
on  each  side.  The  ink-sac  (i),  attached  to  the  rectum  (<),  is  conspicuous 
on  account  of  its  dark  color;  the  gills  [g)  are  provided  with  a  small 
number  of  transverse  processes;  the  heart  (/*)  and  the  branchial  auricles 
(V  W)  are  easily  seen  while  they  continue  to  pulsate.  The  pen  exists 
only  in  a  rudimentiiry  condition,  as  a  thin  cartilage. 

During  July  and  August  the  young  (figs.  3-5),  from  less  than  a  quarter 


[142]      B     [143]       CEPHALpPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


varying 
rrauged, 
)  closely 
i\  forms, 

very  un- 
lation  of 
July,  bot 
lellthof 
itain  em- 
,2).    The 

he  micro- 

B  already 
ed  under 
0  contract 
tienomena 
iter  trans- 
rery  regu- 
mtle.  At 
embryos  a 
atb  but  it 


irynx. 


and 


t 


ing  about, 
■  from  the 
Q8  {a'-a"") 
the  dorsal 
Lccessively 
are  longer 
5rs,  which 
)ut  in  this 
irms  {a"") 
'he_  mantle 
«ral,  and 
the  body,  ' 
are  large 
I)  are  -dis- 
risible,  as 
iphon,  one 
nspicuous 
h  a  small 
al  auricles 
len  exists 

a  quarter 


of  an  iuch  to  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  swim  free  at  the  surface;  and  may 
often  be  taken  in  immense  quantities  with  towing  nets.  They  were  par- 
ticularly abundant  in  the  summers  of  1871  and  1873,  in  Vineyard  Scjud. 
These  young  squids  are  devoured  in  inconceivable  number?,  by  flsho« 
of  many  kinds,  and  also  by  the  a/lult  squids  of  the  same  spv.cies,  and 
by  the  larger  jelly-fishes,  and  many  other  marine  animals.  Ti^e  larger 
sizes,  and  even  the  adults,  are  also  greedily  devoured  by  blue-fish,  black- 
bass,  striped-bass,  weak-fish,  mackerel,  cod,  and  many  other  kinds  of 
fishes.  Therefore,  these  "  squids"  are  really  of  great  importf*nce  as  food 
for  our  most  valuable  market  fishes.    They  are  extensive-!y  aned  as  bait 

by  the  fishermen. 

Bate  of  growth. 

I  am  not  aware  that  any  definite  information  has  hitherto  been  pub- 
lished as  to  the  rate  of  growth  or  length  of  life  of  any  of  our  Cephalo- 
pods.  By  some  writers  it  has  been  stated  that  the  squids  are  all  annual, 
but  this  seems  to  be  a  mere  assumption,  without  any  evidence  for  its 
basis. 

Therefore,  I  have,  for  several  years  past,  preserved  lArge  numbers  of 
specimens  of  the  young  of  Loli<jo  Pealei,  collected  at  different  seasons 
and  localities,  in  ovder  to  ascertain,  if  possible,  the  rate  of  growth  and 
the  size  acquired 'duriug  the  first  season,  at  least.  One  of  the  following 
tables  (I)  shows  some  of  the  data  thus  obtained. 

There  is  considerable  difficulty  in  ascertaining  the  age  of  these  squids, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  the  spawning  season  extends  through  the  whole 
summer,  so  that  the  young  ones  hatched  early  in  June  are  as  large  by 
September  as  those  that  ha'ch  in  September  are  in  the  following  spring. 
Owing  to  the  same  cause,  most  of  the  large  lots  of  young  squids  taken 
in  midsummer  include  various  sizes,  from  .those  just  hatched  up  to 
those  that  are  two  or  three  inches  long.  They  are  often  mixed  with 
some  of  those  of  the  previous  year,  considerably  larger  than  the  rest. 
Earlier  in  the  season  (in  May  and  the  first  part  of  June),  before  the  flrst- 
laid  eggs  begin  to  hatch,  the  youngest  specimens  taken  (60"™  to  100=^™ 
long)  are  presuiaed  to  belong  to  the  later  broods  of  the  previous  autumn, 
while  those  somewhat  larger  are  believed  co  be  from  earlier  broods  of 
the  previous  summer,  and  to  represent  the  growth  of  ouo  year  very 
nearly. 

Taking  these  principles  as  a  guide,  I  have  arrived  at  cc  following 
conclusions  from  the  data  collected : 

1.  The  young  squids  begin  to  hatch  at  least  as  early  as  the  second 
week  in  June,  on  the  southern  coast  of  New  England,  and  continue  to 
hatch  till  the  middle  of  September,  and  perhaps  later. 

2.  By  the  second  week  in  July,  the  first  hatched  of  ths  June  squids 
have  gio^n  to  the  size  in  which  the  body  (or  mantle)  vi  30""™  to  48'""' 
long ;  but  these  are  associated  with  others  that  are  younge"  -f  all  sizes 
down  to  those  just  hatched.  They  begin  to  show  a.  disposition  to  go  in 
"schouls"  composed  of  individuals  of  somewhat  similar  si;^e8. 

3.  By  the  .second  week  in  August,  the  largest  June  squids  have  be- 


I  Mi} 


-'t\'-'i 


1,1"  ' 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OK  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [144] 

come  50">"'  to  68"""  iu  leD^th  of  body,  and  the  later  broods  are  S"""  to 
3Qmm  long^  ^g  before,  with  these  sizes  occur  others  of  all  ages  down 
to  those  just  hatched.  It  should  be  observed,  however,  that  in  those  of 
our  tabulated  lots  taken  by  the  trawl  the  very  small  sizes  are  absent, 
because  they  pass  freely  through  the  coarse  meshes  of  the  net. 

4.  By  the  second  week  in  September,  the  June  squids  have  the  mantle 
60"""  to  82"""  long.  All  the  grades  of  smaller  ones  still  abound.  A  few 
larger  specimens,  taken  the  last  of  August,  and  in  September,  84""  to 
llO""  long,  may  belong  to  the  June  brood,  but  they  may  belong  to  those 
of  the  previous  autumn. 

5.  In  the  first  week  of  November,  the  larger  young  squids  taken  had 
acquired  a  mantle-length  of  79"*"'  to  SS"",  but  these  are  probaWy  not 
the  largest  that  might  be  found.  Youuger  ones,  probably  hatched  in 
September  and  October,  S""*  to  20">"  in  length  of  body,  occurred  in  vast 
numbers  November  1,  1874.  The  specimens  taken  November  16,  oflf 
Chesapeake  Bay,  having  the  mantle  40'""'  to  70""™  long,  probably  belong 
to  the  schools  hatched  in  the  previous  summer. 

6.  In  May  and  June  the  smallest  squids  taken,  and  believed  to  be 
those  hatched  in  the  previous  September  or  October,  have  the  mantle 
62™"  to  lOO™"  long.  With  these  Ihere  are  others  of  larger  sizes,  up  to 
152'"'"  to  188"'",  and  connected  with  the  smaller  ones  by  intermediate 
sizes.  All  these  are  believed  to  belong  to  the  various  broods  of  the 
previous  season. .  In  these  the  sexual  organs  begin  to  increase  in  size 
and  the  external  sexual  characters  begin  to  appear.  The  males  are  of 
somewhat  greater  length  than  the  females  of  the  same  age. 

7.  In  July,  mingled  with  the  young  of  the  season,  in  some  lots,  but 
more  often  iu  separate  schools,  we  take  young  squids  having  the  mantle 
75""  to  lOU""  long.  These  we  can  connect  by  intermediate  sizes  with 
those  of  the  previous  year  taken  in  June.  I  regard  these  as  somewhat 
less  than  a  year  old. 

8.  Beyond  the  first  year  it  becomes  very  difficult  to  determine  the  age 
with  certainty,  for  those  of  the  first  season  begin,  even  in  the  autumn, 
to  overlap  in  their  sizes  those  of  the  previous  year. 

9.  It  is  probable  that  those  specimens  which  are  taken  iu  large  quau- 
tities,  while  in  breeding  condition,  during  the  latter  part  of  May  and 
in  June,  having  the  mantle  175""  to  225"""  long  in  the  females  and  200'"'° 
to  276""  long  in  the  males,  are  two  years  old. 

10.  It  is  probable  that  the  largest  individuals  taken,  with  the  mautle 
300""  to  425"'"  long,  are  at  least  three  years,  and  perhaps,  in  some  cases, 
four  years  old.  The  veiy  large  specimens  generally  occur  only  in  small 
schools  and  are  mostly  males.  The  females  that  occur  with  these  very 
large  males  are  often  of  much  smaller  size,  and  may  be  a  year  younger 
than  their  mates. 

11.  When  squids  of  very  diflt'erent  sizes  occur  together  iu  a  school, 
it  generally  happens  that  the  larger  ones  are  engaged  in  devouring  the 
smaller  ones,  as  the  contents  of  their  stomachs  clearly  show.    Therefore, 


[144] 


B  5"""  to 

BS  down 

those  of 

)  absent, 

te  mantle 
I.  A  few 
:,  84"""  to 
y  to  those 

taken  had 
bably  not 
latched  in 
red  in  vast 
ber  16,  off 
bly  belong 

ieved  to  be 
the  mantle 
sizes,  up  to 
itermediate 
aods  of  the 
ease  in  size 
nales  are  of 

le  lots,  but 
the  mantle 
sizes  with 
somewhat 

line  the  age 
he  autumUf 

argo  quan- 
>f  May  and 

s  and  200™°= 


the  mantle 
some  cases, 
ily  in  small 
these  very 
!ar  younger 

lin  a  school, 
Ivouring  the 
Therefore,  | 


[145]   CEPHALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

it  is  probable  that  those  of  similar  age  keep  together  in  schools  for 
mutual  safety. 

12.  Among  the  adult  specimens  of  var.  pallida,  taken  November  16 
and  December  7,  at  Astoria,  there  are  several  young  ones,  from  75™"  to 
120™^  in  length,  with  rudimentary  reproductive  organs.  These  may, 
perhaps,  be  the  young  of  the  year,  hatched  in  June. 

Distribution. 

This  species  is  found  along  the  whole  coast,  from  South  Carolina  to 
Massachusetts  Bay. 

It  is  the  common  squid  from  Gape  Hatteras  to  Cape  Cod.  In  Long 
Island  Sound  and  Vineyard  Sound  it  is  very  abundant,  and  is  taken  in 
large  numbers  in  the  fish-pounds  and  seines,  and  used  to  a  large  extent 
fbr  bait.  It  is  comparatively  scarce,  though  not  rare,  north  of  Cape 
Cod.  The  young  were  trawled  by  us  in  many  localities  in  Massachusetts 
Bay,  in  1878.  Large  specimens  were  taken  in  the  pounds  at  Province- 
town,  Mass.,  August,  1879.  It  was  taken  in  considerable  quantities,  in 
breeding  condition,  in  the  fish-pounds  at  Cape  Ann,  near  Gloucester, 
Mass.,  May,  1880  (var.  horealis).  It  has  not  been  observed  north  of 
Cape  Ann.  Its  southern  limit  is  not  known  to  me,  but  it  appears  to 
have  been  found  on  the  coast  of  South  Carolina. 

In  depth,  it  has  occurred  from  low- water  mark  to  fifty  fathoms.  The 
eggs  have  often  been  taken  by  us  in  the  trawl,  in  great  abundance,  at 
many  localities  along  the  southern  shores  of  New  England,  in  five  to 
twenty -five  fathoms. 

It  is  known  to  be  a  very  important  element  in  the  >od-8upply  of  the 
blue-fish,  tautog,  sea-bass,  striped-bass,  weak-fish,  k;!i  ,  fish,  and  many 
other  of  our  larger  market  fishes. 

In  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  this  species  appears  to  be  replaced  by  another 
species  {Loligo  Oahi  D'Orbigny).  Of  this  we  have  several  specimens, 
collected  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida,  at  Egmont  Key,  near  Tampa 
Bay,  by  Col.  E.  Jewett  and  Mr.  W.  T.  Coons.  This  species  is  closely 
allied  to  L.  Pealei,  but  has  a  more  slender  form,  with  the  caudal  fin 
shorter  and  narrower  in  proportion  to  the  length  of  the  mantle.  The 
pen  has  a  shorter  and  broader  shaft,  and  a  narrower  and  more  oblong 
blade,  which  has  parallel,  thickened,  and  darker-colored  portions  be- 
tween the  midrib  and  margins  (Plate  XXVII,  fig.  5).  The  tentacular 
suckers  have  their  horny  rings  more  coarsely  and  equally  toothed,  there 
being  only  a  partial  alternation  of  larger  and  smaller  teeth. 

Along  our  southern  coast,  from  Delaware  Bay  to  Florida,  a  much 
shorter  and  relatively  stouter  species  {Loligo  brevis  Blaiuv.)  occurs,  which 
might  be  mistaken  by  a  careless  observer  for  the  present  species.  In  ad- 
dition to  its  shorter  body,  it  has  very  different  large  tentacular  suckers, 
with  the  teeth  on  the  homy  rim  coarser  and  all  of  similar  form  and  size. 
Its  pen  is  also  shorter  and  relatively  broader,  and  different  in  structure 
(Plate  XXXI,  figs.  4-6). 


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SS8!;!3 


S3:!;sc 


S8^  '3 


S;SS38 


^^^^^ 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [152] 


*i 


I 


I 


I 


od 


M 


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P4 

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09  m  9i  ^ '^  rl  ci  ri  r4  ui  c)    ' 


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^(4 


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HHHHHHMMMHh^nnnnu 


IP 


S      ri52l      ■[^^^]       CEPHALOPOUa  OF  NOUTIIEAHTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


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REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [154]l  [155] 
I. — Table  to  illunlrate  the  rate  of  growth  of  I.oligo  Pealvi,  young. 


Locality. 


yioerard  Sound . . . 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
D;>. 


Newport,  R.  I 

NarraguiMtt  Bar . . 
Off  Newport,  R.!l.. 

Do 

Off  Point  Judith, 
B  I 

Do"..'."";!.'.".'." 
Narraganaett  Bay . . 
OffBntiiard'aBay.. 
Narraganaett  Bay. . 
Off  Block  Island. . . 

Do 

Narraganaett  Bay. . 

Do 

Off  Cuttyhnnk  Isl- 
and  

North  latitude  30° 
4V  80",  west  lon- 
gitude 70OM' 

Off  Block  Island.-. 
Off  Chesapeake  Bay 

VARIBTY  BOBBALIB. 

MasBochugetts  Bay 

Do :. 

Do 

Do 


Off  Cape  Cod. 

Do. 

Cape  Ann 


Depth. 


Surface 
..do... 
..do  ... 
...do  ... 
..do... 
...do  ... 


0-20 


Surfitce 
...do... 
..do... 


Shore . 

8 

16-26.. 
ie-19. . 


16... 
19... 
4-12. 
21... 
6... 
13... 
6.... 
14... 
3-6.. 


Date. 


1875-70. 
July  7 
July  12 
July  15 
July  10 
July  28 
Aug.  2 
Aug.  21 
Aug.  27 
Aug.  28 
Aug.  — 
Sepl  15 
Oct.  13 
Oct.  20 
Nov.  1 
May  16 
Jnne    3 

1880. 
July  27 
Aug.    0 
Aug.    7 
Aug.  12 


17. 


262. 

is!'. 


10. 
42. 
47. 
48. 


16i.... 
4i  .... 

SI  ore. 


Aug. 
Aug. 

Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Sept. 

Sept. 


Lengtl  of  mantle.  In  millimeters. 


Young  of  the  year. 


30  =  25-35"-;  ■, 
100  .f -10-20.. 

-45-48"» 

4  —  80-08 

B00-(-  — 10-25 

600-f  — 10-30 

200  +  -15-35 ... 

20-27-52 

18  —  28-60 

38  —  25-50:  2- 

65..413 

80-26-45:  10- 

-47-72 

3  —  45-50 

4  -88-100 -- 

1000  —  8-20:  3; 

^76-82 

Tonog  of  prerlou  year, 


4  =  28:  5  =  32-44 

5-45-60 

54=16-33:40  =  32-44:  5  =  60-62, 
90  =  15-25:  16  =  30-40.... 


13  :  60  =  17-38:  20  =  38-66. 

14  '  133  =  16-33:  8  =  38-44. 
16 
17 
28 
24 
27 
31 

1 


33=^23-66:  14  =  60-70:  3  =  75-82 

72  =  12-28:  6  =  80-42 

2  =  48-63:  3  =  70-88 

0  =  24-36:  8  =  40-65 

1  rf=84 

7  =  3ft-»6:  2  =  60-62 

2  =  32-46:  11  =  60-52 


10=75-100" 
9  =  70-100. 


2  5=126-160:  1  cf  =17J. 

2  =  126-188. 
1  =  188. 

4  =  112-125. 

1  =  152. 

8=152-188. 

80  =  62-100:  10  =  100-153. 

6  =  67-80:  1  =  96. 

3  =  84-100. 

3  =  89-108':  2 1^=120-165. 


1  =  116:  1  =  102. 

2  =  86-87:  2  9=105-112. 

3  =  83-95. 


3  ,  23  =  32-50:  4  =  56-58:  1  =  J 


Sept.  13  i  14  =  16-30 

Sept.  —     20  =  42-66:  10  =  55-72:  1  =  110. 
Nov.  16  i  82 


1878. 
Aug.  20 
Sept.  16 
Sept.  21 
Sept.  26 

1870. 
Sept.    9  I  2  «  38 
Sept.  20  I  1=75 
Oct.,  '80  j  5  cf  3  9  =  110-156 


1  =  31 

1  =  88 

6  =  28-38:  1  =  50:  5=62. 
2.-=:31-38 


19  =  no. 


2  =  130>140 


J. — Loligo  Pealei.    Spedmens  examined,  mostly  adult.     To  illnatrate  dUtribution,  ^o. 

(Tn  last  column  ad.  =  adult;  {)r.= breeding;   in.  =  length  of  mantle  iu  incbcd;  j.  or  juv.  =  yoiu|  I 

ip.  =large.J 


No. 


h.k. 
C ... 
IG.. 


o',  V,oo.. 


Locality. 


TYPICAL  VARIKTV. 


New  Haven,  Conn . . . 

...do 

Near  New  Haven. . . 

...do 

...do... 

New  Haven  Harbor. 

Long  Island 

Noank,  Conn 

do 

...do 


Fath. 


Shore . 
...do  .. 
. . . do  . . 
...do.. 
...do.. 
...do.. 
3-4.... 
6-8.... 


When  collected. 


1867. 


1870 : 

1874 

1876 

May  18, 1880. 


1874 

August  5,  1874.. 
August  24,  1874. 


EeccivTsd  tvom— 


Mr.  Hooes 

O.  H.  Perkins.. 
A.  E.  Verrm.... 

...do...., 

...do 

— do 

CO.  Byrne 

U.S.  Fish  Coin.. 

....do  

...do 


Specimens,  hi  | 
and  number. 


Id". 
Irf. 
4  ad. 
cf  4ad. 
6  ad. 

d  1  Ig.  br. 
a  jnv. 
cf  3  large. 
4juv. 
fijuv. 


No. 


J-9 

a-4 

D-W.... 

x.y.z... 

AA-HH . 

1V-60V.. 

Al 


'An.  1-3;. 


30-15G. 


A-Z, 
1-10.. 


K. 


IE8.    [154]| 
ng. 


[155]      CEPIIALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

J.—LoUgo  /'Mlei~-Continaed. 


tn. 


if  prevlona  year, 

BO"". 
0. 


5-150;  1  rf=17J. 
88. 

25. 

88. 

.00;  10  =  100-153. 

I:  1  =  96. 

10. 

18:  2  =  120-165. 


1  =  102. 

r-.  2  9=105-112. 


140 


iribution,  ^c, 

or  jw.  =  yoMj  I 


Specimens,  wi 
and  number. 


Irf. 

Irf. 

4  ad. 

cr4ad. 

6  ad. 

d  1  Ig.  br. 

ijnv. 

(f  3  liTge. 

4  jnv. 

8Juv. 


No. 


ft- 


LdcuUty. 


D-W. 


X.Y.Z... 
AA-HH . 

IV-flOV.. 


I  Al. 


An.  1-3;. 


JO-150. 


A-Z. 
a-t... 
1-10.. 


Typical  VARntTT— 
Cuutluuud. 

vineyard   Soand, 

Mmb. 

....do 

Henemsha 

Vineyard  Sound 

....do 

....do 

....do 

do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

do 

...do 

...  do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

Narracanaett  Bay. . . 

Hyannls,  Maas 

Karragansett  Bay. . . 
Off  Newport,  R.  I... 
Off    Point   Judith, 

R.I. 
OffCuttyhonk  Island 
Soutli  of  Block  Island 
Off  Chesapeake  Bay . 

VARIETT  UOKBALIB. 

Annisquaro,  Mass. . . 

Gloucester,  Mass 

Massachusetts  Bay. 

Off  Cape  Cod 

Provincetown,  Mass 
Cape  Ann,  Mass.... 

do 

Salem,  Mass 


VABIETV  PALLIDA. 

Astoria,  N.  Y 

....do  ....'. 

....do 

Great  Esg  Harbor, 
N.J. 


Fttth. 


Shore . 


5-8.... 
Shore. 
...do.. 
6-12... 
ft-16... 

ft-ao... 

Shore . 
...do.. 
...do.. 
...do.. 
...do  .. 
...do  .. 
...do.. 
...do.. 
...do  .. 
...do.. 
...do.. 
,.  do.. 
. . . do  . . 
...do.. 
...do  .. 
16-26.. 
10 


17.. 
252. 
18.. 


Shore. 
..do.. 

47 

42 

Shore. 
...do.. 
...do.. 
...do.. 


Shore . 
..do.. 
..do.. 
...do.. 


Whon  collected. 


July  and  .tug.,  1871 


Uecolvi'd  from— 


U.S. Pish  Com. 


do 


..do 

August,  li"i-\ 

July  and  Aug.,  1876 
July  12-26,  J876  ... 
August  4,5,  1876... 
Sepit-mber  16, 1876. 
October  13, 1876  ... 
October  14,1876... 

....do 

October  20,1876 i....do 

November  1, 1875 ...do 

Api4l  3U,  1M70 1...  do 

May  16,  1876 1. ...do 

May  and  iTuue,  1870..!...  do 

June3,lH7H j...  do 

Juno  6, 1876 1. ...do 

June,  1876 

May  28,  1880 

IggQ 

August.  isSO..... 

July  27,  1880 

August  7,  1880... 
August  14,  1880.. 


....do  

V.  X.  Edwards. 

U.  S.  Ftsh  Com. 

...do  

...  do 

...do  

V.  N.  Edwards. 
...do 


September  3,  1880.. 
September  13,  1880. 
November  16,  1880.. 


July,  1878 

September  "21,'i878! 
September  26,  1870. 

July,  1870 

May  18,  1880 

October,  1880 


Nov.  and  Dec,  1870.. 

...do 

...do 

1872 


do 

do 

Samuel  Powell. 


U.S. Fish  Com. 

...do 

..  do 


..do 

...do    

Z.  L.  Tauner. 


A.Hyatt    

A.  E.  Verrill... 
U.S. Fish  Com. 

...do 

J.  H.  Blake.... 
A.  H.  Chirke... 

....do  

J.  H.  Emorton. 


Robert  Beuuer. 

do ^.. 

...do 7... 

A.  E.  Verrill... 


'ipecimens,  sex 
and  number. 


72  nd. 

30  ad. 

rfl:    9  2- 

7  ad. 

Ekks  and  Juv. 

Juv. 

5Juv. 

3  =  6-7.6  in. 

3  =  6-7iu. 

(f  6  large. 

6  =  4-5  in. 

1  =  6  in. 

d  10:   9  3. 

8  >=  6-7  In. 

cf  16:   9  4  ad. 
(f  3  =  5-6  in. 
d  3  large. 
39ad. :  9  12. 
(f  48:  9  12  br. 
10  ad. 

(f  1  very  Ig. 
3-3.7ln. 


^3.6-6.5  In. 
=  1.1-1.4  in. 


2  =  6.1-5.5  in, 

14,juv. 

32  juv. 


9  3ad. 
2Juv. 
lllnv. 
IJuv. 
8  larKOc 
16  ad.  br. 


br. 


rf  5;   9  3Juv. 

dl:   9'     ' 


2  ad. 


rfl7:    9  9. 
d"  9  20  ad. 
d  9  wl. 
1,  bass  stom. 


K. — Specimens  examined.    Eggs  and  recently-hatched  young  of  Loligo  Pealei. 


Locality. 


I  Near  New  HavBU. . 
J  Vineyard  Sound  . . . 
I  Long  Island  Sound. 

I  Fisher's  Sound 

I  Nantucket  Sound. . 
iVinoyard  Sound... 

1)0 

Do 

I  Npar  New  Ilaven  . . 

I  Off  New  Uaven 

I  Gardiner's  Bay 

lOffNewport,  k.  I.. 
'       Do....... 

Do 


NarragansettBay. 

I       Do 

I  Bazzard's  Bay 


Fath. 


Shore . . 
5-10.... 

4-8 

Surface 
8-12.... 
8-16.... 
5-10.... 


Shore . 


8 

22-26... 
4| 


6... 
12  J. 
4-6. 


When  collected. 


June  10, 1871... 
July,  Aug.,  1871. 
August,  1874.... 
July  28,  1874.... 
July  26,  1874.... 
August  .5,  1875.. 
Julv,  Aug.,  1875. 

Sept.  6, 1875 

Juuoll,  1880.... 
August  3,  1880.. 
June  28,  1880.... 
August  0,  1880.. 
August  7,  1880.. 
August  16,  1880. 

August  23,  1880. 
August  31,  1880. 
August  20, 1881. 


Received  from- 


J.  E.Todd 

United  States  Fish  Com. 

do 

do, 

do. 

do 

do 

do 

S.I.Smith 

J.  F.  Fowle 

Schooner  G.  H.  Bradley. 
United  States  Fish  Com. 

do 

do 


.do 
.do 
.do 


Eggs  or  embr}-os. 


Well  developed. 
All  stages. 
Well  developed.       ' 
Just  hatched. 
Partly  developed. 

Do. 
All  stages. 
Now  laid. 
Near  batching. 
Half  developed. 
New  laid. 

Fresh  and  well  developed. 
New  laid  and  hatching. 
New  laid   and  partly  de- 
veloped. 
Fresh  laid. 
Partly  developed. 
Just  hatching. 


■a 


H^f 


r 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OP  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [156] 
Notes  on  the  visceral  anatomy  of  Loligo  Pealei. 
(See  Plate  XX,  fig.  2;  Plate  XXIX, /.ja.  l-3a;  Plate  XXXII,  fi^a.  2,  3.) 

The  gills  {g)  are  large  and  highly  organized  in  this  species,  although 
considerably  smaller  than  in  Ommaatrephea.  The  bases  of  the  gills  {g] 
are  situated  somewhat  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  mantle-cavity,  or 
branchial  chamber,  and  their  tips,  in  fresh  specimens,  extend  forward 
nearly  to  the  base  of  the  siphon  (/).  The  branchial  chamber  is  separated 
from  the  visceral  cavity  by  i.  thin  translucent  membrane  (the  so-called 
peritoneal  membrane),  through  which  there  are  two  circular  openings 
(u),  one  a  short  distance  in  advance  of  the  base  of  each  gill;  through 
these  the  secretion  of  the  urinary  organs  (»*,»•')  is  doubtless  discharged. 
Internally  the  visceral  cavity  is  divided  into  several  compartments  by 
folds  of  thin  membrane.  The  largest  of  these  chambers  contains  the 
stomach  and  its  ccecal  lobe  (S,  S').  When  the  branchial  cavity  is 
opened  on  the  ventral  side,  as  in  PL  XXIX,  fig.  1,  and  the  thin  mem- 
branes covering  the  viscera  are  removed,  the  renal  organs  (r,  r')  are 
seen  as  large  and  conspicuous  organs,  especially  if  the  venous  system 
has  been  injected  with  a  colored  fluid.  These  organs  are  mostly  situ- 
ated close  around  the  heart,  above,  below,  and  in  front  of  it,  but  two 
of  them,  in  the  form  of  pyriform  glands  (r',  r'),  which  are  firmer  and 
have  a  more  compact  structure  than  the  rest,  extend  along  the  pos- 
terior venae-cavae.  These  extend  forwaru  and  unite  with  the  two  I 
elongated,  saccular  organs  (r,  r),  which  extend  across  the  ventral  side  of 
the  heart  and  the  bases  of  the  gills,  and  passing  farther  forward,  unite  | 
on  the  dorsal  side  of  the  intestine  to  form  the  anterior  vena-cava; 
before  they  thus  unite  each  one  receives  a  vein  from  the  intestine  {r") 
and  gives  oft'  a  large  sacculated  vessel,  or  branch,  which,  passing 
up  tvard  along  the  sides  of  the  proximal  part  of  the  intestine,  unite  with 
two  'arge  lobulated  renal  sacs,  which  lie  above  and  in  front  of  the  heart 
and  surround  the  commencement  of  the  intestine;  these  send  tapering] 
lobes  backward,  which  receive  the  blood  from  the  gastric  veins ;  anteri 
orly  thvy  receive  the  hepatic  veins;  laterally  they  receive  the  large  ves 
sels  or  pallial  veins  from  the  sides  of  the  mantle,  and  also  communicate  | 
with  the  branchial  auricles. 

The  heart  (H)  is  a  large,  muscular,  and  somewhat  un symmetrical  I 
organ,  varying  in  shv^pe  according  to  the  state  of  contraction.   Usually , 
it  is  more  or  less  obliquely  four-cornered,  with  the  right  side  largest  and 
the  posterior  end  more  or  less  conical.    From  the  posterior  end  arises  a 
large  artery,  the  posterior  aorta,  which  gives  off,  close  to  its.  origin,  two 
small  arteries ;  one  of  these  is  median  and  goes  forward  to  the  ink-sac 
and  intestine,  passing  below  and  across  the  heart;  the  other,  arising 
laterally,  in   the  male  goes  to  the  prostate  gland  and„  other  organs  | 
connected  with  it  (PI.  XXTX,  fig.  2,  po).    A  little  farther  back  the  pos- 
terior aorta  dividef  into  three  large  arteries;  one  of  tliese  (o)  is  situated  ] 
in  the  median  plane,  and,  crossing  the  branchial  cavity  along  the  curved 


ES.     [156]  I  [157]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTEiCN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

anterior  end  of  a  thin,  median,  membranous  partition,  supplies  tlie  ven- 
tral and  lateral  portions  of  the  mantle,  sending  branches  both  back- 
ward and  forward;  the  other  two  main  divisions  (o',  o")  diverge  as  they 
go  backward,  and  supply  the  caudal  fins  and  adjacent  parts  of  the 
mantle.  The  anterior  aorta  {ao)  arises  from  tlie  right  anterior  corner  of 
the  heart,  and  goes  forward  to  tho  head,  on  the  right  side  of  the 
median  line,  by  the  side  of  the  (Bsophagus.  Just  beyond  che  constric- 
tion,  at  its  origin,  it  is  aomewhat  bulbous.  A  short  distance  from  its 
origin  it  gi^es  off  a  large  branch,  the  gastric  artery  {so),  which  sends  a 
branch  to  the  renal  organs,  and  pa::ses  backward  over  the  dorsal  side  of 
the  heart  to  the  anterior  parts  of  the  stomach,  where  it  ramifies  exten- 
sively. 

The  portion  of  the  aorta  which  passes  along  and  through  the  liver 
gives  off  several  hepatic  arteries  that  supply  blood  to  the  liver,  r.ad  one 
b  anch  emerges  from  the  liver,  on  the  dorsal  side,  and  supplies  the 
musclea  of  the  neck -region.  The  ultimate  divisions  of  the  aorta  supply 
the  various  organs  of  the  head,  and  a  large  branch  goes  out  to  the  tip 
of  each  arm,  nearly  in  the  <!fint/er,  sending  branches  to  the  suckers.  A 
small  v€88f)l,  the  spermatic  artery  (fig.  2,  go),  arises  from  the  anterior 
sidf  of  the  heart,  and,  passing  backward  over  the  heart,  supplies  the 
spermary  (<). 

The  large  efferent  or  branchio-cardiac  vessels  from  the  gills  {bo) 
enter  the  anterior  lateral  corners  of  the  heart,  their  dilated  basal  i)or- 
tion  serving,  apparently,  as  auricles.  The  branchial  auricles  {au),  situ- 
ated just  behind  the  bases  of  the  gills,  are  uciirly  globiUar,  with  a 
smail,  rounded,  whitish  elevation  on  the  free  posterior  end;  anteriorly 
they  receive  the  blood  from  the  sacculated  divisions  of  the  anterior 
and  posterior  venae-cavre,  above  the  heart,  and  from  the  veins  (r,  vc') 
coming  from  the  lateral  portions  of  the  maucle,  behind  the  gills,  and 
they  give  off  the  large  afferent  vessels  (fir),  which  go  to  and  run  along 
the  dorsal  side  of  the  gills.  The  anterior  venacava  {re)  receives  the 
venous  blood  from  a  large  cephalic  venous  ainus  *  which  surrounds  the 
pharynx,  at  the  bases  of  the  arms,  and  is  also  directly  connected  with 
another  large  sinus  at  the  back  of  each  eye-orbit.  This  cephalic  sinus 
receives  the  blood  from  a  large  vein  in  tho  median  line  and  near  the 
inner  face  of  each  arm.  The  ophthalmic  sinuses  receiA  e  veins  from  the 
eye  itself.  Numerous  small  veins  enter  the  anterior  venacava,  from 
each  side,  ahnig  its  course,  coming  from  the  muscles  of  the  head,  neck, 
and  siphon,  and  from  the  ink-sac,  liver,  «S:c.  Two  veins,  sacculated 
posteriorly,  go  from  the  ink-sac  and  intestine  back  to  the  renal  org.ins. 
A  small  but  very  distinct  vein  extends  along  the  dorsal  side  of  the 
oll'ereut  sperm-duct  (p).    Two  large  pallial  veins,  on  each  side,  come 


1^  i 


f  1- 

V 


m 

'  Tho  greater  part  of  the  venous  system  can  l)o  oa.sily  injected  by  insortiisr  tlio 
Ifiiimla  into  this  sinns,  thronsjli  the  folds  of  tlio  bneeal  membranes,  just  between'  the 
Itasos  of  the  arms  and  the  jaws,  or  between  the  outer  and  inner  bin  eal  membrancy. 
It  can  also  bo  easily  ii\jected  through  tho  voiui-cava  in  the  lower  side  of  the  head. 


m 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [158]  ■   [159] 

from  the  sides  of  the  mantle  {v,  v&):  one  of  them  {vc'),  receiving  a 
branch  from  the  gill,  runs  from  the  anterior  part  backward;  the  other 
{v'),  from  the  middle  part  forward ;  these  unite  into  one  trunk  before 
reaching  the  venacavce.  The  posterior  vencecavce  {v&')  arise  mostly 
from  the  caudal  fins,  but  receive  branches  from  the  postero-lateral  por- 
tions of  the  mantle;  each  one  receives  two  large  branches,  one  anterior 
and  the  other  posterior,  just  at  the  point  where  it  leaves  the  inner  sur- 
face of  the  mantle.  From  this  point  they  run  forward,  parallel  with  the 
two  posterior  arteries,  and  converge  to  the  region  of  the  heart,  where 
they  join  the  great  sacculated  venous  vessels;  along  a  considerable 
portion  of  their  course  they  expand  and  become  large,  elongated,  fusi- 
form organs  (r"),  probably  renal  in  function,  but  much  firmer,  more 
definite  in  form,  and  finer  in  structure  than  the  more  anterior  renal 
organs. 

The  gills  {g)  are  long,  triquetral,  acute ;  in  section  they  are  nearly  tri- 
angular (PI.  XXXII,  fig.  3),  with  the  free  ventral  sides  convex,«nd  the 
dorsal  side  flat  or  concave,  except  along  the  middle,  where  a  thin  me- 
dian membrane  (d!)  arises  from  a  central  ridge  and  unites  the  gill  to  the  | 
inner  surface  of  the  mantle.    The  gills  are  composed  of  large  numbers 
of  thin,  transverse  branchial  laminae  (Fig.  3,  a),  which  extend  outward 
symmetrically,  on  each  side,  from  the  large  median  blood-vessels  (bo, 
bv),  each  half  of  a  lamina  having  a  long  ovate  or  elliptical  outline.    A 
somewhat  firm  central  axis  or  column  (c)  gives  support  to  tlie"  lamiaa 
and  the  large  blood-vessels.    The  great  aflferent  vessel  (bv)  starts  from 
the  branchial  auricle  and  runs  along  the  median  dorsal  side  of  the  gill, 
on  the  inner  edge  of  the  axial  column  (c) ;  another  parallel  venous  tnink 
or  sinus  (v)  is  seen  near  the  dorsal  edge  of  the  column.    Each  branchial 
leaf  receives  from  the  aflferent  vessel  {bv)  a  branch  (6)  which  runs  along  ] 
the  dorsal  edge,  giving  off  at  regular  intervals  small  transverse  paral 
lei  branchlets,  which  in  turn  give  oflf  minute  capillary  vessels  along  their  I 
sides  and  fade  out  near  the  ventral  border  of  the  lamellae.    Parallel  [ 
with  these  arise  small  capillary  eflferent  vessels,  which  join  larger  trans 
verse  vessels  between  and  parallel  with  the  afferent  ones;  these  in  turn  I 
join  the  larger  efferent  vessel  that  runs  along  the  ventral  edge  of  the 
lamina,  and  these  marginal  vessels  pour  their  contents  into  the  large 
vessel  (bo)  which  runs  along  the  middle  of  the  gill  on  the  ventral  side  | 
and  carries  the  purified  blood  to  the  heart. 

The  alimentary  tract  is  represented  in  a  nearly  dorsal  view  in  Plate  I 
XX,  fig.  3.    In  this  figure  the  pharynx  is  shown  in  longitudinal  section 
in  a  side  view.    The  buccal  membrane  (6m) ;  the  pharynx  with  its  horny 
jaws  {sm  the  superior,  and  im  the  inferior  mandibles);  the  odontophore, 
(od)  armed  with  seven  rows  of  recurved  teeth  on  the  radula;  and  the  | 
thin  chitinous  lining  membrane,  which  bears  numerous  sharp,  scattered, 
rectirved  teeth,  both  on  the  palate  and  in  the  throat,  have  already  been  | 
described  (pp.  134, 135).    The  oesopluigns  {oc)  is  a  long,  narrow,  but  dilat 
able  tube,  having  two  oblong  salivary  glands  («</)  attached  to  it  Just  at  tie  I 


ES.     [1581  I  [159]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

bilobed  anterior  end  of  the  liver  (I) ;  it  then  runs  backward  in  a  groove 
along  the  dorsal  side  of  the  liver  to  a  point  beyond  its  middle,  where  it 
passes  obliquely  through  the  liver,  accompanied  by  the  aorta  {ao),  and 
enters  the  stomach  at  oe".  The  stomach  consists  of  three  parts,  which 
are  often  sufficiently  distinct  externally  when  the  stomach  is  empty,  or 
nearly  so,  but  when  it  is  greatly  distended  with  food  (as  often  happens) 
the  divisions  almost  disappear  externally,  and  the  whole  becomes  one 
great,  long-pjTiform  sac.  The  first  division  (S),  or  "true  stomach,"  is 
plicated  internally  and  has  thickened  glandular  walls.  It  is  supplied 
with  t)lood  by  a  ramified  vessel,  the  gastric  artery  {so),  conspicuous  on 
its  dorsal  "urface.  This  lobe  of  the  stomach  is  sometimes  contracted 
into  a  firm  glandular  mass,  strongly  constricted  where  it  joins  the  more 
saccular  second  stomach;  but  I  have  seen  specimens,  greatly  distended 
with  food,  in  which  it  was  scarcely  or  not  at  all  distinguishable  as  a  lobe, 
and  seemed  nearly  as  thin  and  saccular  as  the  other  parts.  The  re- 
mainder of  the  stomach  (S',  S")  usually  has  the  form  of  a  long,  rounded, 
more  or  less  swollen,  fusiform  sac,  tapering  backward  to  a  more  or  less 
acute  posterior  end,  which  reaches  back  nearly  to  the  end  of  the  bodyj 
anteriorly  its  most  swollen  portion  is  about  opposite  the  junction  with 
the  first  stomach  and  just  behind  the  heart;  from  this  swollen  portion 
it  narrows  rapidlj^,  but  extends  forward  to  the  posterior  part  of  the  liver, 
above  and  in  advance  of  the  heart,  where  it  gives  oft'  the  intestine  (A). 
The  more  swollen  and  anterior  portion  of  this  sac  or  second  stomach  (S") 
has  a  glandular  lining,  which,  in  part  (S"),  is  distinctly  radially  plicated ; 
and  it  is  therefore  clearly  anatomically  distinguishable  from  the  thin  and 
non-plicated  posterior  portion  (S')  or  coecal  lobe,  which  seems  to  serve 
mainly  for  the  temporary  storage  of  large  quantities  of  food.  The  in- 
testine {h,  li')  is  a  rather  wide,  thin  tube,  of  moderate  length,  it  arises  from 
the  anterior  end  of  (S"),  close  to  the  dorsal  side  of  the  heart;  the  anal 
orifice  (/i')  is  provided  with  two  slender  clavate  papillee.  The  liver  {I)  is 
a  long,  rather  narrow,  somewhat  fusiform  organ,  slightly  bilobed  anteri- 
orly and  pointed  posteriorly ;  along  about  two-thirds  of  its  length,  from 
the  anterior  end,  there  is  a  deep  dorsal  groove  in  which  the  oesophagus  and 
aorta  are  situated  before  they  pass  through  its  substance ;  the  posterior 
end  is  undivided  and  pointed. 

The  ink-sac  (t)  is  a  large  flask-shaped,  or  longpyriform,  blackish  sac, 
with  a  long  tapering  duct  {i')  terminating  just  within  the  anal  orifice. 

In  the  appearance  and  structure  of  the  internal  reproductive  organs 
the  sexes  diff"er  greatly.  In  the  female  (PI.  XXIX,  figs.  3, 3a ;  Tl.  XXXIII, 
fig.  2)  the  single  large  oviduct  (od),  situated  on  the  left  side,  passes  over 
the  dorsal  side  of  the  base  of  the  gill  and  terminates  in  a  large  ear- 
shaped  external  orifice  (op)  nearly  surrounded  by  a  broad  membranous 
flap.  The  portion  of  the  oviduct  behind  the  base  of  the  gill  is  envel- 
oped by  a  large,  swollen,  bilobed  nidamental  gland  (PI.  XXIX,  figs.  3, 3a, 
I'j  PI.  XXXIII,  fig.  2,  x'),  which  is  abundantly  supplied  with  blood-ves- 
sels, and  internally  is  comi>rsed  of  a  large  number  of  thin,  close,  parallel 


'h! 


'rV\ 


\f 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [160] 

lamellfe.  Two  very  large,  oblong,  accessory  uidamental  glands  {xx)  lie 
side  by  side,  loosely  attached,  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  ventral  side, 
covering  and  concealing  the  heart  and  most  of  the  reuiU  organs;  each 
of  these  has  a  groove  along  the  ventral  side  and  a  slit  in  the  anterior 
erd;  internally  they  are  composed  of  great  numbers  of  thin  lamellae. 

In  front  of  and  partially  above  the  anterior  ends  of  these,  and  attached 
to  the  intestine  and  ink-sac,  there  is  another  pair  of  accessory  gland;^  {x), 
roundish  in  form,  with  a  large  ventral  opening,  and  having,  in  fresh 
specimens,  a  curiously  mottled  color,  consisting  of  irregular  red  and 
iark  brown  blotches  on  a  pale  ground.  Their  internal  structure  is  ^nely 
follicular.  The  ovary  {ov)  is  large  a^nd  occupies  a  large  portion  of  the 
cavity  of  the  body,  posteriorly,  running  back  into  the  posterior  cavity 
of  the  pen,  and  in  the  breeding  season  extending  forward  nearly  to  the 
heart.  In  the  breeding  season  the  thip  convoluted  portion  of  the  ovi- 
duct {ov')  is  found  distended  with  great  nainbers  of  eggs.  At  the  same 
time  the  large  glands  {x'),  around  the  oviduct,  and  the  accessory  nida 
mental  glands  {x,  xx),  destined  to  furnish  the  materials  for  the  formatiou 
of  the  egg-capsules,  and  for  their  attachment,  are  very  tuigid  and  much 
larger  than  at  other  times. 

The  male  (PI.  XL,  figs.  1, 2)  has  no  organs  correspouding  in  position  to 
the  two  pairri  of  accessory  nidamental  glands  of  the  female,  but  the 
single  effercEt  sper?^atic  duct  (p)  occupies  the  same  position  on  the  left 
side  as  the  terminal  part  of  the  oviduct  of  the  female.  It  is,  ho^'cver, 
a  much  more  slender  tube,  extending  farther  forward  beyond  the  base 
of  the  gill,  and  its  orifice  is  small  and  simply  bilabiate.  It  extends 
backward  over  the  dorsal  side  of  the  base  of  the  gill  to  a  bilobed,  long 
pyriform  organ,  consisting  of  a  spermatophore-sac  (»s)  and  a  complicated 
system  of  glands  and  tubes  {pr,  vd)  united  closely  together  and  inclosed 
in  a  special  sheath.    This  organ  consists  of  the  following  pr.rts: 

1.  The  vasdeferens  (vd),  which  starts  posteriorly  from  a  small  orifice 
(not  figured)  in  the  thin  sheath  of  peritoneal  membrane  (pr)  investing 
the  testicle  (t) ;  it  passes  forward  along  the  side  of  the  spermatophore 
sac,  to  which  it  is  closely  adherent,  and  throughout  its  length  it  is  thrown 
into  numerous  close,  short,  transverse,  flattened  tblds ;  anteriorly  it  joins 
the  vesiculsT'-seminales. 

2.  The  vesiculne-seminale.a  ^fig.  2,  pr.  in  part)  consist  of  three  large, 
curved  vesicles,  closely  coiled  togetlicr,  the  thii'd  one  having  thickened, 
glandular  walls ;  frcn  the  latter  ^oes  a  duct  which  unites  with  the  duct 
from  the  prostate  gland  to  form  the  spermatic  duct. 

3.  The  prf'state  gland  {pr,  in  part)  consists  of  two  curved  lobes,  whicli 
are  closely  coiled  between  and  united  to  the  vesicula'seminales. 

4.  The  spermatic  duct,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  ducts  from  the 
v^sicuUe  serainales  and  in-ostate  glands,  is  a  nearly  straight  tube;  it| 
passes  backward  between  the  prostate  glands  and  speruiatophoresuc, 
close  alongside  of  the  vasdeferens  {vd),  to  which  it  is  closely  bonud 
down ;  it  enters  the  spermatophore-sac  (ss)  near  its  posterior  end,  at  an 
acute  angle. 


T-^ 


S.     [160]  ■      [161]      CEPIIALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

5.  The  sperinatophore  sac  (««)  is  a  long,  capacious,  pyriform,  or  .some- 
what fusiform,  thin- walled  sac,  pointed  at  its  posterior  end  j  its  anterior 
end  is  directly  continuous  with  the  long  efferent  duct  {p),  which  is  often 
rather  wide  at  its  origin  but  tapers  to  a  narrow  anterior  end.  The  ter- 
minal orifice  is  slightly  bilabiate. 

These  organs  receive  blood  through  a  special  artery  (fig.  2,  po)  which 
arises  from  the  posterior  aorta  just  back  of  the  heart.  After  reaching 
the  genital  organ  it  divides  into  several  branches;  one  going  forward 
along  the  side  of  the  efferent  duct;  one  to  the  prostate  glands  and 
vesiculiB-seminales;  one  to  the  vas-deferens  and  adjacent  parts. 

Specimens  taken  in  May,  in  the  breeding  season,  have  the  efferent 
duct  and  the  spermatophore-sac  crowded  with  the  spermatophores.  In 
the  spermatophore-sac,  wh..  a  is  then  mucli  distended  by  them,  they  lie 
closely  packed  in  a  longitudinal  position  with  their  larger  ends  pointing 
somewhat  outward  .toward  the  surface,  and  can  be  plainly  seen  through 
the  transparent  walls  of  the  sac. 

The  spermatophores  are  slender,  club-shaped,  with  tlie  larger  end 
rounded,  tapering  gradually  to  the  smaller  end,  which  is  usually  a  little 
expanded  at  the  tip  and  has  a  very  small  filament.  They  vary  (in  al- 
cohol) from  8  to  lO™""  in  length  and  4  to  6"""  In  the  greatest  diameter. 
They  contain  a  coiled  rope  of  spermatozoa  in  the  larger  end  and  a  com- 
plicated apparatus  for  automatically  ejecting  this  rope  in  the  smaller 
portion. 

The  "testicle"  or  spermary  {t)  is  a  compact,  pale  yellow,  long,  flat- 
tened organ,  extending  from  the  stomach  (s)  nearly  to  the  end  of  the 
pen,  in  the  posterior  concavity  of  which  it  lies;  a  band  of  fibrous  tissue, 
continuous  with  its  sheath,  extends  from  its  posterior  end  into  the  hol- 
low tip  of  the  pen,  to  which  it  is  attached.  An  arterial  vessel,  the  sper- 
matic artery  (PI.  XL,  fig.  2,  go),  which  arises  directly  from  the  anterior 
edge  of  the  heart,  runs  along  the  median  dorsal  line  of  the  spermary 
and  sends  off'  numerous  branches  to  the  right  and  left  (fig.  2,  t).  Thia 
artery  is  accompanied  by  a  spermatic  vein  («r),  closely  united  to  it. 


r.^ 


H'i- 


If  III 


n 


is 


Loligo  brevis  Bluinville. 

Loligo  brevia  Blainv.,  Journ.  de  Pliys.,  March,  18i23  (t.  D'Orb.);  Diet.  desSci. 
nat.,  vol.  xxvii,  p.  145, 1823. 
D'Orbigny,  Ci'^plial.  Ac<Stab.,  p.  314,  LoUgo,  pi.  13,  figs.  4-6  (copied  from 

Lesuenr);    pi.  15,  figs.  1-3  (orig.);    pi.  24,  figs.  14-19  (orig.). 
Tryoii,  Marine  Couch.,  i,  p.  142,  pi.  52,  figs.  143,  144  (after  D'Orl''<^ny). 
Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  p.  343,  1881. 
Lolif/o  hreviphnia  Lesuenr,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Scl.  Philad.,  vol.  iii,  p.  2*^2  (with 
plate),  1824. 
Tryon,  Manual  Conch.,  i,  p.  142,  pi.  51,  figs.  128-130  (after Lesueur). 

Plato  XXI,  figures  4-4c. 

A  small,  short-bodied  species,  with  short  rounded  caudal  fins,  very 
short  upper  arms,  and  Lirge  chromatophoric  spots. 
Body  short,  thick,  well  rounded,  rather  blunt  posteriorly.     Anterior 


rSTK 

I 

'la 


1^ 


i 


EEPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [162] 

edgo  of  mantle  with  a  well-developed  median  dorsal  lobe,  and  well 
marked  lateral  angles.    Fins  broad  transversely,  short,  less  than  half  | 
the  length  of  the  mantle;  outer  edges  well  rounded;  posterior  end  very 
obtuse.    Arms  aU  short,  the  two  upper  pairs  much  shorter  than  the  two 
lower,  the  dorsal  pair  very  short,  considerably  shorter  than  the  upper 
lateral  ones;    ventral  and  lower  lateral  arms  nearly  equal  in  length.  [ 
The  dorsal  arms  are  strongly  compressed,  with  a  well-marked,  thin, 
dorsal  keel;  those  of  the  second  pair  squarish  at  base,  without  a  keel; 
those  of  the  third  pair  are  strongly  compressed,  bent  outward  at  the  I 
base,  and  furnished  with  a  high  median  keel,  starting  from  the  base,  but 
highest  in  the  middle ;  ventral  arms  triangular  at  base,  with  a  wide 
membrane  on  the  upper  angle,  which  expands  at  the  base  and  connecte 
them  with'  the  third  pair ;  a- narrower  membrane  runs  along  the  ventral 
margins.    Tentacular  arms  rather  stout  at  base,  compressed  farther  out, 
in  extension  about  as  long  as  the  body;  club  well  developed,  about | 
twice  as  broad  as  the  rest  of  the  arm ;   its  dorsal  keel  thin,  elevated, 
oblique,  commencing  at  about  the  middle  of  the  club  and  extending  to  I 
the  tip.    The  larger  tentacular  suckers  are  very  regularly  arranged  is  I 
four  rows  of  8  to  10  each,  the  lateral  ones  being  not  very  much  smaller  I 
than  the  median  ones.    The  distal  part  of  the  club  is  covered  with  four  I 
regular  rows  of  small  suckers,  and  there  is  a  terminal  group  of  smallerJ 
smooth -rimmed  one;      The  largest  median  suckers  (Plate  XXXI,  figs  4i,[ 
4c)  are  broad,  cup-shaped,  ratier  larger  than  the  largest  suckers  of  the! 
lateral  arms;  their  horny  rimn  are  armed  with  regular,  sharp,  incur\'ed| 
teeth,  smaller  on  the  inner  s'de  of  the  sucker,  but  there  are  few  or  i 
small  teeth,  alternating  with  the  larger  ones.    The  lateral  suckers  are! 
relatively  large,  deep  cup-shaped,  oblique,  with  very  sharp  incurvedl 
teeth  on  the  outer  margin.      The  membranous  borders  of  the  large] 
suckers  are  covered  with  minute,  sharji,  chitinous  scales. 

The  suckers  of  the  short  arms  are  very  deep  and  oblique,  cup-shaped;| 
their  rims  are  much  the  highest  on  the  outeror  distal  side,  where  thel 
e<lge  is  divided  into  several  broad,  bluntly  roUnded  denticles,  separatedj 
by  narrow  intervals. 

The  pen  (Plate  XXXI,  fig.  4a)  is  short  with  a  broad  lanceolate  blade;l 
the  narrow  part  of  the  shaft  is  short ;  a  thin  border,widening  backwardl 
to  the  blade,  commences  about  half  way  between  the  tip  and  the  proper  j 
blade;  the  latter  is  broad  and  thin,  marked  with  divergent  lines ;  \m\ 
tenor  end  obtuse. 

In  the  female  there  is  no  tubercle  on  the  buccal  membrane  for  thel 
attachment  of  spermatophores.  I  have  not  seen  the  male,  nor  has  aDj| 
writer  described  it  distinctively.  • 


*  Professor  Steenstrup,  in  a  recent  paper,  (Sepiadarium  og  Idiosepius,  <[  Vid.  Selsll 
Skr.,  6  R.,  1,  3,  p.  242,  note,  1881)  has  proposed  to  make  this  species  the  type  ofJ 
new  genus,  Lolligunoula,  because  the  female  receives  the  spermatophores  on  the  inneil 
surface  of  the  mantle, — a  character  that  seems  to  he  scarcely  of  generic  value,  unlcsl 
it  be  reinforced  by  anatomical  differences  now  unknown.  Such  characters  may  ])08ei'| 
hly  exist  in  the  unknown  males. 


ES.     [162]  I    [163]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

The  color  is  peculiar:  it  consists, on  the  body,  in  alcoholic  specimens, 
of  dark  purplish  chromatophores,  everywhere  pretty  uniformly  and 
regularly  scattered,  on  a  pale  ground-color.  When  expanded  these 
chromatophores  are  large  and  round;  above  the  eyes  they  are  so  closely 
crowded  as  to  form  dark  blotches ;  they  also  cover  the  outer  surface  of 
aU  the  arms ;  underside  of  caudal  fin  white. 

In  alcohol,  a  medium-sized  specimen  measures  from  tip  of  tail  to  base 
of  dorsal  arms,  80""";  total  length  of  mantle,  71™™;  breadth  of  body, 
22"  ■;  breadth  of  caudal  fin,  52""";  length  of  fin,  39»"";  length  of  dorsal 
arms,  from  base,  17""";  of  second  pair,  23"™;  of  third  pair,  31™™;  of 
ventral  arms  31™"';  of  tentacular  arms,  40™™;  of  club,  22™™. 

A  larger  female  specimen,  from  Charlotte  Harbor,  Florida,  measured^ 
in  length  of  mantl6, 130™™;  diameter  of  body,  36™™;  length  of  dorsal 
arms,  45™™;  of  second  pair,  55™™;  of  third  pair,  65™™;  of  tentacular 
arms,  145™™. 

This  species  appears  to  have  an  extensive  distribution  along  the 
wanner  parts  of  the  Atlantic  coasts  of  America.  It  was  originally 
described  by  Blainville  as  from  Brazil.  D'Orbigny  records  it  from  Kio 
Janeiro.  It  ranges  northward  to  Delaware  Bay.  It  is  common  on  our 
southern  coasts,  from  South  Carolina  to  Florida,  and  I  have  seen  speci- 
mens from  Mobile  Bay,  Alabama,  and  from  Louisiana.  ■ ' 

Loligo  brevis. — Specimens  examined. 


\   I 


Locality. 


Collected  by — 


ID  -* 


Received  from — 


is' 

Isl 


641 
041 


Mobile,  Ala 

Charlotte  Harbor,  Fla. . . 

Hampton,  Va 

Saint  John's  Biver,  Fla. 
Looidiana  Coast 


Dr.  Nott. 


1857 


Dr.  Marmion 

S.F.  Baird 

Geo.  W.  Dunbar's 
Sons 


1880 
1881 


Museum  of  ComparatlTe  Zoology. 

do , 

TTnited  States  National  Museum. . 
do 


.do, 


3  9. 
2  9. 
1  ?• 
1  9- 

29. 


SBPIOTEUTHIS  Blainv.,  1823. 

This  genus  closely  resembles  Loligo,  in  external  characters.  It  is 
distinguished  chiefly  by  having  the  fins  extending  nearly  the  whole 
length  of  the  mantle.  The  body  is  stout  and  depressed,  somewhat  as 
in  Sepia.  The  pen  is  thin  and  horny,  lanceolate,  nearly  as  in  Loligo, 
but  is  often  thickened  near  the  margins. 

There  are,  however,  important  differences  in  the  visceral  anatomy. 
Tiie  eggs  are  much  larger  and  fewer  than  in  Loligo,  and  the  ovary  is 
short  and  broad,  at  tl^e  posterior  end  of  the  body. 

8  ^iotefuthis  sepioidea  D'Orb.  '^ 

Loligo  aepioidea  Blainville,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  xxvii,  p.  146,  1823. 
Sepioteuthia  triangulata  Rang,  Mag.  do  Zool.,  p.  73,  pi.  98,  1837  (t.  D'Orbigny). 
SepioUmtUa  aepioidea  D'Orbigny,  C6ph,  Ac^tab.,  p.  298,  Sepioteuthea,  pi,  7,  figs. 
6-11 ;  Hist,  rile  de  Cuba,  Moll.,  p.  34, 1853. 


Mi 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [164] 


[165] 


Sepioteuthis  sepioldea  D'Orb.— (Coutinued.) 

Gray,  CaUl.  Moll.  Brit.  Mus.,  i,p.81,  1849. 
Tryon,  Man.  Conch.,  i,  p.  153,  pi.  63,  flg.  216. 

figure  from  D'Orbigny.) 
Verrill,  Trans.  Cuuu.  Acad.,  v,  p.  345,  1881. 


(Description  copied  from  Gray; 


Body  oblong,  stout,  depressed,  tapering  but  little,  obtuse  posteriorly, 
The  flns,  together,  have  a  long,  rhomboidal  form,  broadest  in  the  middle 
and  rounded  posterioriy ;  they  commence  a  short  distance  (5  to  10"™ 
from  the  anterior  border  of  the  mantle  and  extend  to  the  posterior  end, 
a  narrow  crest-like  extension  of  the  fins,  around  the  posterior  end  of  the 
body,  unites  tliem  together.  Buccal  membrane  witli  seven  long,  acute 
lobes,  without  suckers.  Sessile  arms  rather  slender,  the  third  pair 
much  the  largest ;  the  first  very  short  and  compressed.  Suckers  with 
broad  rims,  having  long,  slender  teeth  on  the  outer  side  and  smaller 
ones  on  the  inner.  Tentacular  club  with  four  rows  of  large  suckers, 
about  twelve  in  each ;  the  central  ones  have  the  rims  strongly  and  reg 
ularly  denticulated  with  slender,  aeute  teeth ;  the  marginal  ones  are 
but  little  smaller,  with  similar  teeth  on  the  outer  edge.  The  pen  is 
broad,  lance-shaped ;  the  blade  is  wide  and  thin,  without  any  margi  lal 
thickenings. 

The  male  has  the  left  ventral  arm  hectocotylized  by  the  enlargement 
and  elongation  of  the  stems  of  the  suckers,  in  both  rows,  on  thv-  distil 
part  of  the  arms,  as  in  Loligo;  but  in  this  species  the  cups  arj  entirely 
obsolete  on  many  of  the  stems  in  both  rows,  the  stems  becoming  long, 
conical,  with  acute  tips.  The  large  spermatophore-sac  is  filled  with 
spermatophores  in  some  of  the  specimens  examined  by  me,  and  there  is 
a  saccular  enlargement  of  the  efterent  sperm-duct  or  '*  penis"  near  the 
terminal  orifice.  These  specimens  have  the  larger  part  of  the  inner  siir 
face  of  the  siphon  covered  with  a  soft^  whitish,  glandular-looking  mem 
brane,  which  is  thrown  into  longitudinal,  convoluted  folds. 

A  large  female,  taken  in  July,  has  a  short,  thick  ovary,  and  is  distended 
by  comparatively  few  very  large  eggs  (5-6"""  in  diameter),  which  have 
a  strongly  reticulated  surface  before  reaching  the  glandular  part  of  the 
duct.  The  oviduct  is  very  large,  with  large  glands,  and  its  external 
orifice  is  large  and  surrounded  by  a  broad  and  very  complicated  border. 
The  accessory  nidamental  glands  are  also  very  large.  The  short  ovarj 
is  restricted  to  the  posterior  part  of  the  body.  This  specimen  had 
spermatophores  attached  to  and  around  a  large  elevated  area  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  inner  surface  of  the  inner  buccal  membrane. 
'  This  species  is  widely  distributed  along  the  warmer  parts  of  the 
American  coast  and  throughout  the  West  Indies,  extending  as  far 
north,  at  least,  as  Bermuda,  from  whence  I  hare  a  specimen  collected 
by  Mr.  G.  Brown  Goode.  It  may,  therefore,  occasionally  occur  as  fat  f27^' 
north  as  Cape  Hatteras,  but  I  have  seen  no  specimens  from  our  coast,| 
north  of  Florida. 

From  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  I  have  received  two  spec!  [ 
mens  from  Cuba  (Professor  Poey);  two  large  males,  with  spermatol 


female, 


Size 


j[lG5]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

pbores  in  the  sac,  taken  at  Key  West  by  Dr.  J.  B.  i      ilor  and  Captain 

I  Pickering ;  and  a  large  female,  with  ripe  eggs  in  the  oviducts,  and 

spemi^topUores  on  the  buccal  membrane,  piken  July,  1859,  at  Port 

Jefferson,  by  Capt.  D.  P.  Woodbury.    Other  localities  are  Martinique 

j  (Blainville,  Rang) ;  Cuba  (D'Orbigny) ;  Honduras  (Gray). 

Family  SEPIOLID^  Keff. 

Keft'ersteiu,  in  Brouu,  Tliior-Rcich,  iii,  p.  144;<,  1866. 
Gill,  Arrangement  of  Families  of  MoUuscii,  p.  2,  1871. 
Tryon,  Man.  Conch.,  i,  pp.  102,  Um,  1879. 

Body,  short,  thick,  blunt  posteriorly.  Eyes  with  lower  lid  free,  upper 
I  adherent;  sometimes  free  all  around ;  pupils  often  circular.  Fins  Bepa- 
Irate,  laterrJly  attached  near  the  middle  of  the  body.  Tentacular  arms 
I  more  or  less  retractile  into  large  sacs.  Pen  little  developed,  not  reach- 
ling  the  end  of  the  mantle;  sometimes  absent.  Siphon -valve  small;  no 
■dorsal  bridles.  Dorsal  arms  usually  hectocotylized  in  the  male.  Eggs 
(large  Tew,  not  enclosed  in  capsules. 

This  family  is  related  to  Loliginicke,  but  differs  widely  from  the  latter 
|in  the  eye-lids,  visceral  anatomy,  &c. 

STOLOTBUTHIS  Verrill,  1881. 

Body  short,  stoat,  rounded  posteriorly.  Eyes  with  free  eyelids  ;  pupils 
hound.  Pen  none.  Arms  united  together  by  a  broad  web.  Fins  large, 
Inarrowed  at  base.  Mantle  united  directly  to  the  head  by  a  large  dorsal 
[coinmissure ;  lateral  connective  cartilages  of  the  mantle  elongated,  fitting 
linto  elongated,  margined  pits  on  the  base  of  the  siphon.  Siphon  with  an 
liaternal  valve.  Tentacular  club  with  small,  long-pediceled  suckers,  in 
jeight  or  more  rows ;  rims  not  toothed. 

The  males  and  some  of  the  females  have  some  of  the  middle  suckers 
lof  the  second  pair  of  arms  much  enlarged.  In  the  male,  the  suckers  at 
Itlie  base  of  both  dorsal  arms  are  larger  and  more  crowded  than  in  the 
[female,  and  the  web  is  more  swollen  at  the  sides.  ;    '         ,.        7. 

Itoloteuthls  leucoptera  Verrill. — Butterfly  Squid. 

Sepiola  leucoptera  Verrill,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  xvi,  p.  378, 1878. 
Tryon,  Man.  Conch. ,  1,  p.  158, 1879.    (Description  copied  from  preceding. ) 
Verrill,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  xix,  p.  291,  pi.  15,  flgs.  4  and  5,  April,  1880 ;  Trans. 
Conn.  Acad.,  v,  p.  347,  pi.  31,  tigH.  4  and  5 ;  pi.  54,  fig.  4,  June,  1881. 
Stoloteuthia  leucoptera  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  Oct.,  1881. 

Plate  XXXVI,  figures  1,  la,  2. 

Size  moderate;  the  largest  specimens  observed  are  probably  full- 
grown.  Body  short,  thick,  swollen,  with  the  mantle  smooth.  Ven- 
tral surface,  in  the  middle,  with  a  large,  somewhat  flattened,  brown, 
beart-shaped  or  shield-shaped  area,  bordered  with  blue,  and  surrounded, 
8xcept  in  front,  by  a  silvery  white  band,  having  a  pearly  or  opalescent 
luster.    Eyes  large,  with  round  pupils;  lids  free  all  around.    Fins  large, 


^  1 


:  i^ 


HJlt; 


!*■■', 


^||«|l' 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [1G6] 

thin,  broadly  rounded,  in  the  living  spocimens  nearly  as  long  as  the 
body;  the  posterior  lobe  reaches  nearly  to  the  end  of  the  bodj';  I  he 
anterior  edge  extends  beyond  the  front  of  the  mantle  to  the  eye.  The 
anterior  edge  of  the  mantle  is  prominent  and  emarginate  beneath ;  later 
ally  it  recedes  to  a  great  extent ;  above  it  is  broadly  attached  to  the 
head.  Sessile  arms  short,  with  a  wide  basal  web,  extending  beyond  the 
middle;  upper  ones  shortest;  third  pair  longest;  suckers  in  two  rows, 
except  at  tip  of  ventral  arms  of  largest  male,  where  they  form  four 
rows. 

Tentacular  arms  slender,  thickened  at  base,  tapering,  extending  back 
as  far  as  the  end  of  the  body ;  club  scarcely  as  wide  as  the  arm,  with 
a  free  crest  at  its  base,  above,  curled  in  preserved  specin'jns;  the  suck- 
ers are  numerous  and  very  minute,  arranged  in  many  rows. 

Upper  surface  of  the  body  is  opalescent  in  some  lights,  tKickly  spotted 
with  orange-brown,  spots  most  numerous  in  the  middle  line  and  extend 
ing  to  the  upper  surface  of  the  head ;  some  also  occur  on  the  outer  sur 
faces  of  the  arms;  anterior  part  of  the  head  white;  fins,  arms  and 
extremity  of  body  translucent  bluish  white,  with  a  thick,  transparent, 
outer  integument;  upper  surface  of  the  eyes  opalescent,  with  silvery 
blue  and  red  tints ;  head,  below  the  eyes,  silvery  white ;  above  the  eyes, 
blue. 

The  largest  specimen  (,?),  taken  in  1879  (Plate  XXXVI,  fig.  1),  when 
living  had  the  head,  above,  in  front  of  the  eyes,  whitish,  with  few 
chromatophores ;  back  and  the  base  of  the  fins  thickly  spotted  with 
brown ;  posterior  part  of  the  back  with  an  emerald-green  iridescence, 
Sides  of  the  body,  below  the  fins,  and  posterior  end  of  the  body,  silvery 
white.  A  large,  shield-shaped,  ventral  area  of  brown,  with  a  bright  blue 
iridescence,  and  bordered  with  a  band  of  brilliant  blue,  occupies  most 
of  the  lower  surface.  Fins,  transparent  whitish,  except  at  base.  Lower 
side  of  head,  siphon,  and  outer  bases  of  the  arms,  light  brown.  Eyes 
blue  above,  green  below. 

Length  of  the  original  type-specimen  ( 9 ),  to  the  base  of  the  arms, 
14""°,  in  alcohol;  of  mantle  above,  8™™;  breadth,  T'"";  breadth  across 
fins,  16""".  The  larger  specimen,  of  1879,  is  31"""  (1.25  inch)  long,  from 
the  end  of  the  body  to  the  bases  of  the  arms ;  breadth  of  body,  25""™  (1 
inch);  length  of  arms,  19™"'  (.75  inch).    The  largest  specimen  is  a  male, 

The  males  (fig.  5)  of  this  species,  and  some  of  the  females,  have  a  group 
of  two  or  three  decidedly  and  abruptly  larger  suckers  on  the  middle  of  the 
second  pair  of  arms  (Plate  XXXVI,  fig.  la);  other  females,  of  equal  size, 
have  no  such  enlarged  suckers ;  in  the  male,  additional  suckers  along  the 
middle  portion  of  the  lateral  arms  are  also  distinctly  larger  than  on  the 
other  arms.  The  only  evidence  of  true  hectocotylization  is  the  presence 
of  larger  and  more  crowded  suckers  at  the  base  of  both  dorsal  arms  of 
the  male.  This  species  is  an  exceedingly  beautiful  one,  when  living, 
owing  to  the  elegance  and  brilliancy  of  its  colors  and  the  gracefulness  of 
its  movements.    In  swimming  it  moves  its  fins  in  a  manner  analogous  to 


g 

«3 

a 

m 

104 

Onl 

3o;i 

Ott' 

342 

047 

Off] 

952 

998 



999 
1026 

ri661    I      [1^^]      CEPHALOrODS  OF  NOUTllEAMTEUN  C0A8T  OF  AMERICA. 


g  as  the 
ody;  the 
lyo.  The 
th;  later 
ed  to  the 
jyond  the 
two  rows, 
form  Ibur 

iliug  back 

arm,  with 

the  suck- 

:ly  spotted 
ttd  extend- 
outer  sur- 
arms  and 
ansparent, 
ith  silvery 
'e  the  eyes, 

g.  1),  when 
,  with  few 
lotted  with 
ridesceuce, 
>dy,  silvery 
bright  blue 
upies  most 
ise.  Lower 
)wn.    Eyes 

the  arms, 
idth  across 
long,  from 
dy,  25'°'"  (1 
Q  is  a  male. 
ive  a  group 
iddleofthe 
equal  size, 
■s  along  the 
than  on  the 
le  presence 
•sal  arms  of 
hen  living, 
cefuluessof 
nalogous  to 


the  motion  of  the  wings  of  a  butterfly.    Tliis  fact,  and  its  bright  colors, 
suggested  the  English  name  that  I  have  applied  to  it. 

Three  specimens,  two  very  young,  were  taken  by  the  writer  and 
party,  of  tlie  United  States  Fish  Commission,  in  the  trawl  net,  30  miles 
east  from  Capo  Ann,  Mass.,  in  110  fathoms,  August,  1878.  Two  largo 
specimens  were  taken  by  us  oft"  Cape  Cod  in  94  and  122  fathoms,  with 
tlie  bottom  tem]>erature  1  L°  F>,  Angust  and  September,  1879.  lleceutly 
we  have  taken  it  in  deeper  water  (182-388  fathoms)  about  100  miles 
soutli  of  Martha's  Vineyard.  It  was,  in  each  case,  associated  with 
Octopus  Bairdii  and  Eossia  suhlcvis. 


LocaUty. 

Fatb. 

When  ooUcc- 
tod. 

Received  from— 

Specimens, 
numl>or 
and  sex. 

104 

301) 

• 

Oulf  of  Maine 

Off  Cape  Cod 

do 

110 
122 
04 
312 
388 
302 
2U6 
182 

Aug.  31, 1878 
Aug.  21, 1870 
Sopl  10,1879 
Aug.  9,  1881 
Aug.  24, 1881 
Sept.  8,  1881 
do 

United  States  Fish  Commission 

do 

3  J. 

342 

do 

047 

Off  Martha's  Vineyard 
do 

do 

\\.r'- 

052 

do 

008 

do 

do 

3J. 

009 

do 

do 

1020 

do 

....do  

do 

ROSSIA  Owen.  '  ' 

Romu  Owen,  Trans.  Zool.  Soc,  Loudon,  IS^S  (t.  '^Jray). 

Owen,  in  J.  Ross,  Second  Arctic  Voyage,  Appendix,  p.  xcii,  pi.  100, 1835. 
D'Orbigny,  C6phal.  Ac6tab.,  p.  242. 
Gray,  Catal.  Moll.  Brit.  Mus. ,  i,  p.  88, 1849. 

Mantle  edge  free  from  the  head,  dorsally,  with  a  small  median  angle; 
it  adheres  to  the  head  by  a  longitudinal  connective  cartilage  having 
three  ridges,  fitting  into  three  grooves,  which  form  an  ovate  or  horse- 
shoe-shaped cartilage  on  the  back  of  the  head;  two  elongated,  simple, 
cartilaginous  ridges,  one  on  each  side,  also  fit  into  ovate  pits  on  the 
hase  of  the  siphon.  A  free  eyelid  is  developed  beneath  the  eye.  Pupils 
indented  above.  An  aquiferous  ]»ore,  on  each  side,  between  the  third 
and  fourth  pairs  of  arms.  No  olfactorj'  crests.  Tentacular  arms  more 
or  less  retractile  into  cavities  below  the  eyes;  club  well-developed,  usu- 
ally with  numerous,  nearly  equal,  minute  suckers,  in  about  eight  rowsj 
rims  not  toothed;  borders  scaled. 

The  males  differ  from  the  females  in  having  larger  suckers  on  the  mid- 
dle of  .the  lateral  arms;  both  dorsal  arms  are  slightly  hectocotylized. 

RoBsia  Hyattl  Verrill. — (Hyatt's  bob-tailed  squid.) 
Verrill,  Auier.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  xvi,  p.  208,  1878. 

Tryon,  Man.  Conch.,  i,  p.  160,  1879.    (Description  compiled  from  preceding.) 
.  Verrill,  Anier.  Jour.  Sci.,  xix,  p.  291,  pi.  15,  figs.  1  and  2,  .4.pril,  1880;  Trans. 
€onn.Acad.,v.,  p.351,pl.27,  tigs.  8, 9;  pi.  30,  fig.  1;  pi.  31,  figs.  1,2;  pi.  40, 
fig.  5, 1881, 

Plate  XXXV,  figures  2,  5,  6.     Plate  XXXVI,  figures  3-6.     PI  ate.  XXXVII,  figure  1. 

Body  subcylindrical,  usually  broader  posteriorly ;  in  preserved  speci- 
mens variable  in  form  according  to  contraction.    Dorsal  surface  cov- 


^'J 


ft 


REPORT  or  COMMISSIONKR  OF  I'lHH  AND  KlSlII'UirS.     [108] 

ered  with  Hinull,  conical,  scattered,  whitish  papiUu",  which  are  also  found 
on  the  upper  and  lateral  surfaces  of  the  head  and  the  bases  of  the  arms; 
those  around  Mm  eyes  largest;  one  on  the  mantle,  in  the  median  line, 
near  the  t^ont  edge,  is  often  elongated.  Front  border  of  mantle  sinu 
ous,  slightly  advancing  in  the  middle,  above.  Fins  moderately  large, 
nearly  semicircular,  attached  from  the  posterior  end  for  about  four-fifths 
the  whole  length,  the  front  end  having  a  small,  rounded,  free  lobe.  The 
distance  from  the  posterior  junction  of  the  tins  to  the  end  of  the  body  is 
less  than  that  from  the  anterior  Junction  to  the  edge  of  the  mantle,  the 
center  of  the  fin  being  at  about  the  middle  of  the  body.  Siphon  elon- 
gated, conical,  with  a  small  opening.  Head  depressed,  more  than  half 
the  length  of  the  body.  Eyes  large,  the  lower  eyelid  prominent,  but 
not  much  thickened.  Sessile  arms  short,  united  at  their  bases  by  a  short 
web,  which  is  absent  between  the  ventr.il  arms;  the  dorsals  are  short- 
est; the  third  pair  the  longest  Oipd  largest;  the  second  pair  and  ventrals 
about  equal  in  length.  Suckers  (PI.  XXXVI,  fig.  5,  a),  numerous,  sub- 
globular,  not  very  small,  the  margin  bordered  with  several  rows  of 
minute  scales;  near  the  base  of  the  arms  they  are  biserial,  there  being 
usually  four  to  six  thus  arranged  in  each  row;  then,  along  the  rest  of 
the  length  of  the  arms,  they  become  more  crowded  and  form  about  four 
rows,  those  in  the  two  middle  rows  alternating  with  those  in  the  mar- 
ginal rows ;  toward  the  ti[)  they  become  very  small  and  crowded,  espe- 
cially on  the  dorsal  and  ventral  arms.  The  number  of  suckers  varies 
with  age,  but  on  one  of  the  original  specimens  they  were  as  follows:  on 
eacli  dorsal  arm,  sixty;  on  one  of  the  second  pair,  fifty-five;  of  third 
pair,  fifty -three;  of  ventral,  sixty-five.  In  this  specimen  (9),  the  third 
arm  of  the  right  side  and  the  ventral  arm  of  the  left  side  were  abruptly 
terminated  (accidentally),  while  the  otherf  were  tapered  to  acute  points. 

The  tentacular  arms,  in  preserved  specimens,  will  extend  back  to  the 
posterior  end  of  the  body;  the  naked  portion  is  smooth,  somewhat 
triquetral,  with  the  outer  side  convex  and  the  angles  rounded;  terminal 
portion  widening,  rather  abruptly,  long  ovate-lanceolate,  curved  and 
gradually  tapered  to  the  tip;  the  sucker- bearing  portion  is  bordered  by 
a  wide  membrane  on  the  upper,  and  a  njirrow  one  on  the  lower  margin; 
the  suckers  (Plate  XXXVI,  fig.  5,  ft,  c)  are  very  small,  sub-globular, 
crowded  in  about  eight  to  ten  rows  in  the  widest  portion. 

The  males  (PI.  XXXVI,  fig.  6)  differ  from  the  females  in  the  relatively 
greater  size  of  the  suckers  on  the  middle  of  the  lateral  and  ventral  arms, 
those  toward  the  tips  becoming  abruptly  smaller,  while  in  the  female 
they  decrease  more  gradually. 

Color,  pinkish,  thickly  spotted  with  purplish  brown  above,  paler  and 
more  sparsely  spotted  beneath  and  on  the  outside  of  the  long  arms;  the 
inner  surfaces  of  the  arms  and  front  edge  of  the  mantle  are  pale. 

Length,  of  a  medium-sized  specimen,  from  bases  of  the  arms  to  the 
posterior  end  of  the  body,  40'»'";  of  body,  25;  of  head,  15;  breadth  of 
body,  17;  of  head,  17;  length  of  fins,  15;  of  insertion,  11;  breadth  of 


a 

0 

« 

j 

♦- 

!C 



30,  SI 

Off  s 

33 

OffC 

42-46 

OffC 

mil 

48 

OffC; 

mU 

fW6 

Off  1 

mil 

Oulf, 

»i 

130 

OffCi 

156 

OffGl 

mU( 

103 

OffCi 

164 

OffCi 

181 

OffGl 

m 

OffGl 

mil« 

211 

OffCa 

214 

OffCa 

217 

OffCa 

218 

d 

[108]      I       [1G9]       CKIMEALOI'ODS  OF  NOKTHKASTKUN  COAST  or  AMKUICA. 


0  found 
10  artriH; 
ian  line, 
tie  Hinii 
ly  large, 
lur-flfths 
be.    The 
a  body  is 
ntle,  the 
ion  elon- 
ban  balf 
iient,  but 
»y  a  short 
ire  short- 

1  veutrals 
•ous,  sub- 
I  rows  of 
ere  being 
he  rest  of 
bout  four 
I  the  mar 
led,  espe- 
ers  varies 
)llows:  on 
;  of  tliird 

the  third 
abruptly 
ite  points. 
Ewjk  to  the 
somewhat 
terminal 
irved  and 
rdered  by 
r  margin; 
►  globular, 

relatively 
itral  arms, 
he  female 

paler  and 
arms;  the 
ale. 
ms  to  the 
)readth  of 
)readth  of 


;i  flu,  S;  front  of  fin  to  edge  of  mantlo,  5;  longtii  of  tlu^  froo  portion  of 
the  (lonsal  iiruiH,  12.r>;  of  soeond  pair,  15;  of  third  pair,  18;  of  ventrals, 
i;5,  of  tontaiMilar  arms,  40;  breadth  of  dorsal  arms,  at  base,  3.5;  of 
st'cond  pair,  ;>.5;  of  third  pair,  4;  of  ventrals,  .{.5;  of  tentacular  arms, 
at  base,  2;  at  expanded  portion,  3.5;  length  of  latter,  10.5;  diameter 
of  largest  sucliers  of  sessile  arms,  0.0;  length  of  free  portion  of  siphon, 

TIlis  species  has  been  taken  in  numerous  localities,  by  the  dredging 
parties  of  tlie  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  in  1877,  1878,  and  1879,  off  Cape 
Cod;  in  Mass.  Bay,  40-50  fathoms;  off  Cape  Ann,  in  the  Gulf  of  Maine, 
50-100  fathoms;  off  Cape  Sable,  N.  S.,  88-92  fathoms;  off  Halifax,  N. 
S.,  57-100  fathoms,  on  a  line,  compact,  sand  and  mud  bottom.  It  occurs 
in  40-100  fathoms.  It  has  also  been  received  through  the  Gloucester 
lialibut  fishermen,  from  the  Banks,  off  Nova  ScotJ'i  and  Newfoundland. 

One  specimen  (lot  241),  presented  by  Capt.  Chris.  Olsen  and  crew,  of 
the  schooner  "  William  Thompson,"  was  taken  in  60  fathor.s,  N.  lat.  44° 
20',  W.  long.  59°.  Another  (lot  372),  which  was  presented  by  Capt.  C. 
D.  Murphy  sind  crew,  of  the  schooner  "Alice  M.  Williams,"  was  taken 
in  7  fathoms,  off  Miquelon  Island. 

The  relatively  large  eggs  (PI.  XXXV,  fig.  5)  are  laid  in  August  and 
September,  in  small  clusters,  slightly  attached  together,  in  the  large 
oscules  or  cavities  of  several  species  of  sponges. 

It  is  frequently  associated  with  Octopus  Bairdii  V,  and  the  following 
.species. 

This  species  has  a  strong  general  resemblance  to  B.  glaucopia  Lovdn, 
as  figured  in  the  admirable  work  of  G.  O.  Sars,  but  the  latter  has  shorter 
lateral  arms,  and  the  suckers  of  the  sessile  arms  are  in  two  rows,  while 
they  are  four-rowed  in  our  species. 

Bosria  Hyatti. —  ^   idmena  examined. 


Locality. 


30,;ii    Off  Salem,  Mm8 

33    Off  Cape  Ann,  13  miles . . 
K-4i    Off  Cape  iable,  K.  S,,  30 
miles. 
48  i  Off  C:;i,'»  Sable,  N.  S.,  20 
miles. 
6W6    Off  Halifax,  K.  S.,  26 
miles. 

Ov\f  of  Maine  and  Mat- 
tachusetu  Bay. 

130    Off  Cape  Ann,  14  miles. . 
156    Off  Gloucester,  Mass.,  8 

miles. 
1C3    Off  Cape  Ann,  6J  mHes. . 
1154    Off  Cape  Ann,  7  miles. .. 
ISl     Off  Gloucester,  Mass . . . . 
IM    Off  Gloucester,  Mass.,  5 

miles. 
211    OffCape  Ann,  emiles... 
^14    Off  Cape  Ann,  7  miles . . . 

217  Off  Cape  Ann,  6  miles . . . 

218   do 


Fatb. 


48 

90 

8ft-90 

59 

101 


40 

4'i 

73 
75 
45 
45 

60 
57 
45 
45 


Bottom. 


Mud 

...do 

Sandy  mud 

Rocky 

Fine  sand. . 

Mud 

Saudy  mud 

Fine  sand.. 

do 

Mud 

...do  

Soft  mud... 
Fine  muddy  sand 
Soft  mud... 
....do 


When 
coUected. 

1871 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 

. 

13 
14 
21 

Aug. 

21 

Sept. 

6 

1878 
July 
Aug. 

23 
15 

Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 

16 
16 

29 
29 

Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 

17 
17 
18 
18 

Received  from- 


U.  S.  Fish  Com. 
do 

..do 

do 


...do 
...do 

...do 
...do 
...do 
...do 

...do 
...do 
...do 
...do 


Specimens, 
number  and 

sex. 


3j. 


Irf:  1  9; 
Ij.  ?- 

21.  9- 


34. 

2  J. 

Ic^:  2j.  9. 

;,  „,  u. ». 

11.  cf. 
11.  9:lj. 


;      1; 

■J' 

J. 


lil 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [170] 
Jlossia  IJijatti — Coutimit'd.  • 


i 

to 


223 
234 
238 


264 
270 
324 
304 
372 


Lot. 

241 

372 
39  Gl. 


Locality. 


Fath. 


Qulf  of  Maine  and  Ma*- 
sachunetta  Hay — Con-i 
tiuued. 

South  of  Cape  Anu,  7 

milca. 
Off  Glouceater,  Mass. ,  5  J 

miles. 
Off.Gloucostor  ^lass.,  4i 

miles. 

Off  Cape  Cod,  15 miles.. 
Off  Capo  Cod,  7i  miles.. 
Off  Cape  Cod,  11  miles.. 
Off  Cape  Cod,  15  miles.. 
Off  Chatham,  Mass.,  21 
miles. 

Glouceater  fisheriet. 

North  latitude  44°  20', 

west  loupiiiide  .TOo. 
Off  Miquolon  Island  .... 
Off  Gloucester,  in  cod   . 


47 
43 
43 


80 
47 
45 
70 
70 


60 

7 


Bottom. 


When 

:  collected. 


Soft  mud  . 

—  do 

...do  


187S. 
Sept.   24 

Sept.   24 

Sept.  20 


1879. 

Blue  mud JuI.V    -9 

do I  Aug.     1 

Fine  Baud Sept.     1 

do !  Sept.   18 

...do I  Sept   19 


Dec,  '78 
July,  '79 


Received  from — 


U.S. Fish  Cera.. 

..  do    

...do 


..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 


.do. 

.do. 
.do. 


Specimens, 

number  and 

sex. 


19- 
2j. 


1  1.  o". 

n.  9- 

11.  d-. 

11.  9:3j.  ?. 

Id". 


H: 


Rossla  suble'via  Verrill. — (Smooth  bob-tailed  squid.) 

Itossla  aublevia  Verrill,  Amor.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  xvi,  p.  20i),  1878. 

Tryon,  Man.  Conch. ,  i,  p.  itiO,  1879.    (Description  compiled  from  preceding. ) 

Verrill,  Amer  Jouru.  Sci.,xix, p. 291,  pi.  15, fig. 3,  Apr. ,  1880;  Bulletin  Mus. 

Comp.  Zool.,  viii.p,  104,  pi.  3,  figs.  2-4  ;  pi.  7,  fig.  4,  1881;  Trans.  Conn. 

Acad.,  V,  p.  354,  pi.  30,  fig.  2;  pi.  31,  fig.  3 ;  pi.  46,  fig.  4  ;  pi.  47,  figs.  2-4, 1881. 

Plate  XXXIV,  figures  2-G.     Plate  XXXVII,  figure  2. 

Larger  aud  relatives  '  stouter  tbaii  Bossia  hyattij  with  the  fius  larger 
and  placed  farther  forward,  the  front  edge  of  the  large,  free  lobe  reach- 
ing nearly  to  the  edge  of  the  mantle.  Head  large  aud  broad ;  eyes  large. 
Sessile  arms  more  slender  and  less  unequal  in  size  than  in  the  preced- 
ing, and  with  the  suckers  in  two  regular  rows  throughout  the  whole 
length,  /interior  edge  of  the  mantle  scarcely  sinuous,  advancing  but 
little  dcisally.  Upper  surface  of  the  body  and  head  nearly  smootJi,  but 
in  the  Urger  si^ecimens,  especially  in  the  males,  usually  with  a  few 
very  suiall  whitish  papilhe,  most  numerous  near  the  front  edge  of  the 
mantle,  (jc  lor,  nearly  as  in  the  preceding  species.  The  male  ditlers 
from  the  ^.emale  in  having  larger  suckers  on  the  lateral  arms  of  both 
pairs  (Plfie  XXXIV,  fig.  (»),  and  to  a  less  extent  on  the  ventral  arms. 

The  large  suckers  are  oblong,  with  a  groove  or  constriction  around 
the  middle,  the  part  below  the  groove  larger  than  that  above  it;  the 
aperture  is  small,  ovate,  with  a  smooth  rim ;  their  pedicels  are  short  aud 
laterally  attached.  In  the  female  the  corresponding  suckers  are  not 
only  smaller,  but  are  differently  shaped,  the  basal  portion  being  smaller 
than  the  up])er  portion.  The  suckers  of  the  tentacular  arms  are  very 
numerous,  minute,  shallow,  cup-shaped,  with  obli([ue  rims  and  slender 
pedicels;  they  are  nearly  equal  and  appear  to  forhi  8  to  12  rows. 


i 


[170] 


cimcna, 
ber  irnil 
sex. 


(receding.) 
letiu  Mua. 
IU8.  Couu. 
8.2-4,1881. 


[171]       CEPIIALOPODS  OF  NORTIIKASTKRN  COA.ST  OF  AMERICA. 

* 
Young  specimens,  with  the  mantle  less  than  12"""  in  length,  can 

scarcely  be  distinguished  sexually,  by  external  characters.    Such  speci- 

mr lis  are  not  easily  distinguished  from  the  young  of  Kosnia  JFtfatil,  of 

siinil-ii'  size. 

One  of  the  original  specimens  ( 9 )  measured,  from  the  base  of  the  arms 
to  the  end  of  the  body,  4G""";  length  of  body,  31;  of  head,  15 ;  breadth  of 
body,  22;  of  head,  23;  length  of  fins,  20;  of  their  insertion,  IG;  breadth 
of  fins,  10;  iront  edge  of  fin  to  edge  of  mantle,  2.5 ;  length  of  free  portion 
of  dorsal  arms,  10;  of  second  pair,  17;  of  third  pair,  20;  of  ventrals,  15; 
of  tentacular  arms,  25;  breadth  of  dorsal  arms  at  base,  3;  of  second 
pair,  3;  of  third,  3.5;  of  ventrals,  3.5;  of  tentacular  arms,  3.5;  'of  the 
terminal  portion,  3.75;  its  length,  10;  diameter  of  largest  suckers  of 
sessile  arms,  .8;  length  of  free  portion  of  siplv.u,  7'""'. 

The  pen  is  but  little  developed,  small  and  thin,  much  shorter  than  the 
mantle.  The  shaft  is  narrow;  the  blade  increases  in  breadth  rather 
abruptly,  and  is  somewhat  shorter  than  the  shaft ;  its  posterior  portion 
is  very  thin,  with  the  edge  ill-defined. 

One  of  the  siiecimens  (No.  16),  taken  by  Mr.  Agassiz  in  257  fathoms, 
is  a  young  female  differing  somewhat  from  the  others  in  having  the 
arms  shorter,  with  the  suckers  more  crowded,  so  that  they  apparently 
form  more  than  two  rows.  Possibly  this  should  be  referred  to  R.  Hyatti 
Verrill.  Its  back  is  smooth.  All  three  specimens  from  this  same  region 
differ  somewhat  from  those  taken  farther  north,  in  shallower  waiter,  in 
having  larger  eyes  and  shorter  and  stouter  arms. 

This  has  been  tiken  by  the  dredging  parties  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission, in  the  trawl-net,  ".t  various  localities,  in  1877,  1878,  and  18V9, 
in  45  to  110  fathoms,  off  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  Massachusettf.  Bay,  off 
Cape  Cod,  off  Cape  Sable,  N.  S.,  and  off  Halifax.  Ic  has  been  brought 
in  by  the  fishermen  of  Gloucester,  Mass.,  from  the  banks  off  Nova  Sco- 


tia and  Newfoundland. 


was  also  trawled  in  some  numbers,  and  of 


both  sexes,  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  on  the  "Fish  Ilawk/'  in  1880, 
off  Newport,  E.  I,,  in  155  to  305  fathoms;  and  in  November.  1880,  by 
Lieut.  Z.  L.  Tanner,  on  the  "  Fish  I\awk,"  oft'  the  mouth  of  Chesapeake 
Bay,  in  157  fathoms ;  and  by  Mr.  Agassiz,  on  the  "  Blake,"  in  233-200 
fathoms,  and  as  far  south  as  lat.  32°  33'  15".  It  has  also  been  dredgod, 
in  1881,  by  the  U.  S.  Pish  Commission,  at  several  stations,  about  100  miles 
southward  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  in  100-458  fathoms  (fifty -two  speci- 
mens). The  eggs,  which  are  like  those  of  It.  Hyatti,  were  taken  at 
895,  897,  939, 1033. 

This  species  very  closely  resembles  the  liossia  (jlaucopix  Lov(m:.  of 
Northern  Europe,  as  figured  by  G.  O.  Sars.  Tlie  latter  is,  however, 
more  papillo&e,  and  has  smaller  eyes  and  head,  if  correctly  figured, 
Some  of  the  specimens  taken  this  year  resemble  War's  figure  more  than 
any  of  those  previously  observed,  it  is  possiblcj  therefore,  fhat  a  larger 
ijcries  of  European  specimens  would  show  that  they  are  of  the  sa  uo 
species. 


ll 


I 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [172] 
Measurements  of  Rossia  Hyatti  and  E.  suilevis,  in  millimeters. 


Length  from  base  of  anns 

Length  of  body 

Length  of  head 

Broa<lth  of  body 

Breadth  of  head 

Length  of  fin 

Length  of  inBertinn 

Brca<lth  of  fin 

Front  edge  of  fln  to  edge  of  mantle 

Length  of  free  portion  of  dorsal  nrms  .... 

Length  of  free  portion  of  second  pair 

Length  of  free  portion  of  third  pair 

Length  of  free  portion  of  ventral  anna ... 
Length  of  free  portion  of  tentacular  arms 

Breadth  of  dorsal  arms. 

Breadth  of  second  pair 

Breadth  of  third  pair 

Breadth  of  ventral  arms 

Breadth  of  tentacular  arms 

Breadth  of  terminal  portion 

Length  of  terminal  portion 

Diameter  of  largest  suckers 

Length  of  free  portion  of  siphon 


E.  Hyatti. 

R.  sublevig. 

40 

46 

25 

31 

16 

15 

17 

22 

17 

23 

15 

20 

11 

10 

8 

10 

5 

2.5 

12.5 

16 

15 

17 

18 

20 

13 

15 

40 

?6 

3.5 

8 

8.6 

3 

4 

3.6 

3.5 

3.5 

2 

8.6 

3.5 

3.75 

10.5 

10 

.8 

.8 

7 

6 

Eossia  eublevis. — Specimens  examined. 


09 


84 
85,86 

161 
194 

264 
324 
364 


868 
870 
880 
893 
894 
895 
807 

"10 

320 
321 

Lot 
265 


Locality. 


Fath. 


United  StateiFith  CommUtion. 


Off  Halifax,  N.  S.,  26  miles. 
do 


Off  Cape  Ann,  6  miles. . 
Off  Cape  Ann,  33  miles. 

Off  Cape  Cod,  15  miles. 
Off  Cape  Cod,  11  miles. 
Off  Cape  Cod,  Vt  miles. 


United  State*  Fish  Commission. 
Of  Newport,  R,  I. 

North  latitude  40°  2'  18",  west 

longitude  70°  23'  6'. 
Kortli  latitude  40°  2'  36",  west  | 

longitude  70°  22'  58".  ; 

North  latitude  39^  48'  30",  west ' 

longitude  70°  54'. 
North  latitude  39°  52'  20",  west 

longitude  70°  58'. 
North  latitude  39°  53',  west 

longitude  70°  58'  30". 
North  latitude  39°  56'  30",  west 

longitude  70°  59'  45". 
Off  Chesapeake  Bay 


Blake  Expedition,  United  States 
Coast  Survey. 

North  latitude  39°  59'  16",  west 
longitude  70°  18' 30". 

North  latitude  32°  33'  J  5",  weat 
longitude  77°  30'  10". 

North ,  atitude  32°  43'  25",  west 
longitude  77°  20'  30". 

Oloueester  fisheries. 

North  latituao  42°  49',  west 
longitude  62°  57'. 


101 
101 

54 
110 

80 
45 
70 


Bottom. 


When  col- 
lected. 


192 

155 

252 

372 

365  ! 

238 

157 

260 
257 
233 

250 


Fine  sand. 
do 

» 

Muddy 

Blue  mnd. 

Sand 

do 

Sandy  mud 

...do 

...do 

Mud 

..     1 

...do  ..... 


1877. 
Sept.    6 
Sept.    6 

1878. 
Aug.    6 
Aug.  31 

1879. 
Jul,   29 
Sept.    1 
Sept  18 


1880. 
Sept.    4 

Sept.   4 

Sept.  13 

Oit.     2 

Oct.     2 

Oct.     2 

Nov.  16 


1880. 
1880. 
1880. 

Jan.,  '70 


Beoeived 
from — 


Specimens,  nnm- 
her  and  sex. 


IJ.S.F.C. 
...do 

....do..... 
...do...   . 

....do  

...do 

....do 

— do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

....do  

....do 

....do  

A.  Agassiz 

....do  

....do 


TT.S.F.C. 


11.  9=  1.1- 
Id-:  Ij.  ? 

11.  c^ 


J.  rf:  11.  ?:  3j. 

11.  rf 

Ij 


Id-:  59 

Id':  1  9 

11.  d- 

Ij- 

11.  rf:  Ij.  9 

ILrf:  11.9:5.1. 

1 1-  rf  (eggs). 

1  9  ad. 
1  9  ad. 
19J.» 

IJ. 


46 
31 
15 
22 
23 
20 
18 

10 
2.5 

10 

17 

20 

15 

"ib 
3 

I 

3.75 
10 
.8 
6 


lJ-9 

11.?:  5.1. 

(eggs). 


[173]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

liosaia  snhleris — Couth.ued. 


a 
•I 


934 
025 


943 
945 

040 

947 

'^Ul 
952 
997 

lOIi 

1026 

1028 

1029 

1032 

1033 

1045 


Locality. 


United  Staten  Fifth  Commisnon. 
Of  Martha's  Vineyard. 

S.  i  W.  83i  ID.  from  Cray  Head 
8. 1  W.  86  111.  from  Guy  Ilpad. . 
S.  by  E.  i  K.  98  m.  from  Uay 

Head. 
SSW.  83  111.  from  Gay  Head. .. 
S.  by  W.  I  W.  84i  m.  from Qav 

Head. 
S.  by  W.  i  W.  874  m.  from  Gay 

Head. 
S.  by  W. }  W.  89  m.  from  Gay 

Head. 

S.  85  m.  from  Gay  Head 

S.  i  E.  87*  m.  from  Gay  Head. 
SSW.  i  V.    103i  m.  from  Gay 

Head. 
SSW.  i  M  .  95  m.  from  Gay 

Head. 
SSW.  i  W.  931  m.  from  Gay 

Bead. 
,>.SE.  1  E.  108i  in.  from  Gay 

Head. 
SSE.  i  E.  109J  m.  ftom  Gay 

Zlead. 
SSE.  h  E.  107   ni.   from  Gay 

Head. 
SSE.  i  E.  106  m.  from  Gay 

Head. 
OS"  Delaware  Bay 


Fath. 


160 
224 
258 

153 
202 

241 

312 

210 
388 
335 

216 

182 

410 

458 

208 

183 

312 


Bottom. 


Mud. 


When  col- 
lected. 


Received 
from — 


1881. 
July  16  I  U.  S.  F.  C. 
do 


Ang.    4 


do 


Aug.    9  I do  . . 

Aug.    9    do  . . 


Specimen"  ..um- 
ber aiiu  sex. 


Aug.    9 

Aug.    9 

Aug.  23 
Aug.  23 
Sept.    8 

Sept.    8 

Sept.    8 

Sept.  14 

Sept.  14 

Sept.  14 

Sept.  14 

Oct.    10 


...do..-. 
. .  do 


...do.. 

...do !  2  9 

.;  1  <f 


11.?:  eggs. 
21.  rf 
19:  eggs. 

11.  c^:  4? 
2d:  3  9 
6 

5^:2? 


.do 
...do 

do 

...do 
...do 
...do 
...do 
...do 


39 
29 
11.  rf 

5 

1  j.:  eggs. 

31.  rf:  1  j. 


llossia  megaptera  Yerrill. 

Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  p.  1549,  pi.  3d,  fig.  1,  pi.  4(^  fig.  G,  June,  1881. 

Plate  XXXV,  figures  3, 4.  .  • 

Body  abort,  broad,  depressed,  covered  witb  a  soft  flabby  iutegument, 
which  forms  a  loose  border  posteriorly;  the  front  edge  of  the  mantle  ex- 
tends forward  dorsally  into  a  prominent  angle,  but  recedes  very  much  veu- 
trally.  Fins  very  large  and  bnjdd ;  their  anterior  insevtions  being  but 
little  back  of  the  antero-lateri>  (  edge  of  the  mantle,  and  their  posterior 
iufciertion  close  to  the  end  of  the  body;  the  free  borders  of  the  fins  are 
thin  and  undulated,  extendmg  forward  anteriorly  beyond  the  edge  of 
the  mantle,  while  the  length,  from  base  to  outer  edge,  is  about  equal  to 
the  breadth  of  the  back  between  the  bases  of  the  fins. 

Head  very  large  and  broad,  the  width  exceeding  ^  hat  of  the  body. 
Eyes  very  large  and  prominent ;  lower  eyelids  well  developed  but  not 
much  thickened.  Tentacles  remarkably  long  and  slender,  in  extension 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  head  and  body  together.  The  tentacular 
club  is  somewhat  thicker  than  the  rest  of  the  arm,  rather  long,  narrow, 
tapering  to  the  tip.  and  covered  vith  numerous  minute,  nearly  globular, 
slender  pedicelled  suckers,  arranged  in  many  rows.     (Plate  XXXV,  tig. 

Sessile  arms  of  moderate  length ;  rounded,  very  slender  at  tip ;  the 
ist,  2d,  and  3c'  pf-irs  are  successively  longer,  while  the  ventral  pair 
i.s  about  equal  to  the  1st.  Suckers  rather  small,  ner  rly  globular,  ar- 
ranged in  two  rows  on  all  the  arms  (fig.  4,  a).  The  sr  jkcrs  are  all  sim- 
ilar, but  are  a  littb  larger  on  the  od  pair  of  arms.    The  margin  is  sur- 


ll 


'fjitil 


h 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [174] 

rounded  by  small  stiales,  in  many  rows;  the  marginal  scales  are  larger, 
forming  a  circle  of  denticles. 

Color  purplish  brown  with  rather  large  chocolate-brown  chromato- 
phores;  outer  portion  of  fins  paie^  thin  and  translucent;  edge  of  mantle, 
siphon,  under  side  of  head  and  arras,  and  greater  part  of  tentacular 
arms  whitish,  with  only  minute  chromatophores. 

Mea»urementa  of  liogsia  megaptrra. 


Ijenftth,  end  of  body  to  doraal  edge  of  mantle,  exclusive  ofmembnute. 

Xrcngth,  end  of  body  to  ventral  o<igo  of  mantle 

Length,  end  of  body  to  base  of  dorsal  a<TnH 

Length,  end  of  body  to  tip  of  dorsal  arms 

Length,  end  of  body  to  tip  of  second  pair 

ijength,  end  of  body  to  tip  of  third  pair 

Length,  end  of  body  to  tip  of  fourth  pair 

Length,  end  of  body  to  tip  of  tentacular  arms 

Breadtli  of  bidy  and  tins  together 

15rea<lth  of  body  between  bases  of  fins 

Breadth  of  body,  beneath  tins,  exclusive  of  membrane 

Brewlth  of  head  across  eyes 

Biviidth  of  fins  antcro  posteriorly 

Length  of  lina,  base  to  edge  (outer) 

Diameter  of  eyes 

l)iameter  of  large  suekers  of  lateral  anns 

t)iameter  of  large  suckers  of  ('lab'. 

Breadtli  of  club 

Length  of  club 


Millime- 
ters, 


32 
24 
57 
«S 
95 

103 
95 

188 
63 
22 
28 
36 
27 
22 
1» 
LSO 

.25 

4 

24 


Incheg. 


1.25 
.95 
2.25 
3.40 
3.  ir> 

4.08 

3.75 

7.  45 

2.50 

.85 

I.JO 

1.40 

1.08 

.85 

.75 

,06 

.01 

.16 

.95 


Southern  coast  of  Kewfoundlaud,  in  150  fathoms,  Capt.  K.  Markuson 
and  crew,  schooner  ''^Notice,"  June,  1880. 

This  species  is  remarkable  for  the  great  size  of  the  fins  and  eyes,  and 
for  the  length  of  the  tentacular  arms.  It  appears  to  be  a  species  specially 
adapted  for  inhabiting  greater  depths  than  the  species  hitherto  discov- 
ered. It  has  the  same  soft,  Habby  integument  observed  in  Octopus  lentus 
and  Stauroteuihis  syrtcnsisy  found  at  similar  depths.  But  the  looseness 
of  the  skin  may  be  due  in  part  to  Hie  condition  of  the  spet;imeu  when 
preserved.    The  tentacular  suckers  are  unusually  small. 

HETEROTi:UTHIS  Uray  (revised.) 
net^oteuihin  (sub-gt^nas)  viiay,  Catal.  Moll.  Brit.  Mns.,  i,  p.  90, 1849. 
Verrill,  TrauB.  Conn.  Aoad.,  v,  p, 


■X:7. 


Jnuo,  18(31. 


The  body  is  short,  thitik,  rounded  josteriorly.  Fins  large  and  lateral. 
Head  and  eyes  large.  The  anterior  border  of  the  inantle-edge  is  free, 
dorsally.  Pen  shorter  than  the  mantle,  narrow  anteriorly;  posterior 
blade  small,  slightly  e\i>anded  laterally.  Club  of  the  tentacular  arm.s 
well  developed,  with  numerous  suckers,  in  many  rows,  those  in  the  npper 
niargiuiu  rows  decidedly  larger  than  tlie  rest;  the  odge  of  the  aperture 
is  denticulat-  -I  by  small  acute  scales.  Middle  suckers  of  the  hiteral  and 
ventral  arni.s  distinctly  larger  in  the  female;  in  the  male,  abrupf  ly  verv 
much  larger  than  the  others,  lu  Hie  male,  the  left  dorsal  ,mu  is  hecto- 
colylized  hy  haviag  much  smaller  and  more  nutuerous  suckers,  arrangt^tl 
in  four  rows,  and  by  the  development  of  a  marginal  membrane. 


[174] 
larger, 

•oinato- 
aiantlc, 
tacnlar 


B- 

Incbea. 

32 
H 

57 
g« 

1.25 

.95 

2.25 

3.40 

95  1 

3.75 

oa  1 

4.08 

95 

3.75 

88 

7.45 

6K 

2.50 

22 

.85 

28 

1.10 

36 

1.40 

27 

1,08 

22 

.85 

Ift 

.75 

50 

.06 

25 

.01 

4 

.16 

24 

.9:1 

larkiison 

ayes,  and 
8i)ecialiy 
o  discov- 

ooaeiiess 
\eii  when 


d  lateral. 

e  is  free, 

losterior 

dar  arms 

Aw,  upper 

aperture 

teral  aiul 

pily  very 

is  hecto- 

arranjj;«^(l 


[175]      CEPHAL0P0D8  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

Heteroteuthia  teftiera  Verrill. 

Amer.  Jonm.  Sci,,  xx,  p.  ."392,  Novemboi ,  1880 ;  Proc.  Nat.  Mtis.,  iii,  p.  36(),  1880  ; 
Bulletin  Muh.  Comp.  ZooL,  xiii,  p.  103,  pi.  3,  figs  5-M»;  pi. 7,  figs.  '2-2d, 3-3ft, 
1881 ;  TrauB.  Conn.  Acad.,v, p.  :V^7,  pi.  46,  figs. 2-2d,  1-36 ;  pi.  47,  figs. 5-56, 1881. 

PlrttrtXXXIlI.     Plate  XXXIV,  tijrarc  1. 

A  small  and  delicate  species',  very  soft,  translucent,  and  delicately 
oolored  when  living. 

Body  short,  cylindrical,  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  broad,  posteriorly 
u.sually  round,  but  in  strongly-  contracted,  preserved  .npccimens,  often 
uarrovcd  and  even  obtusely  pointed;  front  edge  of  mantle  sometimes 
with  a  dorsal  angle  extending  somewhat  forward  over  the  neck,  but 
usually  cmarginate  in  alcoholic  specimens.  Fins  very  large,  thin,  longer 
than  broad,  the  outer  edge  broadly  rounded,  the  anterior  edge  extend- 
ing ibnvard  quite  as  far  a&  the  edge  of  the  mantle,  and  consideraldy  be- 
yond the  insertion  of  tiie  fln,  which  is  itself  well  forward.  The  length 
of  the  fin  is  about  two-thirds  that  of  the  body ;  the  base  or  insertion  of 
the  fin  equals  about  one-half  the  body-length ;  the  breadth  of  the  fin  is 
greater  than  one-half  tlie  breadth  of  the  body.  Head  large,  rounded, 
with  large  and  prominent  eyes;  lower  eyelids  free,  slightly  thickened; 
impils  indented  above.  Arms  rather  small,  unequal,  the  dorsal  ones  con- 
siderably shorter  and  smaller  than  the  others,  the  second  pair  longest. 

In  the  male,  the  left  dorsal  arm  is  greatly  modified,  and  very  difierent 
from  its  mate;  lateral  and  ventral  arms  are  subequal.  In  both  sexes,  and 
oven  in  the  young,  tlie  suckers  alon.j^  tlit  middle  of  the  four  lateral  and 
two  ventral  arms  are  distinctly  larger  than  the  rest,  but  in  the  larger 
males  this  disparity  becomes  very  remarkable,  the  middle  snckers  (Plate 
XXXIll,  figs.  1,  1ft,  '!/»,  3)  becoming  greatly  enlarged  and  swollen,  so 
that  eight  to  ten  of  tlie  largest  are  often  six  or  eight  times  as  broad  as 
the  proximal  and  distal  ones;  they  are  deei), laterally  attached,  with  a 
raised  band  round  the  middle,  and  h  very  small  round  aperture,  fur 
Dished  with  a  swootb  rim.  lii  the  female  (Plate  XXXIV,  dg.  1)  the  cor- 
responding suckers^  on  the  lateral  arms,  are  about  twice  as  broad  as  the 
rest.  The  suckers  are  in  two  regular  rows,  on  the  lateral  smd  ventral 
arras,  in  both  sexes,  ex<  ept  at  the  tip,  where  they  form  four  rows. 

In  tlie  n'ale.  the  left  dorsal  arm  becomes  thickened,  and  larger  from 
front  '"  >..tck,and  is  usually  curled  backward  (Plate  XXXIIIj  ligs.  1-3); 
its  suckers  become  smaller  -:ud  iimcU  more  numerous  than  on  the  right 
arm,  being  arranged  in  four  erowded  rows,  except  near  the  base  where 
there  are  but  two;  the  auckcr-stalks  also  become  stout  and  cylindrical, 
or  tapered,  their  diameter  equaling  that  of  the  packers.  The  right  {inn 
remains  normal,  with  two  alternating  rows  of  suckers,  regularly  de- 
creasing to  the  tii>,  as  in  i)oth  the  dorsal  arms  of  tJie  female 

Tentacular  avm&  long,  slentl^r,  exteHsiblo ;  club  diatinct!.\  -enlarged, 
li.sually  curled  in  jn-eserved  examples.  Tl»e  suckers  on  the  chib  are  nu- 
aierous,  unequal,  arratiged  in  abon.t  eiylit  ck)w  rows;  those  forming  the 
iwo  or  thiee  rows  next  cte'  u[)per  margin  are  much  larger  than  the  rest. 


'H 


w 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.      [176] 

being  three  or  four  tiraes  as  broad,  and  have  rows  of  small  scale-like 
denticles  around  the  rims.    (Plate  XXXIII,  figs.  2a,  3fl,  36.) 

Pen  small  and  very  thin,  soft,  ant'  delicate.  It  is  angularly  pointed  or 
pen-shaped  anteriorly,  the  shaft  n.rrowing  backward;  a  thin  lanceolate 
expansion,  or  margin,  extends  along  nearly  the  posterior  half  (fig.  26). 

Upper  jaw  with  a  sharp,  strongly  incurved  beak,  without  a  notch  at 
its  base.  Lower  jaw  with  tJic  tip  of  the  beak  strongly  incurved,  and 
with  a  broad,  but  i)romiueut,  rounded  lobe  on  the  middle  of  its  cutting 
edges  (fig.  2,  a,  6). 

Odontophore  with  simple,  acute-triangular  median  teeth;  inner  later- 
als sunple,  nearly  of  the  same  size  and  shape  as  the  median,  except  at 
base;  outer  laterals  much  longer,  strongly  curved  forward  (fig.  2c,  2d). 

Color,  in  life,  pale  and  translucent,  with  scattered  rosy  chromatopho- 
res.  In  the  alcoholic  specin^ens,  the  general  color  of  body,  head,  and 
arms  is  reddish,  thickly  spotted  with  rather  large  chromatophores, 
which  also  exist  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  arms  between  the  suckers, 
and  to  some  extent  on  the  tentacular  arms  and  bases  of  the  fins ;  outer 
part  of  fins  translucent  wliite ;  anterior  edge  of  mantle  with  a  white 
border. 

Length  of  body  25  to  30  millimetiers. 

Twenty-seven  specimens  of  this  species  were  obtained,  by  Mr.  A, 
Agassiz,  on  the  "  Blake,''  in  1880,  from  six  stations,  ranging  in  depth 
from  71  to  233  fathoms.  It  was  taken,  later  in  the  season,  in  great 
abundance,  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  off  Newport,  R.  I.,  in  05  to 
252  fathoms ;  and  off  the  mouth  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  in  November,  by 
Lieut.  Z.  L.  Tanner,  on  the  "  Fish  Hawk,"  in  18  to  57  fathoms.  In  1881 
it  has  also  been  dredged,  at  several  stations,  off  Martha's  Vineyard,  in 
45  to  182  fathoms. 

It  is  easily  distinguished  from  the  species  of  Eossia  by  the  large  size 
of  the  suckers  along  the  middle  of  the  lateral  arms;  by  the  inequality 
of  the  suckers  on  the  tentacular  clubs;  and  by  the  peculiar  hectocoty 
lized  condition  of  the  left  dorsal  arm  of  the  male.  The  existence  of  largo 
chromatophores  on  the  inner  surfaces  of  the  arms,  between  the  suckers, 
is  also  a  good  diagnostic  mark,  by  which  to  distinguish  it  from  all  our 
species  of  Bossia,  which  have  the  corresponding  parts  whitish,  or  with 
few  and  very  small  chromatophores. 

The  eggs  of  this  species,  containing,  in  several  instances,  embryos 
so  far  developed  as  to  permit  accurate  identification,  have  been  taken 
in  August  and  September,  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  at  many  of 
the  stations  where  the  adults  were  obtained-  They  were  especially  nii 
mevous  at  stations  805-807,  872-871,  in  1880 ;  and  at  stations  i)22,  Old. 
049,  in  1881.  These  eggs  are  attached  to  the  surface  of  ascidians,  worm 
tubes,  skate's  eggs,  dead  shells,  etc.,  singly,  but  placed  side  l>y  side,  ^n 
smaller  or  larger  groups.  They  are  about  3"""  in  diameter,  pearly  white, 
and  nearly  round,  but  are  slightly  flattened  where  attached,  and  have  u 
small,  conical  eminence,  on  the  uj)per  side. 


[177]       CKPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 
'  •        Heteroteuthis  tcnera. — Specimens  examined. 


o 


17,18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 


3 

03 


865 
866 
867 
860 
870 
871 
872 


873 
874 
875 
876 
877 
878 
879 
880 


809 
900 
901 


313 
314 
316 
321 
327 
345 


018 

919 

9M 

921 

922 

940 

944 

949 

950 

1028 

1027 

1038 

1043 


Locnlity. 


United  States  Pigh  OommisHon. 
Of  Martha'*  Vineyard. 


North 
North 
Nortli 
North 
North 
North 
North 


North 
North 
North 
North 
Nortli 
North 
North 
North 


latitmle  40°  03', 
latitude  40°  05' 
latitmle  40°  05' 
latituilo  40"  02' 
latitude  40"^  02' 
Ifttitiide  40°  02' 
lUtituUe  40°  05' 


west  loncitude  70°  23' 

18 ",  w«'«t  lon^'itnde  70°  22'  18" 
42",  west  longitude  70°  22' 06", 
18",  west  louRitudo  70°  23'  06". 
a'i",  west  longitude  70»  22'  38" , 
54",  westlongltnd.' 70° 23"  40" , 
30",  we8tlonBitude70O23'  52". 


Off  Xewj/ort,  R.  I. 


latitude  40°  02'.  west  longitude  70°  57' 

latitude  40°  00',  we.st  lon]Ritude70°  57' 

latitude  39°  57',  west  lonKrtnde  70°  57'  30". 

latitudfc  39°  57',  west  longitude  70°  55' 

latitude  33°  ,5ti',  west  lonuitudo  70°  54'  18". 
latitude  30"  5,")'.  went  longitude  70°  54'  15". 
latitude  31)°  49'  30",  weHt  lonnitnde  70°  54'. 
latitude  30°  48'  30',  west  longitude  70°  54'. 


Off  Chesapeake  Bay. 

North  latitude  37"  22'.  west  lougitude  74'=  29' .57J 

North  lat-'ulo  37°  10',  west  louptude  74°  41' 31 

North  latitude  37°  10',  west  longitude  75°  08' 18 


65 

65 

64 

192 

155 

115 

86 


100 
85 
126 
120 
120 
142i 
225 
252 


Blake  Expedition,  U.  S.  Const  Survey. 


OtrCh.irle.stou,  S.  C 75 

North  latitudf  32°  24',  west  loucilude  78°  44' 142 

North  latitud.'  32=  7',  west  huigitude  7.8°  37'  30"  ....  2-^0 
North  latitude  3'^°  43'  25'  .  west  longitude  77°  20'  30". i  233 
North  latitude  34°  00'  30",  w(iKt  lou<j;itude  76°  10'  30"  178 
North  latitude  40°  10'  l.j,  west  lon(;itude  70°  4'  30".  .i    71 


United  States  Pish  Commission. 
Off  Martha's  Vineyard. 


I 


S.  i  W.  01  m.  from  Giy  Head. . 
S.  i  W.  65  ui.  from  Gav  Head . . 
S.  \  W.  68 J  m.  from  Gay  Head. 
S.  J  W.  73  m.  from  Gaj  Head  . 
;;.  I  \y.  77  m.  from  Gay  Head 
S.  by  E.  4  E.  97  m.  from  Gay  .Ui 
SSNV'.  82  m.  from  Gay  Head . . . 


S.  79 J  m.  from  Gay  ltea<l . 

S.  7,'>  ni.  from  Gay  Herd 

SSW.  i  W.  93J  ui.  from  Gay  Head.... 

SSE.}  E.  lOoim.  from  Gay  Head 

North  latitude  39°  59',  west  longitude  70°  00'  . 
Off  Delaware  Bay *. 


45 

.51J 

61 

65 

69 
130 
124 
100 

69 
182 

03 
146 
130 


i 

> 

4> 

s 

a 

« 

.a 

^ 

1880 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

1880 

Sept. 

13 

Sept.. 

13 

Specimens,  nam- 
Iter  and  sex. 


3(^:  7  9:  eggs. 
3  cf ;  6  $ :  eggs. 
4d':  10  2:eggo. 
20  +  rf  &  9 
15  d- :  17  9 
18rf:  119  :32jUT. 
1  cf  :  2  9 :  eggs. 


Sd":  1  9--eBK8- 
Wcf:  6  9;  eggs. 


Sept.  13  I  1  c? 
Sept.  13  '  8  d"  :  6 
vSept.  13  !  6  d" :  4  I 
Sept.  13  '  1  d :  1  ! 
Sept.  13     6 
Sept.  13     2d' 


Nov.  10,3^:29 
Nov.  10  I  Ijuv. 
Nov.  16  ;  2)  d :  3  9 


I  1880 
I      18K0 

1880 
I       1880 

1880 
{      1880 


lysi. 

July  16 

July  16 

July  16 

July  16 

July  18 

I  Aug.    4 

I  Aug.    9 

:  Aug.  23 

Aug.  23 

Sept.    8 

Sept.  14 

Sept.  21 

Oct.    10 


TJ-  5  9 

2  r?  :   19 

1  9  J"^- 
5  9 

Id:  3  9 

2  9  .jnv. 


Id:  19 
4d 
3d:  59 

ed-:  09 

1  9  :  eggs. 
1  9  :  eggs. 

Id":  1$ 
1 :  eggH. 


Id- 
Irf 

Sd: 
Id 


3  9 


^  it 


Order  II. — Octopoda  Leach. 


Cephalopoda  octopi  la  Leach,  Zool.  Mi.scel.,  iii,  1817  (t.  Gray). 

F,1rii,s,snc',  Tab.  Syst.,  p.  18,  WZl. 

D'OrbiKuy,  Tab.  Method.,  p.  45, 1825;  D'Oibig.,  C<«phal.  Ac6tab.,  p.  1. 
(Mocera  Blaiiiv.,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  xxxil,  1824. 
Oclopia  Oi-ay,  Cat.  Moll.  lirit.  IMus.,  i,  p.  3,  I84'J. 

Arin.s  e^^ht,  similar,  all  furnished  with  sucker.s  in  one  or  two  rowsj 
often  more  or  less  united  by  a  web;  natatory  crests  wanting.  Suckers 
sessile,  not  oblique,  destitute  of  horny  rings  or  hoops.  No  tentacular 
arms.    Head  often  larger  than  the  body.    Body  short  and  thick,  obtuso 


m 


EEPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.      [178] 

posteriorly,  usually  destitute  of  fins.  Fins,  when  present,  small,  lateral, 
supported  by  an  internal  transverse  cartilage.  Mantle  extensively  united 
to  the  head  by  a  dorsal  commissure.  Siphon  without  an  internal  valve, 
united  directly  to  the  head.  No  olfactory  crests.  Eyes  united  to  the 
internal  lining  of  the  sockets  so  as  to  be  immovable ;  usually  furnished 
with  lids.  No  outer  buccal  membrane.  Aquiferous  pores  and  cavities 
usually  absent ;  cephalic  pores  sometimes  present.  Internal  longitudinal 
shell  or  pen  absent.  An  external  shell  is-  present  only  in  the  genus 
Argonauta.  In  this  case  it  is  formed  as  a  secretion  from  the  inner  siu*- 
face  of  the  expanded  distal  portion  of  the  two  dorsal  arms  of  the  female 
only,  and  serves  mainly  as  a  receptacle  for  the  eggs.  One  of  the  arms 
of  the  third  pair,  commonly  the  right,  is  hectocotylized  in  the  male. 
Sometimes  the  entire  arm  is  modified  and  sometimes  the  tip  only. 

Family  PHILONEXIDiE  D'Orbigny. 

Phi'.onexidoe  {pars)  D'Oibig.,  Moll.  Viv.  ct  Fos.,  i,  l'J9, 1845  (t.  Gray). 
Gray,  Catal.  Moll.  Brit.  Mus. ,  1,  p.  24, 1849. 

Body  stout,  oval,  destitute  of  lateral  fins.  Branchial  opening  large. 
Edge  of  mantle  united  to  the  base  of  the  siphon  laterally  by  a  compli- 
cated, prominent  cartilage  or  button,  fitting  in  a  corresponding  pit  on  the 
inner  surface  of  the  mantle.  Dorsal  commissure  narrow.  Head  with 
aquiferous  pores  communicating  with  large  aquiferous  cavities.  Arms 
simple,  more  or  less  united  by  webs.    Suckers  i)rominent. 

In  the  male,  the  hectocotylized  arm  is  developed  in  a  sac,  the  entire 
arm  being  modified,  and  usually,  when  perfected,  it  becomes  detached 
from  the  body.    Probably  this  arm  is  lost  and  regenerated  each  year. 


PARASIRA  Steenstrup. 

Paraaira  Steenstrup,  Vidensk.  Meddel.  naturh.   Forening,   Kjobcnhavn,  1860, 
p.  333. 
Keflferstein,  in  Bronn,  Thier-Reich,  iii,  p.  1449, 1866. 
Tryon,  Man.  Conch.,  i,  p.  104.    Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  p.  361. 

Body  short,  thick,  pouch-like,  usually  ornamented  with  raised  ridges. 
Mantle  united  directly  to  the  head  dorsally;  'connected  laterally  to  the 
base  of  the  siphon  by  a  deep  pit  and  a  raised,  cartilaginous  tubercle  on 
each  side,  which  fits  a  corresponding  cartilaginous  tubercle  and  pit,  near 
the  base  of  the  siphon  (something  as  a  button  fits  into  a  button-hole), 
so  that  it  can  be  separated  only  by  using  considerable  force.  Arms  long, 
slender ;  web  rudimentary.  Suckers  prominent,  in  two  alternating  rows. 
Gill-opening  wide.  Siphon  large,  intimately  united  to  the  head  except 
at  its  free  extremity,  which  is  situated  far  forward,  between  the  ventral 
arras.  A  large  aquiferous  pore,  each  side  of  the  siphon,  at  the  bases  of  | 
the  ventral  arms. 

Sexes  are  widely  different.    The  hectocotylized,  third  right  arm  of  the  | 
male  is  developed  in  a  pedunculated  sac. 


i 


[178] 

iteral, 
united 
valve, 
to  the 
rnished 
javities 
tudinal 
e  genus 
ner  sur- 
i  female 
lie  arms 
le  male. 

ly. 


ing  large, 
a  compli 
pit  on  the 
lead  with 
es.    Arms 

,  the  entire 
;  detached 
ich  year. 


ahavn,  I860, 


n. 

ised  ridges, 
rally  to  the 
tubercle  on 
ad  pit,  near 
iitton-hole), 
Arms  long, 
lating  rows, 
icad  except 
the  ventral  I 
:he  bases  of  I 

It  arm  of  the  I 


[179]      CErHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

Fvaaira  catenulata  Steenitrup. 

Octopus  tuberculatus  Ri88o(f ),  Hist.  nat.  del'Eur.  mdrid.,  iv,  p.  3,1826  (t.d'Orbig.). 
Octopus  catenulatus  Fdrussac,  Poulpes,  pi.  6,  bis,  ter.,  1828  (t.  D'Orbig.). 
Philonexis  tuberculatus  F^r.  and  D'Orbig.,  C6ph.  Ac6tab.,  p.  87,  pi.  6,  bis,  ter. 
Parasira  catenulata  Steenstrup,  Vidensk.  Meddel.  naturh.  Forening,  KJoben- 
havn,  1860,  p.  333. 

Verrill,  Aroer.  Joiiru.  Sci.,  xix,  p.  293,  Apr.,  1880;  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  p. 
362,  pi.  33,  figs.  2, 2a,  1881. 

Plate  XL,  figures  2, 2a. 

Female:  Body  relatively  large,  swollen,  rather  higher  than  broad, 
dilated  below,  larger  iu  front,  obtusely  rounded  posteriorly;  upper  sur- 
face smooth  or  finely  wrinkled ;  lower  surface  covered  with  prominent, 
rounded  verrucfe,  or  small  hard  tubercles,  which  are  connected  together 
by  raised  ridges,  five  (sometimes  six)  of  which  usually  run  to  each 
tubercle,  thus  circumscribing  angular  depressed  areas,  each  of  which 
usually  has  a  dark-colored  spot  in  the  center ;  on  the  sides  these  tuber- 
cles are  less  prominent  and  less  regular,  gradually  fading  out  above. 
The  head  is  decidedly  smaller  than  the  body,  and  smooth  both  above 
and  below.  The  eyes  are  prominent,  but  the  external  opening  is  small, 
round,  with  simple  border.  The  gill-opening  is  large,  and  extends  up- 
ward on  the  sides  of  the  neck  to  the  level  of  the  ui)per  side  of  the  eye- 
balls. The  siphon-tube  is  completely  united  by  its  basal  portion  to  the 
lower  side  of  the  head;  its  free  portion  is  large  and  elongated,  starting 
from  well  forward,  between  the  bases  of  the  ventral  arms.  There  is  a  con- 
spicuous aquiferous  pore,  at  each  side  of  the  base  of  the  siphon,  just  back 
of  the  ventral  arms.  The  arms  are  stout,  not  very  long ;  the  inner  sur- 
face is  broad,  with  two  rows  of  rather  widely  separated  suckers,  which 
run  along  the  margins  of  he  arms;  the  suckers  are  rather  large,  and 
considerably  raised,  on  stout  bases;  the  first  suckers  form  a  regular 
circle  around  the  mouth ;  two  or  three  basal  suckers  are  nearly  in  a 
single  row.  The  suckers  are  cup-shaped,  with  a  deep  central  pit,  around 
which  there  are  strong  radial  ridges;  toward  the  base  of  the  arms  the 
soft,  swollen  rims  of  the  suckers  are  wrinkled  and  lobulated ;  farther 
out  they  are  smooth  and  even.  The  beak  is  black,  with  sharp  tips.  It 
is  surrounded  by  a  thick,  wrinkled  buccal  membrane. 

The  arms  are  slightly  united  at  base  by  a  narrow  web,  which  also 
runs  along  each  of  the  outer  angles  of  the  six  upper  arms,  forming  more 
or  less  wide  marginal  membranes,  according  to  the  state  of  contraction, 
and  by  their  contractions  causing  the  arms  to  curl  in  various  directions ; 
one  of  these  membranes  frequently  disappears,  the  other  being  so 
stretched  as  to  become  wide,  when  the  arm  is  strongly  recurved ;  on  the 
ventral  arms  the  upper  membrane  becomes  strongly  developed,  while 
tlie  lower  one  is  abortive.  There  is  also  a  slight  marginal  membrane 
along  the  inner  margins,  running  between  the  suckers  and  connecting 
them  together.  The  dorsal  and  ventral  arms  are  considerably  larger  and 
longer  than  the  two  lateral  pairs,  the  dorsal  ones  are  the  stoutest.  The 
j  two  lateral  pairs  are  about  equal  in  size  and  length.  On  the  dorsal 
i  arms  there  arc  about  96  suckers;  on  the  lateral  ones  about  80  that  can 


:    V 


w 


REl'OUT  OF  COMMISSlDNKIi  Or  FISH  AND  FISHEKIKS,       [180] 

be  couiitt'd  with  the  iiakcul  eye.  The  tips  are  very  Blender  and  covered 
with  very  minute  suckers. 

Color  of  body  and  head  above,  and  of  ui)[)er  arms,  deep  brownish 
purple;  lower  surfaces  of  body  and  head  with  siphon  and  ventral  arms, 
pale  yellowish. 

A  fine  specimen  of  this  interestin}^  species  was  taken  in  Vineyard 
Sound,  Mass.,  by  Mr.  V.  N.  Edwards,  in  1870.  It  was  not  known  pre- 
viously from  the  American  coast,  and  has  been  regarded  as  peculiar  to 
the  Mciliterranean  and  West  Indies.  The  total  length  of  this  specimen 
is  203  millimeters;  of  mantle,  51  millimeters;  circumference  of  body,  152 
millimeters;  length  of  dorsal  arms,  from  eye,  137  millimeters;  second 
pair,  94  millimeters;  of  third  pair,  84  millimeters;  of  fourth  pair,  134.5 
millimeters. 

The  remarkable  tubercles  of  the  ventral  surface  mostly  have  11  vo  ridges 
converging  to  each,  rarely  six.  In  all  other  respects  it  agrees  with  the 
figures  of  F6rus8ac  and  D'Orbigny.  According  to  Targioni-Tozzetti,  P. 
catenulata  is  distinct  from  P.  tuberculata.  If  so,  our  species  should  bear 
the  former  name.    Steenstrup  considers  Octopus  carena  Ver.,  the  male. 

Family  ALLOPOSID.E  Verrill. 

Traus.  Coiiu.  Acad.,  v,  i>.  365,  1881.  • 

Body  thick,  obtusely  rounded ;  arms  extensively  webbed ;  mantle 
united  directly  to  the  head,  not  only  by  a  large  dorsal  commissure, 
but  also  by  a  median- ventral  and  two  lateral  longitudinal  commissures, 
which  run  from  its  inner  surface  to  the  basal  parts  of  the  siphon.  The 
male  hectocotylized  right  arm  of  the  third  i)air  is  developed  in  a  cavity 
in  front  of  the  right  eye,  and  when  mature,  protrudes  from  an  opening 
on  the  inner  surface  of  the  web,  between  the  second  and  fourth  pairs  of 
arms,  and  finally  becomes  detached.  It  is  furnished  with  two  rows  of 
large  suckers,  and  with  a  fringe  along  the  sides.  The  mode  of  attach- 
ment of  the  mantle  to  the  head  is  similar  to  that  of  Desmoteuthis,  among 
the  ten-armed  cephalopods. 

ALLOPOSUS  Verrill. 

AUoposus  Verrill,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,xx,p. 393, Nov.,  1880;  Proc.  Nat.  Mus.,  iii,  p.  362, 
Dec,  1880 ;  Bulletin  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  viii,  p.  112,  March,  1881 ;  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v, 
p.  365. 

Allied  in  some  respects  to  Philonexis  and  Tremoctojms.  Body  thick 
and  soft,  smooth;  arms  (in  the  male  only  seven)  united  by  a  web  ex- 
tending nearly  to  the  ends.  Suckers  sessile,  simple,  in  two  rows ;  mantle 
united  firmly  to  the  head  by  a  dorsal,  ventral,  and  two  lateral  muscular 
commissures,  the  former  placed  in  the  median  line,  at  the  base  of  the 
siphon ;  free  end  of  the  siphon  short,  well  forward. 

In  the  male,  the  hectocotylized  right  arm  of  the  third  pair  is  devel 
oped  in  a  sac  in  front  of  the  right  eye  (Plate  XXXIX,  figs.  1,  la);  as 
found  in  the  sac,  it  is  curled  up,  and  has  two  rows  of  suckers ;  the 


ive  ridges 
3  with  the 
ozzetti,  P. 
lould  bear 
tlie  male. 


1;   mantle 
)mmis8ure, 
mmissures, 
)lion.    The 
in  a  cavity 
an  opening 
th  pairs  of 
wo  rows  of 
of  attach- 
this,  among 


i.,  iii,  p.  362, 
onn.  Acad.jV, 

Body  thick 
y  a  web  ex- 
ws;  mantle 
id  muscular 
base  of  the 

air  is  devel- 
3.1,  la);  as 
ackers;  the 


[181]       CKPIIALOI'OIJS  OF  NORTIFHASTEKX  COAHT  OF  AMERICA. 

groove  along  its  t'djfc  is  frinKe<l ;  near  the  end,  the  groove  connects  with 
a  rounded,  obliciiiely  i)hiced,  broad.  Hat  or  Hlightly  concave  lateral  lobe, 
with  transverse  wrinkles  or  plications  on  the  inner  surface ;  the  termi- 
nal portion  of  the  arm  is  a  long-fusiform,  smooth  process. 

The  permanent  attachment  of  the  mantle  to  the  siphon,  by  means  of 
commissures,  is  a  very  distinctive  character. 

AllopoBUB  mollis  Vcrrill.— Wobhod  dovil-fiHli. 

AllopoHUH  inoUh  VLTiill,  Aiuer.  Joiirn.  Sci.,  xx,  p.  ;J94,  Nov.,  1H80;   Proc.  Nut. 
MuH.,  iii.p.  3f)H,  1880;  TraiiH.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,p.  lUMi,  pi.  50,  HgH.  1,  la,2, 2o; 
|)1.  .51,  tigH.  :i,  4;  liullutin  MnH.  Comp.  Zoul.,  viii,  p.  113,  pi.  4,  flgM.  3,  4;  pi. 
8,  ligH.  l-2a,  March,  1881. 
OctopuaT,  Hp.,  Vorrill,  BuUotin  Muh.  Comp.  Zool.,  p.  109,  pi.  4,  fig.  3, 1881. 

Plate  XXXIX,  figs.  1,  la,  2,  2a.    Plate  XLII,  fig.  7.    Plate  XLIV,  fig.  1. 

Body  stout,  ovate,  very  soft  and  flabby.  Ilead  large,  ris  broad  as  the 
body ;  eyes  large,  their  openings  small.  Arms  rather  stout,  not  very 
long,  webbed  nearly  to  the  ends,  the  dorsal  much  longer  than  the  ven- 
tral arms;  suckers  large,  simple,  in  two  alternating  rows.  Color  deep 
puri)lish  brown,  with  a  more  or  less  distinctly  spotted  api)earance.  To- 
tal length  of  a  medium-sized  specimen,  IGO™'";  of  body,  to  base  of  arms, 
90"'"';  of  mantle,  beneath,  50""";  of  dorsal  arms,  70"'"';  breadth  of  body 
70"'"'.    Other  specimens  are  very  much  larger. 

This  season  two  very  large  females,  nearly  equal  in  size,  were  taken: 
one  at  station  937,  in  506  fathoms ;  the  other  at  094,  in  368  fathoms. 
The  former  weighed  over  20  pounds.  Length,  while  fresh,  posterior 
end  of  body  to  tip  of  1st  pair  of  arms,  787°'"'  (31  inches) ;  of  2d  pair, 
812"""  (32  inches) ;  of  3d  pair,  711"""  (28  inches) ;  of  4th  pairj  711"'"'  (28 
inches) ;  length  of  mantle,  beneath,  1 78'"'"  (7  inches) ;  beak  to  end  of  4th 
pair  of  arms,  659"""  (22  inches);  breadth  of  body,  216"""  (8.5  inches); 
breadth  of  head,  280°""  (11  inches);  diameter  of  eye,  64™"'  (2.5  inches); 
of  largest  suckers,  10°'°'  (.38  of  an  inch).  The  body  was  remarkably  soft 
and  gelatinous  in  appearance,  and  to  the  touch,  while  living.  In  fact 
it  did  not  have  sufBcient  firmness  to  retain  its  natural  shape  when  out 
of  water,  and  when  placed  in  a  large  pan  it  accommodated  itself  to  the 
shape  of  the  vessel,  like  a  mass  of  stift'  jelly.  Color,  in  life,  pale  bluish 
white  specked  with  rusty  orange-brown  chromatophores;  inner  surface 
of  arms  dark  purplish  brown,  suckers  white. 

One  mature,  detached,  hectocotylized  arm  (Plate  XLIV,  fig.  1)  was 
taken  November  16.  This  has  two  rows  of  large,  six-  or  seven-lobed 
suckers,  a  very  long  fringe,  composed  of  thin,  flat,  lacerate  processes, 
along  each  side;  the  terminal  process  is  fusiform,  acute,  and  loosely 
covered  with  a  thin,  translucent  membrane,  beneath  which  the  inner 
surface,  bearing  chromatophores,  can  be  seen.  Length  of  this  arm, 
200""";  its  breadth,  20'"'";  length  of  terminal  process,  30'""' ;  its  diameter, 
7""";  diameter  of  largest  suckers,  6'"'";  length  of  fringe,  15'""'. 

Two  detached  and  somewhat  mutilated  arms,  with  portions  of  a  third 
arm  and  of  the  basal  web,  of  a  large  Octopod,  probably  of  this  species, 


■I' 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 
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(716)  872-4503 


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REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [182] 

were  taken  by  Mr.  Agassiz  in  1880,  at  station  336,  north  latitude,  38° 
2V  50",  west  longitude,  73°  32',  in  197  fathoms.    (Plate  XLII,  flg.  7.) 

The  largest  of  these  arms  is  420""°  long  an«l  30°""  broad.  The  suckers 
are  large,  prominent,  subglobular,  with  a  contracted  aperture,  and  have 
a  thin  membrane  around  the  outer  margin.  They  form  two  alter- 
nating, rather  distant  it)w«,  except  near  the  base,  where  several  that 
are  somewhat  smaller  than  those  farther  out  stand  nearly  in  one  row, 
with  wide  spaces  between  them.  Diameter  of  largest  suckers,  9  to  11'""' ; 
distance  between  their  centers,  20  to  35""".    Color,  dark  purple. 

Taken  by  the  "Fish  Hawk,"  at  stations  880,  892,  893,  895,  about  100 
to  115  miles  south  of  Newport,  B.  I.,  in  225  to  487  fathoms,  Sept.  and  Oct., 
1880;  off  the  mouth  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  at  station  898,  November  10, 
1880,  in  300  fathoms,  by  Lieut.  Z.  L.  Tanner;  and  off  Martha's  Vineyard, 
310-715  fathoms,  1881. 

AUopoBua  mollis. — Specimeng  examined. 


880 
881 
802 
893 


808 


SM 


987 
•38 
8S2 
•53 
MM 


Locality. 


Fath. 


When  re- 
ceived. 


Off  Newport,  R.  I. 

y.  lat.  W.  long. 

39°  48' 30"      70°  50' 00" 

Farther  sonthward 

80O  48*  00"      710  06' 00" 

300  62' 20"      70°  68'  00" 

9V>  stf  w      7W>  6V  46" 

Off  Cke>apeak»  Bay. 

37°  24'  00"      74°  17'  00" 

Off  Delaware  Bay. 

38°  21' 50"      73032' 

Off  Marlha'i  Vineyard. 

S.  by  K.  t  E.  103  m.  from  Gay  Head 
S.  byXi.  X  B.  100  m.  from  Gay  Head 

S.  IE.  87i  m.  from  Gay  Head 

S.  I  E.  9l|  ni.  from  Gay  Head 

SSW.  i  W.  104|  m.  from  Gay  Head 


262 
325 
487 
872 


300 


1»7 


506 
310 
888 
716 
368 


Sept  13, 1880 
Sept.  13, 1880 
Oct.  2, 1880 
Oct.  2, 1880 
Oct.     2, 1889 


Received  from. 


U.S.FiahCom. 

do 

do 

do 

do 


Nov.  16,1880, do 


,1880  "Blake"  expedition 


Ang.  4,1881 
Aug.  4,1881 
Aug.  23, 1881 
Aug.  23, 1881 
Sept.   8,1881 


TT.8.Fi8h  Com. 

do 

do 

, do  .......  . 

do 


Specimen!. 


2rf: 

1 

1 

a 

1 


19 


11.  frag. 


r 


Family  ABGONAUTID^  Cantr. 
Cantraine,  Mall.  M^dit.,  p.  13, 1841 ;  H.&,  A.  Adams,  Genera,  vol.  i,  p.  23. 
Argonauta  argo  Linnd. 

Shells  of  this  species,  some  of  them  entire,  were  taken  by  the  ''  Fish 
Hawk"  at  several  of  the  stations  70  to  115  miles  south  of  Martha's  Vine- 
yard and  Newport,  B.  I.,  in  64  to  365  fathoms.  At  least  nine  specimens 
were  dredged.  At  station  894,  in  365  fathoms,  two  entire  and  nearly 
firesh  shells  were  taken,  and  another  nearly  complete.  They  belong  to 
the  common  Mediterranean  variety.  Fragments  were  also  taken  at  sta- 
tions 865-7,  871,  873,  876,  892,  895. 

The  capture  of  a  living  specimen,  probably  of  this  species,  on  tlio 
coast  of  New  Jersey,  has  been  recorded  by  Bev.  Samuel  Lockwood, 
in  Amer.  Naturalist,  xi,  p.  243,  1877. 


[183]   CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


Family  OCTOPODTD^  D'Orbiguy. 

(ktopodida  (j,'<ir«)  D'Oibigny,  Moll.  Viv.  ot  Fos.,  i,  pp.  159,  164,  1845  (t.  Gray):  {part) 

C6phal.Ac6tub.,p.:<. 
Octopidn  Gray,  Catal.  Moll.  Brit.  Mim.,  i,  p.  4, 1849. 

Head  very  large ;  external  ears,  small,  simple  openings,  l)ehind  the 
eyes.  Body  short,  thick,  rounded  posteriorly,  destitute  of  lateral  fins  and 
internal  cartilages.  Mantle  united  to  the  head  by  a  broad  dorsal  com- 
missure. Ko  complex  connective  cartilages,  nor  commissures,  uniting 
the  mantle  and  base  of  siphon.    Opening  to  gill-cavity  narrow. 

Siphon  large.  Arms  with  either  one  or  two  rows  of  suckers,  and 
with  a  more  or  less  developed  basal  web.  Eyes  furnished  with  an  inter- 
nal translucent  lid  and  also  capable  of  being  covered  by  the  external 
integument.  Sexes  similar  externally,  except  that  in  the  male  the  right 
arm  of  the  third  pair  is  hectocotylized  by  the  formation  of  a  spoon-shaped 
organ  at  the  tip. 

ELEDOXre  L«ach. 

Octopus  (jpan)  Lamarck ;  Cuvier ;  Blainville,  etc. 

Eledone  Leacb,  Zool.  Misc., iii,  137, 1817  (t.  Gray) ;  D'Orbig., C^phal.  Ac6tab., p. 72  C»ub- 
genns) ;  Gray,  Catal.  Moll.  Brit.  Mus.,  i,  p.  31, 1849. 

Body,  mantle,  and  siphon  as  in  Octopus.  Suckers  in  a  single  row  on 
all  the  arms.  In  the  male  the  right  arm  of  the  third  pair  is  hectocoty- 
lized by  the  formation  of  a  small  spoon -shaped  tip  and  a  lateral  groove, 
nearly  as  in  some  species  of  Oetopus. 

Eledone  verniooea  Verrill. 

Bulletin  Mns.  Comp.  Zool.,  viii,  p.  105,  plates  5,  6,  Marcb,  1881;  Trans.  Conn. 
Acad.,  V,  p.  380,  pi.  52, 53, 188t. 

Plate  XLIV,  figs.  3,  :)a. 

A  stout  species,  covered  above  with  prominent,  rough,  wart-like  tuber- 
cles, and  with  a  circle  of  the  same  around  the  eyes;  four  or  five  of 
those  above  the  eyes  are  larger  and  more  prominent.  Body  thick,  broad- 
ovate,  swollen  beneath,  moderately  convex  above,  obtusely  rounded 
posteiiorly. 

Male :  Head  as  broad  as  the  body,  whole  upi)er  surface  of  body  and 
bead  to  base  of  arms  covered  with  prominent  and  persistent,  unequal 
warts,  ^7hich  are  roughened  by  sharp  conical  papillie,  eight  or  ten  on 
the  larger  warts,  but  only  two  or  three  on  the  smaller  ones ;  the  warts 
diminish  in  size  anteriorly,  and  on  th&  sides,  before  they  disappear; 
around  the  eyes  they  form  irregular  circles;  just  above  each  of  the  eyes 
there  are  two  much  larger  ones,  bearing  more  than  twenty  conical  pa- 
pillae; there  is  one  before  and  one  behind  these,  of  somewhat  smaller 
MZM.  Eyes  large,  the  lower  lid  purple  and  thickened,  overlapping  the 
upper  one,  which  is  thin  and  whitish. 

Arms  considerably  longer  than  the  head  and  body,  not  very  stout, 
compressed,  bearing  a  single  crowded  row  of  large  whitish  suckers, 


in 


m 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONKR  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.      [184] 

which  are  mostly  separated  by  spaces  less  than  half  their  diameter ; 
margins  of  suckers  soft  and  much  thickened.  The  three  lower  pairs  of 
arms  arc  very  nearly  equal  in  length  and  size ;  the  dorsal  ones  are  a 
little  shorter  and  smaller.  A  thin  web  unites  all  the  arms  for  about  one- 
fourth  of  their  length,  and  runs  up  along  their  sides  ^Dr  about  half  their 
length.  The  male  has  the  third  right  arm  (Plate  XLIY,  fig.  3, 3a)  hecto- 
cotylized  at  tue  tip;  the  modified  tip  is  preceded  by  45  suckers,  and  is 
bordered  ventrally  by  a  broad  membrane,  having  a  white  groove  along 
.  i/S  inner  surface;  the  terminal  organ  (fig.  3a)  consists  of  a  small,  ovate- 
triangular,  fleshy  disk,  with  its  inner  surfaee  slightly  concave  and  finely 
wrinkled  transversely,  and  terminating  proximally  in  a  small  point. 

Color  dark  purplish  brown,  darker  purple  beneath.  Chromatophores 
small  and  densely  crowded. 

The  female  is  considerably  larger  than  the  male,  and  has  the  warts 
over  the  back  and  around  the  eyes  relatively  smaller,  but  of  the  same 
character.  The  arms  appear  to  be  larger  than  those  of  the  male,  but 
this  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  male  has  become  more  con- 
tracted by  the  stronger  alcohol  in  which  it  was  placetl. 

This  female  specimen  illustrates  well  the  UMciessness  of  the  attempts 
to  divide  the  species  of  Octopus  and  allied  genera  into  groups  or  sections 
according  to  the  relative  lengths  of  the  arms,  as  J.  E.  Gray  and  others 
have  done,  for  in  this  and  many  other  cases  the  proportions  of  the  arms 
of  the  right  side  would  throw  it  into  one  section ;  those  of  the  left  side 
into  another.    The  male  would  have  to  be  put  into  a  third  section. 

The  two  known  examples  of  this  species  were  both  taken  by  Mr.  A. 
Agassiz,  while  dredging  on  the  United  States  Coast  Survey  steamer 
"Blake,"  in  1880. 

Measurements  in  millimeters. 


Total  length 

End  of  body  to  center  of  eye 

Breadth  of  body 

Breadth  aorogg  eyes 

Length  of  doraaf  amiB,  from  mouth  . 

Length  of  second  pair  of  arms 

Length  of  third  pair  of  arms 

Length  of  hectoootylized  arm 

Length  of  modified  tip 

Length  of  ventral  arms 

Greatest  breadth  of  lateral  arms 

Diameter  of  largest  suckers 


Ifo.  12. 
Male. 


202 

58 

SS 

♦8 

185 

165 


130 

4.5 
145 
12 

3 


Nal3. 

Female. 

Right  side. 
360 

Left  Bide. 

100 

65 

255 
260 
225 

260 
235 
240 

210 

18 

5 


225 

18 

5 


» 

Specimens  examined. 

No. 

Stat 

Locality. 

Fath. 

When 
received. 

Specimens. 

No. 

Sex. 

12 

805 
312 

N.lat41°  83'  16":  W. long. 650  51'  25*' 

810 
466 

1880 
1880 

1 
1 

13 

K.lat.39°  60'  46"i  W.long.70°  11' 

[184] 

imeter ; 
pairs  of 
68  Tare  a 
fMit  one- 
ilf  tbeir 
i)hecto- 
),  and  is 
I'c  along 
1,  ovate- 
ad  finely 
»oint. 
tophores 

he  warts 
the  same 
nale,  but 
nore  con- 

attempts 
V  sections 
nd  others 
'  the  arms 
e  left  side 
tion. 

by  Mr.  A. 
y  steamer 


260 
236 
240 


225 

18 

& 


0 

0 

SpMimeni. 

No. 

Sex. 

1 
1 

9 

[185]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

OCTOPUS  Lainurck,  1799. 

<Mlopu»  (iMrn)  Lainarik,  Syst. des  Aiiiin.  mm  Vert.,  p. (iO,  1K)1.  Cuvier,  R«5g.  Auiiii.,  ii, 
1817.  D'Orbigny,  C^'pbal.  Acctab.,  p.  :<.  Gray,  Catal.  Moll.  Brit.  Mus.,  i,  p.  4, 
1849.   Vrrrill/rraiw.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  p.  :{(17,  18H1. 

Dotly  short,  thick,  moi-e  or  less  rounded,  usually  flattened,  often 
tubercular  or  warty,  but  sometimes  smooth,  usually  with  one  or  more 
tubercles  or  cirri  situated  above  the  eye.  Mantle  directly  united  to  the 
liejwl,  dorsally,  by  a  broad  commissure,  extending  below  the  eyes  to  the 
base  of  the  siphon.  Biise  of  the  siphon  without  any  complicated,  con- 
nective cartilages.  Arms  unife<l  by  a  more  or  less  extensive  basal  web. 
Suckers  sessile,  in  two  alternating  rows.  Siphon  not  intimately  united 
to  the  whole  length  of  the  head,  the  free  terminal  portion  situateij  be- 
hind or  beneath  the  eyes.    No  aquiferous  pores  nor  brachial  i)ouch'es. 

The  sexes  are  similar  in  form.  In  the  male  the  right  arm  of  the  third 
pair  is  hectocotylized,  it^  terminal  portion  being  changed  into  a  spoon- 
shaped  organ,  smooth  on  the  outer,  convex  side  and  furnished  with  a 
i!<erie8  of  transverse  ridges  on  the  inner  concave  side,  and  with  a  basal 
iingular  lobe,  from  which  a  groove  or  furrow  extends  along  the  lower 
margin  of  the  9>rm  to  the  basal  web.  In  some  species  of  Octopus  the 
mo<litied  tij)  is  very  small,  but  in  others,  very  large. 

The  female  has  the  oviducts  symmetrically  developed  on  both  sides. 
The  egg-sacs  are  large,  pyriform,  not  very  numerous,  attached  by  the 
timall  end. 

Octopus  Balrdii  Verrill. — Baird's  dcvil-fltth. 

Octopus  Bairdii  Verrill,  Amer.  Joum.  Sci.,v, p.  5,  Jafl.,  1873;  xix, p. 294, 1880 ; 

American  Natnralist,  vii,p.  S94,  figs.  76,77,  1873;  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  8ci. 

for  1873,  p.  348,  pi.  1,  figs.  1, 2, 1874. 
G.  O.  Sara,  Molluscs  Regionis  Arcticte  Nonregise,  p.  339,  pi.  33,  figs.  1-10  (  9  ), 

pi.  xvii,  figs.  8a  to  8d  (dentition  and  jaws),  1878. 
Tryon,  Man.  Conch.,  i,  p.  116,  pi.  32,  figs.  37, 38  (description  and  figures  from 

the  papers  by  A.  E.  V. ). 
Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  p.  368,  pi.  33,  figs,  1,  la  ;  pi.  34,  figs,  5, 6 ;  pi,  36, 

fig.  10 ;  pi.  38,  fig,  8 ;  pi,  49,  figs,  4, 4a ;  pi.  51,  figs,  1,  la ;  Bulletin  Mus.  Comp. 

Zool,,\iii,p.l07,pl.2,fig8.4,4a;  pi,  4,  figs.  1,  la,  1881, 

Plate  XLI,  figures  1, 2, 3, 3«.   Plate  XLII,  figures  1-5. 

The  body  is  short,  thick,  somewhat  depressed,  broadly  rounded  pos- 

Itoriorly,  separated  fipom  the  head  only  by  a  slight  constriction  at  the 

sides.    Head  almost  as  broad  as  the  body,  swollen  above  and  around 

the  eyes,  concave  in  the  middle  above;  around  the  eyes,  and  especially 

in  front  and  above,  there  are  numerous  small,  conical,  often  irregular 

and  rough  tubercles ;  a  little  removed  from  the  upper  side  of  each  eye 

lis  a  much  larger,  rough,  irregularly  conical,  erectile  cirrus,  which  has 

Isoine  small,  more  or  less  prominent,  conical  papilla;  on  its  surfaee;  the 

phole  upper  surface  of  the  body,  head,  and  arms  is  also  covered  with 

Imiiiute  scattered  papillte,  which  are  usually  but  little  prominent,  but  in 

Isome  of  the  larger  males  they  become  much  larger  and  more  numerous, 

land  have  the  form  of  small  prominent  warts. 


i  n 


1  ■" 


A 
1'^. 


fin  I 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [186] 

The  jaws  (Plate  XLII,  fig.  3)  have  rather  blunt,  slightly  incurved 
lips,  with  the  angle  at  the  bases  of  the  cutting  edges  round  and  without 
any  distinct  notch.  The  odontophore  (Plate  XLII,  fig.  4)  has  a  median 
row  of  large,  acute  teeth  with  broad  bases,  without  lateral  denticles; 
the  inner  lateral  teeth  are  much  smaller,  with  curved,  acute-triangular 
points;  outer  lateral  teeth  longer  and  more  acute;  marginal  plates 
large  and  distinct. 

Siphon  large,  tapering,  capable  of  being  bent  in  all  directions,  so  as 
to  be  msed  for  swimming  either  forward,  backward,  or  sideways,  accord 
ing  to  its  direction. 

Arms  subeqaal,  relatively  short,  stout,  tapering  to  slender  points, 
connected  for  about  one-third  of  their  length  by  a  web,  ^^hich  extends 
as  a'narrow  membrane  along  their  margins  to  near  the  ends.  Suckers 
small,  not  crowded,  alternating  pretty  regularly  in  the  two  rows ;  in 
the  original  type-specimen,  which  was  not  full-grown,  the  arms  of  the 
first  pair  each  had  about  sixtj'-flve  suckers;  those  of  the  fourth  pair 
about  sixty.  In  a  larger  example  ( 9 )  the  dorsal  arms  have  about  94 
suckers;  the  third  pair  about  100;  the  ventral  ones  about  00. 

In  the  male,  the  right  arm  of  the  third  pair  has  its  terminal  portion, 
for  about  a  third  of  its  entire  length,  modified  for  reproductive  purposes 
into  a  large  spoon-shaped  organ  (Plate  XLI,  fig.  la),  broadly  elliptical 
in  outline,  with  the  sides  incurved,  and  the  end  somewhat  trilobed;  inte 
rior  deeply  concave,  with  ten  to  twelve,  and  occasionally,  in  the  largest 
examples,  thirteen  elevated  transverse  folds;  at  the  base,  there  is  a  fold 
bent  into  an  acute  angle,  the  apex  directed  forward,  leaving  a  deep  V 
shaped  sinus  behind  it,  which  is  a  continuation  of  a  shallow  groove, 
formed  by  a  thickening  of  the  web  along  the  lower  side  of  the  arm,  and 
terminating  midway  between  it  and  the  fourth  arm.  At  the  end,  the 
arm  terminates  in  a  small  conical  tip,  between  the  two  broadly  rounded 
lobes  of  the  spoon-shaped  organ ;  at  the  base  of  this  organ  there  is  a 
slight  constriction ;  the  basal  portion  of  the  arm  bears  30  to  37  suckers, 
like  those  on  the  other  arms.  The  modified  portion  of  the  arm  is  cod 
siderably  longer  than  the  distance  between  the  constriction  at  its  base 
and  the  interbrachial  web,  and  about  equal  to  one-half  the  total  length 
of  the  part  which  bears  suckers.  The  corresponding  arm  on  the  left 
side  is  of  the  ordinary  form,  and  has,  in  medium-sized  examples,  about 
51  suckers. 

The  female  differs  but  little  from  the  male,  externally,  except  in  hick 
ing  the  modification  of  the  third  right  arm. 

Some  of  the  larger  females  were  filled  with  mature  eggs.  These  are 
large  and  rather  numerous,  occupying  a  large  part  of  the  interior  of  the 
body.  They  are  enclosed  in  long-pyriform  sacs,  with  the  small  end  taper 
ing  to  a  filiform  point,  by  which  they  adhere. 

Length  of  the  original  male  specimen,  in  alcohol,  exclusive  of  the 
arms,  44°"" ;  breadth  of  the  body,  31'"'° ;  between  eyes,  IS""* ;  lengtli 
of  arm,  of  the  first  pair,  from  mouth,  57°"° ;  from  mouth  to  edge  of  web. 


[E8.     [186]  ■     [187]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

18°"";  length  of  modified  portion  of  third  right  arm,  18""';  breadth  of 
this  organ,  when  expanded,  11. 6°"".  Subsequentlj',  considerably  larger 
specimens,  both  male  and  female,  have  been  taken. 

One  of  the  largest  males  (station  878)  measiirtj,  from  tip  of  dorsal  arms 
to  end  of  body,  163""";  from  edge  of  dorsal  web  to  end  of  body,  75°""; 
from  edge  of  mantle  beneath,  to  end  of  body,  38""";  bremlth  of  body, 
48""';  of  head,  41""';  length  of  dorsal  arms,  to  beak,  110"'"';  of  second 
pair,  112""":  of  third  pair,  US""";  of  fourth  pair,  110""";  of  hectocotyl- 
ized  arm,  85"'"»;  length  of  terminal  spoon,  33'""';  its  breadth,  17""». 
This  specimen  has  13  transverse  lamellte  in  the  spoon. 

One  of  the  largest  females  (station  895)  taken  in  the  breeding  season 
and  filled  with  eggs,  in  alcohol,  measures,  from  tip  of  dorsal  anns  to  end 
of  body,  170™"';  edge  of  dorsal  web  to  end  of  body,  OO""";  mantle,  be- 
neath, 46""';  breadth  of  body,  55"";  of  head,  41"";  length  of  dorsal 
arms,  from  beak,  125"";  of  second  pair,  120"";  of  third  pair,  115"";  of 
fourth  pair,  115"". 

When  living,  the  ground-color  was  usually  pale,  translucent,  bluish 
white  above,  thickly  specked  with  light  orange-brown  and  dark  purplish 
brown.  Its  colors  were  changeable,  but  apparently  less  actively  so  than 
in  the  squids. 

This  species  was  first  discovered  by  the  writer  while  dredging,  in 
1872,  on  the  United  States  Steamer  "Mosswood",  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy, 
off  Eastport,  Me.,  in  75  to  80  fathoms.  Although  so  recently  discovered, 
it  proves  to  have  a  very  extensive  range,  both  geographically  and  in 
depth.  It  is  one  of  the  most  common  and  characteristic  inhabitants  of 
the  bottom,  in  100  to  500  fathoms,  along  our  entire  coast,  from  South 
Carolina  to  Newfoundland.  It  was  taken  in  the  trawl,  by  the  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission,  in  1872, 1873, 1874, 1877, 1878, 1879,  1880,  and  1881,  in 
depths  ranging  from  50  to  500  fathoms,  at  numerous  localities,  from  off 
Halifax,  N.  S.,  and  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  to  the  region  90  to  100  miles 
south  of  Martha's  Vineyard  and  Newport,  B.  I.,  where  it  is  common  and 
of  large  size.  It  was  obtained  by  Mr.  A.  Agassiz,  on  the  ''Blake'',  in 
1880,  at  various  stations,  from  N.  hit.  41"  34'  30",  to  32°  43'  25",  in  178 
to  524  fathoms. 

In  November,  1880,  it  wrfs  taken  by  Lieut.  Z.  L.  Tanner,  on  the  "  Fish 
Hawk",  off  the  mouth  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  in  157  to  300  fathoms. 

The  Gloucester  fishermen  have  brought  in  several  specimens  from  the 
banks  off  Nova  Scotia  and  Newfoundland.  These  were  presented  by 
Captain  Murphey  and  crew,  of  the  schooner  "Alice  M.  Williams"  (lots 
372,  .'JOl,  917);  by  Capt.  J.  W.  Collins  and  crew,  of  the  "Marion"  (lot 
264);  by  Capt.  J.  F.  Critchett  and  crew,  of  the  "Commonwealth"  (lot 
421);  by  Mr.  E.  Perkins,  of  the  "Grace  L.  Fears"  (lot  351);  by  Mr. 
Robert  Harlburt,  of  the  " '.  .rracouta  "  (lot  605) ;  by  Capt.  Thomas  Olsen 
and  crew,  of  the  "Epes  Tarr"  (lot  771);  and  by  Capt.  J.  McDonald 
and  crew,  of  the  "  G.  P.  Whitman  "  (lot  792). 


il 


.ffl 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  KISII  AND  FISHERIES.      [188] 


k 

.1' 


^.¥ 


rrof.  G.  O.  Sars  has  taken  it,  off  the  Norwegian  coaHt,  in  60  to  GOO 
fathoms. 

It  occurs  both  on  soft  muddy  bottom^}  and  on  hard  bottoms.  Both 
sexes  often  occur  together,  but  the  males  are  usually  the  most  numerous. 

Malesj  with  spermatophores  escaping,  have  been  taken,  from  July  27 
to  September  21,  at  stations  138, 161, 163,  223,  &c. 

One  of  the  specimens  obtained  by  Mr.  Agassiz  is  remarkable  for  the 
length  and  slenderness  of  the  cirrus  above  the  eyes  (Plate  XLI,  fig.  3). 
This  is  &n  immature  male,  and  does  not  appear  to  differ  in  any  other 
way  from  ordinary  specimens,  of  similar  size.  The  appendage  of  the 
hectocotylized  arm  is  small  and  not  fully  developed  (as  is  always  the 
case  in  young  males),  and  has  an  ovate-triangular  form,  a  slightly  con- 
cave surface,  and  only  a  few  transverse  lamellse. 

This  species  resembles  0.  lentun,  but  has  a  much  larger  and  rough  or 
lacerate  cirrus  above  the  eye.  The  modified  arm  of  the  male  is  also 
different. 

It  is  somewhat  related  to  0.  Orcenlandieus  Dewh.,  but  the  male  of  the 
latter  has  the  third  right  arm  much  longer,  with  the  modified  spoon- 
shaped  portion  relatively  very  much  smaller  and  quite  different  in  form, 
and  with  more  numerous  folds,  and  the  basal  part  bears  41  to  43  suck- 
ers ;  the  other  arms  also  have  more  numerous  suckers;  the  web  is  less 
extensive  and  the  body  is  more  elongated,  and  appears  to  be  smooth, 
and  destitute  of  the  large  cirri  above  the  eyes. 

0,  obeaus  has  the  spoon-shaped  part  of  the  third  right  arm  relatively 
larger,  and  several  of  the  basal  suckers  of  the  other  arms  in  a  single 
row.    It  also  differs  in  other  respects. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  kept  alive  for  several  days,  in  order 
to  observe  its  habits.  Several  characteristic  drawings,  some  of  which 
are  here  reproduced  (Plate  XLI,  fig.  2;  PI.  XLII,  figs.  1,  2),  were  made 
from  life  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Emerton,  showing  its  different  attitudes. 

When  at  rest  it  remained  at  the  bottom  of  the  vessel,  adhering  firmly 
by  some  of  the  basal  suckers  of  its  arms,  while  the  outer  portions  of  the 
arms  were  curled  back  iu  various  positions;  the  body  was  held  in  a 
nearly  horizontal  position,  and  the  eyes  were  usually  half-closed  and  had 
a  sleepy  look ;  the  siphon  was  usually  turned  to  one  side,  and  was  long 
.  enough  to  be  seen  in  a  view  from  above. 

When  disturbed,  or  in  any  way  excited,  the  eyes  opened  more  widely, 
especially  at  night;  the  body  became  more  contracted  and  rounded, 
and  was  held  more  erect;  the  small  tubercles  over  its  surface  and  the 
larger  ones  above  the  eyes  were  erected,  giving  it  a  very  decided  ap- 
pearance of  excitement  and  watchfulness. 

It  was  rarely,  if  ever,  observed  actually  to  creep  about  by  means  of 
its  arms  and  suckers,  but  it  would  swim  readily  and  actively,  circling 
around  the  pans  or  jars,  in  which  it  was  kept,  many  times  before  resting 
again. 

In  swimming  backward  the  partial  web  connecting  the  arms  together 


:s.  [188] 
I  60  to  oOO 

ms.  Both 
numerous. 
)in  July  27 

bio  for  the 
:li,  fig.  3). 
.  any  other 
lage  of  the 
always  the 
lightly  con- 
id  rough  or 
lale  is  also 

male  of  the 
ifled  spoon- 
ent  in  form, 
to  43  suck- 
web  is  less 
)  be  smooth, 

n  relatively 
3  in  a  single 

ys,  in  order 
ne  of  which 
,  were  made 
des. 

lering  firmly 
rtions  of  the 
IS  held  in  a 
)8ed  and  had 
nd  was  long 

more  widely, 
,nd  rounded, 
•face  and  the 
J  decided  ap- 

by  means  of 
vely,  circling 
lefore  resting 

rms  together 


[189]       CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTllKASTKRN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

wii8  used  as  an  organ  of  locomotion,  as  well  as  the  siphon ;  the  web  and 
th»  arms  were  alternately  spread  and  closed,  the  closing  being  done 
energetically  and  coincidently  with  the  ejection  of  the  water  from  the 
siphon,  and  the  arms,  after  each  contraction,  were  all  held  pointing 
strtiight  forward  in  a  compact  bundle,  so  as  to  afford  the  least  resistance 
to  the  motion  (Plate  XLI,  fig.  2).  As  the  motion  resulting  from  each 
impulse  began  to  diminish  sensibly,  the  arms  were  again  spread  and  the 
same  actions  repeated.  This  action  of  the  arms  and  web  recalled  that 
of  the  disk  of  the  jelly-fishes,  but  it  was  much  more  energetic. 

The  siphon  was  )>ent  in  ditt'erent  directions  to  alter  the  direction  of 
the  motions,  and  by  bending  it  to  the  right  or  left  side,  backwanl  mo- 
tions in  oblique  or  circular  directions  were  given,  but  it  was  often  bent 
du'ectly  downward  and  curved  backward,  sc  hat  the  jet  of  water  from 
it  served  to  propel  the  animal  directly  forward.  This,  so  far  as  ob- 
served, was  its  only  mode  of  moving  forward.  The  same  mode  of  swim- 
ming forward  has  previously  been  observed  in  cuttle-fishes  {Sepia)  and 
in  squids  {Loligo). 

This  species  was  much  more  active  and  animated  in  the  night  than 
during  the  day.  It  is  probably  largely  nocturnal  in  its  habits,  when  at 
liberty.  None  of  the  specimens  could  be  induced  to  take  food,  and 
none  survived  more  than  four  or  five. days,  ^though  the  water  was  fre- 
quently renewed  to  keep  it  cool  and  pure.  They  had  been  rather  roughly 
handled  by  the  dredges  and  trawls,  without  doubt;  but  the  unavoid- 
able exposure  to  the  higher  temperature  of  the  water,  near  and  at  the 
surface,  especially  in  summer,  is  sufficient  to  kill  many  of  the  deep-water 
animals,  wliile  others  that  live  for  a  short  time  never  entirely  recover 
from  the  injury  thus  received. 

Octopus  Bairdii. — Speciment  examined. 


No. 


32 

32 

45 

85-80 


130 

i:i8 

150 
l«l 
183 
184 
182 
184 
169 
207 
ill 


LooaUty. 


United  Stat*»  Fitk  OommUiion. 


Bay  of  Fandy 

do 

do 

Off  Grand  Menan  IsUnd. 
Cmco  Bay 


Gnlf  of  Maine. 

do 

Off  Cape  Sable. 
Off  \lalifax.... 


Qulf  o/ifaine  and  l£a*iaehui»tt» 
Bay. 


Off  Gloucester,  Mass 

Off  Cape  Ann 

do 

do 

do 

do 

South  of  Cape  Ann  ... 
Off  Gloucester,  Mass 

Off  Cape  Ann 

Off  Gloucester,  Mass  . 


Off  Cape  Ann. 
.do 


Fath- 
om*. 


Bottom. 


76 
80 
60 
97-110 
64 


Gravel . 


90    Mud 

90  '....do 

91  I  Fine  sand. 
101  '....do 


49 
59 
42 
54 
73 
75 


45 
58 
42 
60 
68 


Mud 

Muddy  . . . 

Mud 

Sand 

Fine  sand. 
do 


Muddy  .. 

Mud 

Soft  mud 

Mud 

,...do  ..... 


When 
oolleoted. 


1872 

1872 

1872 

1872 

1878 

1877 

Aug.  14 

Aug.  14 

Aug.  21 

SepL    0 


187a 

July  28 
July  29 
Aug.  15 
Aug.  16 
Aug.  16 
Aug.  16 
Aug.  29 
Aug.  29 
Sept  2 
Sept.  16 
Sept.  17 
Sept  17 


Specimens. 


Number  and  itx. 

ld':lj.cf:lj.9 
1  L  o 

\<f 
ij.d" 

1  med. 

1 1.  d  (flg'd). 

2  L  rf  :  2  m.  rf 
lld':4J.rf:4J.9 
4d':49 


.cf:29 


lj.<^:lj.9 
31.rf:lJ.9 


2cf'3j.rfi  21.9:  3J.9 


1W:21. 

itd-tlj. 

6j.  d-iSl., 

2d''3j.rf ^.  .,., 

3l|:li.cr 
lj.c/:5!l.d':11.9:2J-5 

4i.^:2J9=19 


I'; 

:«. 
t- 


'?,  1 


-fif 


iir 


1, 

f 

i 

■ 

» 

I 

- 

_^ 

1 

'1 

t 

i 

L 

REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OP  FIHH  AND  FISHERIES.     [JDO] 
OeU^fut  BainUi— Contiuned. 


No. 


214 
22S 
2U 
334 

238 

2M 
342 
304 

372 


870 
874 
878 
879 
880 
802 

e»3 

894 
89S 


897 
898 


337 
310 
33« 
821 
30« 


92S 
939 

945 

948 

947 

951 
952 
994 

907 


1025 

1026 

1028 

1033 

1035 

1049 
1047 


LouOlty. 


auff  «J  Malm*  rnn*  UaiHukuttU 

i(ay— GoBttnned. 


OffC»pe  Ann 

do. 

South  oi  Capo  Ann . 

do...,.". 

Off  Cape  Ann 


Off  Cape  Cod 

do: 

do 

Off  Chatham,  Maaa 


Of  Newport,  R.  I. 


N 

40O 
40O 
40" 
30° 
890 
390 
390 
89° 
89° 
80° 


Ut 
02' 18"; 
02' 36"; 
00' 00"; 
55' 00"; 
49' 80"; 
48'  30"  i 
46' 00"; 
62' 20"; 
53' 00"; 
56' 80"; 


W.  long. 
70°  28'  0»", 
70°  23' 18", 
70°  67'  00". 
70°  64' 16". 
70°  64' 00", 
70°  64'  00". 
71°O5'0O". 
70°  68'  00". 
70°  58' 30". 
70°  SO*  46". 


Of  ChuapealM  Bay. 


N.  lat        W.  long. 

370  25' 00";  74°  18' 00". 
87°  84' 00";  74°  17' 00". 


Blake  Bapfdition,  Unittd  State* 

Oooit  Survey. 


N.lat. 
41°  84' 80"; 
350  45' 30"; 
84°  00' 30"; 
390  69' 16"; 
38°  21' 60"; 
32°  43' 25"; 
41°  32' 50": 


W.  long. 
65°  64' 80". 
740  00' 48". 
76°  10'  80". 
70°  18'  30". 
73°  00' 82". 
77°  20' 30". 
65°  65' 00". 


Of  Martka'i  '^ineyard,   TTnited 
StaUe  Fitk  Oommiuion. 

S.  i  W.  80  miles  fh>m  Oay  Head .. 
S.  by  E.  i  E.  98  milea  from  Oay 

Head 

8.  by  W.  I W.  841  milea  from  Oay 


S.  by  W.  i  W.  87i  milea  from  Oay 
Hei  ' 


lead 


S.  by  "W.  i  W.  89  mUea  from  Oay 

Hfead.: 

S.  85  miles  from  0«y  Head 


S.  1  E.  871  miles  frt>m  Oay  Head. . 
saw.  I  W.  104i  mUes  from  Oay 

SSW.  I  W.  iosi  miles  from  Oay 

SSW.  k  W.'ioai'mUes  from  Gay 

Head 

SSW.  i  W.  95  mUes  frvm  Oay 

Head 

SSW.  i  "W.  93i  miles  from  Oay 

Head 

SSE.  }  E.  108i  miles  from  Oay 

Head 


SSE.  i  E.  106  miles  from  Oay 
Hceil 

SSE.  t  B.  1081  mUes  from  Oay 
Head 

Off  Delaware  Bay , 

Off  Delaware  Bay 


rath- 


87 
47 
46 
48 
48 

80 
94 

78 
70 


193 
166 
86 
1421 
226 
2524 
487 
373 
866 
238 


167i 
300 


806 

263 
178 
260 
197 
338 
634 


858 

203 

341 

313 
319 
388 

308 

335 

302 
216 
183 
410 

183 

120 
312 
156 


BMtMU. 


Whan    I 
coUeotad., 


Spaeimena. 


Fine  aand. 
BoAmod  . 
....do 

do 

...do 


Mad 

...do 

Hard  sand. 
Sand 


Kadandaand 
Fineaand — 

Mnd 

do 

Fine  sand  ... 

Hud 

...do 

...do 

Band 

llnd 


Sand, 
llnd. 


Sand  and  mad 

Sand  and  mnd 

Sand  and  mad 

^d  and  mad 

L  tadandmnd 

1  nd 

Bind  and  mad 

Mid 

V  d 

Mu»' 

Mud 

Mad 

Mud 

Sand  &  gravel 

Sand 

Mud 

SHnd 


isra 

Bspt  17 
Bept  31 
Sept.  34 
Sept  84 
BepU  38 

1879. 
July  39 
Sept.  10 
Sept  18 
Sept  19 


lm.9 

8<fil9:lL9 

lj.rf 

Slrfilj.? 

89 


1880. 
Sept  4 
Sept  4 
Sept  13 
Sept  13 
Sept  18 
Sept  13 
Oct  2 
Oct      3 


V 
im.,f 

aid 

11.9 


rf!lj.9!ll.9 

r:ij? 


I 


Oct 
Oct 

3 
3 

KOT. 

Not. 

16 
16 

1880 
1880 
1888 
1880 

1880 

1881 
July 

18 

Ang. 

4 

Aug. 

9 

Ang. 

9 

Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 

9 

S3 

23 

Sept 

8 

S«pt 

8 

Sept 

8 

Sept. 

8 

Sept 

8 

Sept. 

14 

Sept. 

14 

Sept. 

Oct 

Oct 

14 
lU 
10 

11.9:8J.9 
ll.rf;8J. 

ILrf 
Irf:  19 
Irf:  1$ 

11-9 
2(f!  39 
ai(f:  89 
2  L  (f  :  8  1. 9 


ILtf 
2d-i49 


lcf<flg'd). 

4rf!f9J. 

Id"!  19 

Irf 

IrfJ. 

lrf:l9J- 

Id"  J. 


lLrf:8J.<f 
lrf:19=lj. 

4  9:6<^i8j. 
lL9:4rf 

49:a<f 

11.  «f 

lj.«f 

l<f:l  9 

4j. 

1 1.  d* :  1 L  9 

1  <f 

Irf 

11.  rf 
11.  rf 
19 


[191]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  N0RT1IEA8TEBN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

Oetoput  AiMU— Coutinaed. 


Lot 


M4 

S6t 

373 

421 
901 


LockUty. 


tto  4*'  K.  Ut  i  Oe  IT'  W.  long. 
440  17'  00"  N.  I  680  IC  00"  W .. 
Off  ]fii(iMloB  bind 


BuiqiuiNAa,  off  Vot*  SooUa. 

480  14'  00"  N.  i  01°  07'  00"  W  . 


721    Oraad  Bank  . 


COS 

771 
792 
(17 


Brown'iBMk 

Off  SiOiit  Petor't  Bonk  . 


Banqnereau,  K.  S  , 


Fftth- 


aoo 

380 


Bottom. 


L. 


380    IfarUn 

130    OiMO  L.  Feani 
7    AUmX.  WU- 
liMfia. 
Coamonweatth 
AllMlT  WU- 

Umim. 
Oay  UnnnlnH' 

...    BMTM>ODt«.  . 

80  I  KppB  Tarr  ... 

...I  O.P.Whitmui 
...:  Alice  M.Wil 


When 
eoUMtod 


187S-'80. 
Jan. 
June   8 
July  — 

Aug.  14 
Oct.     8 

July    8 

Jan.  — 
July  - 
Auk.  — 


Speelmwu. 


11.  rf 
IJ.:  101.9 

Im.ff 
I111.9 

11.9 

1  mutilatad. 
lrf:l  9 
11.,^ 
11.  rf 


In  the  last  column  of  this  table,  I=large;  i=youiig;  m=inedinm  sized ;  ^s=male; 
9  =  female. 


Ootopua  lentua  Verrill. 

Verrill,  Amer.  Joiiru.  Uci.,  xix.p.  138,  Feb.,  1860;  p.  294,  April,  1880;  Trans. 
Conn.  Aoad.,  v,  p.  375,  pi.  35,  figs.  1,2;  pi.  51,  fig.  2;  Bulletin  Mns.  Comp, 
Zool.,  viii,  p.  108,  pi.  '  fig.  2,  i . 

Plate  XLIII,  figures  1, 2,  female.    Plate  XLIV,  figure  2,  male. 

Female  (type-specimen):  body  broad,  stout,  depressed,  slightly  emar- 
ginate  at  the  posterior  end,  rather  soft  to  the  touch,  and  in  some  speci- 
mens gelatinous  in  appearance ;  a  thin,  soft,  free,  marginal  membrane 
rims  along  the  sides  and  around  the  posterior  end  of  the  body,  becom- 
ing widest  (about  12°><")  posteriorly ;  in  some  of  the  more  strongly  con- 
tracted specimens  this  membrane  is  but  little  apparent.  Head  large, 
broad,  depressed,  with  the  eyes  large  and  far  apart;  above  each  eye 
there  is  a  small,  simple,  conical,  acute,  contractile  cirrus.  A  wellde- 
reloped,  thin  web  connects  the  arms,  considerably  above  their  bases, 
and  then  runs  up  to  the  tips  as  a  broad  margin  to  each  arm. 

The  arms  are  rather  large,  stout  at  base,  with  a  broad  inner  face,  and 
taper  gradually  to  very  slender  tips;  the  first  and  third  pairs  are  nearly 
equal  in  length ;  those  of  the  second  are  also  about  equal  in  length  to 
the  fourth  pair,  but  are  somewhat  shorter  than  the  first  and  third.  The 
arms  on  the  right  side  are  all  somewhat  longer  than  the  corresponding 
ones  on  the  left.  The  arms,  measuring  from  the  beak,  are  more  than 
twice  as  long  as  the  body.  The  suckers  are  arranged  in  two  distinct 
rows,  to  the  base. 

Color  of  head  and  body,  above,  and  of  body,  beneath,  deep  reddish- 
brown,  closely  specked  with  darker  brown,  and  with  many  small  round- 
ish spots  of  whitish  on  the  body  and  arms. 

Length  of  the  type-specimen  (female)  from  the  beak  to  end  of  body, 
not  including  marginal  web,  60'""' ;  breadth  of  web,  22 ;  total  length,  194  j 
breadth  of  body,  40;  breadth  of  head  across  eyes,  32;  of  eye-openings, 
10;  of  eyeballs,  17;  length  of  mantle,  beneath,  38;  length  of  first  pair 


* '■ 

{ 


rv 


1 


11} 


KKI'OUT  Ol'  (OMMIS.SIONKK  Ol'  I'ISII   AND  FISIIKKIKS, 


[192] 


11   J,': 


m 


If'i* 


'    i 


of'aniiH,  112  iind  lOu;  of  socond  pair,  103  and  00;  of  third  pair,  112  and 
100;  of  fourth  pair,  94  and  97;  breadth  of  those  of  the  three  upper 
pairs,  8;  of  the  ventral  pair,  7""". 

Male:  BiMly  deprosHed,  rounded  posteriorly,  with  only  a  trace  of  a 
lateral  and  iwKterior  fold;  surface  soft  and  nearly  smooth,  but  showing 
a  small  number  of  minute  white  papilltu  sparsely  scattered  over  the 
dorsal  surface.  Cirrus  above  the  eye  small  and  simple,  usually  con 
tracted  into  a  small  wartlike  papilla.  Head  broad  and  flattened  ;  eyett 
large.  Arms  rather  long  and  slender,  with  slender  tapering  tips,  their 
bases  united  by  a  rather  wide  web.  Suckers  small,  very  prominent, 
forming  two  regular  rows  quite  to  the  base. 

The  first  two  pairs  of  arms  are  nearly  equal  and  somewhat  longer 
than  the  two  lower  pairs,  which  differ  but  little  between  themselves. 
The  hectocotylized  arm  (third  of  right  side)  bears  thirty  five  suckers,  in 
two  rows,  and  a  remarkably  large,  terminal  spoon-shaped  organ,  which 
occupies  more  than  a  third  of  the  total  length  of  the  arm;  its  sides  are 
bent  up  and  the  edges  inroUed,  so  as  to  form  a  deep  cavity ;  its  outer 
end  is  broadly  rounded  laterally,  and  terminates  in  a  central,  narrow, 
acute  lobe ;  internally  there  are  nine  large,  high,  oblique  lamellii',  with 
deep  fosste  l)etween  them;  the  proximal  end  has  a  large,  acute,  triangu 
lar  lobe,  with  involute  margins;  from  this  lobe  a  broJid  groove  extend-s 
along  the  lower  edge  of  the  arm  to  the  inacgin  of  the  web ;  where  it 
terminates  there  is  a  distinct  thickening  of  the  bounding  in  embraue. 

The  two  males  of  this  species,  described  above,  were  dredged  by  ]\Ir. 
Agassiz,  on  the  Blake,  in  1880,  in  404  and  003  fathoms.  They  agnut 
well  in  the  peculiar  characters  and  large  size  of  the  appendage  of  the 
hectocotylized  arm.  The  females  only  were  previously  known.  Al 
though  these  males  have  a  mere  trace  of  the  loose  membranous  fold  of 
skin,  along  the  sides  and  around  the  posterior  end,  so  conspicuous  in 
the  original  female  specimen  of  this  species,  they  agree  so  well  in  other 
characters  that  I  unite  them  without  much  hesitation.  It  is  probable 
that  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  membranous  fold,  in  this  and  other 
species,  may  be  due  merely  to  differences  in  the  state  of  contraction 
when  they  die,  or  even  to  differences  in  the  strength  of  the  alcohol. 

Meaturementt  in  millimetert. 


{:$■ 


Right  side,  d 

Left  side.  J 

Right  side.  9 

Left  side.  9 

Total  lunffth 

96 
84 
64 
28 
22 
65 
61 

104 

Posterior  end  to  center  of  eye 

Eve  to  tin  of  dorsal  arms  ............ 



Breadth  of  bodv 

40 

32 

112 

103 

112 

Breadth  of  heart 

Length  of  dorsnl  nrmn  f^m  mouth  . . 
Length  of  Mcond  pair  from  mouth  . . 

61 

105 
96 

52 

106 

Len^h  of  hectocotylized  arm  from 

58 

53 

94 

07 

Length  of  spoon-shaped  appendage. . 

23 
16 

Ko. 


7 

10 

U3 

718 
737 
N7 
Ml 


3.     [102]    ■     [^l(i;i]      CKPirALOFODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA 


r,  112  and 
ree  upper 

trace  of  a 
t  showing 
[  over  the 
mftlly  con 
iiied  J  eyes 
tips,  their 
[)rominent, 

hat  longer 
heuiselves. 
suckers,  in 
{Tan,  which 
ts  sides  are 
;  its  outer 
ul,  narrow, 
nelhe,  with 
ite,  triangu 
)ve  extends 
);  where  it 
'mbraue. 
Iged  by  Mr. 
They  agn-o 
dage  of  tlie 
nowu.    Al 
lous  fold  of 
ispicuous  in 
rell  in  other 
is  probable 
is  and  other 

contraction 

alcohol. 


I«ft  Bide.  9 


105 

90 

106 


07 


The  first  specimen  of  this  species  was  taken  ofl'  Nova  Scotia,  near  Lo 
lliive  Uank,  in  120  fathoms,  by  Capt.  Bamuel  Peoples  and  crew  of  the 
schooner  "  M.  II.  Perkins  ",  and  presented  to  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
A  few  others  have  since  been  brought  in  by  the  Qloucester  flshtrmen 
froui  the  bank  fisheries.  Mr.  A.  Agasaiz  dredged  it  on  the  Blake  in 
im),  as  far  south  as  N.  lat.  33°  42'  16''.  It  ranges  in  depth  fVom  ICO  to 
603  fathoms. 

In  the  soft  consistency  of  the  flesh  and  skin  this  species  resembles 
Octopua  obeswt.  It  differs  in  the  shorter  and  posteriorly  cmarginate 
body,  and  especially  in  the  arrangement  of  the  suckers,  which  in  that 
species  are  in  a  single  series  toward  the  bases  of  the  arms. 

Ootopu$  lentUB. — Specimetu  examined. 


Ho. 


7 

10 

U3 

718 
737 
W7 
M8 


SUt 


820 
329 


LooAllty. 


Fath. 


When 
ooU'd. 


N.  Ut.  33°  42'  15".  W.  long.,  TIP  0-  50"  (B1»ke)  

N.  l»t.  34°  «»  40",  W.  long..  75°  14'  40"  (Blake) . .     . 
Le  Have  Benk,  K.  H.  inch.  M.  H.  Perkine) 

S.  of  NuwfounilUnil  (nch.  Proctor  Bnithvra) 

8t.  Pt^ter'H  Bank  (soli,  AnKUsta  U.  Jobnaon) 

BamiuertMn  (ach.  Enua  Tarr) . .  

K.  lat  44°  32' ;  Or.  Bank  (aoli.  Uu>  Cunningham) 


404 

008 
120 
ISO 
200 


18«M) 
1880 
1879 
1880 
1880 
1880 
1880 


Specimens. 


No.aodaes. 


i(fl  9 
1  (f  (flgd). 
1  9  (HK'd). 

■111. 
1  I. 


\t 


Octopus  obeaua  Verrill.— (Stout  devil-fish.) 

Octoput  obeaut  Vorrill,  American  Joum.  Sci.,  vol.  xix,  p.  137,  Feb.,  1880;  vol. 
xix,  p.  294,  Apr.,  1830 ;  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  379,  pi.  36,  figs.  3, 4, 1881. 

.  Plate  XLII,  figures  G,  6a. 

Male:  Remarkable  for  the  great  size  of  the  spoon-shaped  organ  of 
the  right  arm  of  the  third  pair.  Body  relatively  large,  stout,  oblong- 
oval,  somewhat  flattened  above,  obtusely  rounded  at  the  posterior  end ; 
soft  and  somewhat  gelatinous  in  texture;  skin,  so  far  as  preserved, 
smooth,  soft.  No  cirrus  exists  above  the  eye,  in  our  specimen,  but  the 
skin  is  not  so  well  preserved  in  that  region  as  to  render  it  certain  that 
a  small  one  may  not  have  existed,  in  life.    Eyes  very  large. 

Arms  moderately  long,  the  dorsal  longest,  others  successively  shorter; 
all  are  somewhat  laterally  compressed  at  base,  tapering  to  long,  slender 
tips;  a  moderately  developed  web  connects  them  together  at  base.  The 
hectot'otylized  arm  (third  of  right  side),  bears  at  the  end  a  very  largo, 
broad  and  thick,  but  not  very  deep,  spoon-like  organ,  occupying  more 
than  a  third  of  the  total  length  of  the  arm ;  its  inner  surface  is  crossed 
by  eleven  oblique,  thick,  rounded  folds  or  ribs,  ten  of  them  converging 
backward  to  the  median  line  and  at  their  outer  ends  joining  a  marginal 
thickening;  the  distal  end  terminates  in  a  median  pointed  lobe,  with  a 
thin,  rounded,  lateral  lobe  each  side  of  it;  the  proximal  border  is 
formed  by  the  last  (eleventh)  fold,  which  is  V-sbaped,  with  the  apex 
pointing  distally.    A  broad,  thin,  marginal  membrane  extends  along  the 


:W 


I 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AN1>  FISHERIES.     [194] 

lower  side  of  the  arm,  from  the  terminal  organ  to  the  base.    The  suck- 
ers have  been  partly  detached  from  this  f;  m. 

The  suckers  of  all  the  arms  are  moderately  large,  nearly  globular  in 
form,  rather  numerous ;  the  first  six  to.  ten  at  the  base  are  nearly  in  one 
line,  except  on  the  left  arm  of  the  sceond  pair,  and  appear  to  form  onlya 
single  tow;  in  this  part  the  inner  face  of  the  arm  Is  narrow,  most  so  on 
the  right  arm  of  the  second  pair,  and  least  on  the  left  arm  of  the  same 
pair ;  farther  out  this  face  becomes  broader  and  the  suckers  are  in  two 
distinct  rows.  The  suckers  are  destroyed  on  the  distal  portion  of  all 
the  arms. 

The  color  of  the  body  and  arms  is  mostly  destroyed,  but  so  far  as  pre- 
served, is  pale  pinkish,  more  or  less  thickly  speckled  with  distinct  red- 
dish brown  spots,  roost  conspicuous  at  the  bases  of  the  arms  and  above 
the  eyes  (elsewhere  the  color  is  probably  not  so  well  preserved).  Length 
of  body,  from  posterior  end  to  base  of  arms,  82""*;  to  center  of  eye, 72; 
to  edge  of  mantle,  beneath,  49 ;  to  tip  of  right  dorsal  arm,  213 ;  left, 
198;  to  tips  of  secoi'fl  pair,  200;  to  tip  of  right  arm  of  third  pair,  173; 
of  left,*  197;  to  tip  ot  right  of  fourth  pair,  187;  of  left,  178:  to  edge  of 
web,  110;  breadth  of  body,  in  middle,  40;  breadth  of  head,  across  eyes, 
38;  breadth  of  dorsal  arms,  at  base,  8;  diameter  of  largest  suckers,  3; 
length  of  spoon-shaped  end  of  right  arm  of  third  pair  (hectocotylized), 
35;  breadth,  IC;  length  of  the  rest  of  arm,  to  mouth,  65°"". 

Taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  halibut,  36  miles  east  from  the  N.  E. 
light  of  Sable  Island,  in  160  t(i  300  fathoms,  by  Charles  Euckley,  of  the 
schooner  H.  A.  Duncan,  and  presented  by  him  to  the  U.  S.  Fish  Com 
mission,  1879. 

A  second,  smaller  specimen,  apparently  of  this  species,  was  also  taken 
from  the  stomach  of  a  halibut,  from  Banquereau,  off  Nova  Scotia,  in  150 
fathoms,  and  presented  to  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  by  Capt.  Ohaa. 
Markuson  and  crew,  of  the  schooner  "  Notice",  April,  1880.  The  latter 
specimen  was,  however,  in  too  bad  condition  to  afford  any  additional 
characters. 

This  species  differs  from  Octopus  Bairdii  V.  and  0.  Untus  V.,  from  the  I 
same  region,  in  its  longer  and  larger  body,  and  especially  in  having  the 
basal  suckers  in  a  single  row.    The  '  spoon'  of  the  hectocotylized  arm  is 
very  much  larger  than  in  0.  OrSnlandicus,  and  considerably  larger  and  | 
flatter  and  more  deeply  trilobed  at  the  end  than  in  0.  Bairdii. 

Octopus  plsoatorum  Verrill. — (Fishermen's  devil-fish. ) 

Oetoput pitcatorum  Verrill,  Amer.  Joani.  Sci.,  vol.  xviii,  p.  470,  Dec,  1879;  vol. 
xix,  p.  294,  Apr.,  1880;  Trans.  Conn  Acad.,  v,  p.  :«7,  pi.  36,  figs.  1,  2, 1881.  | 

Plate  XL,  figures  1,  la. 

The  body  of  the  female  is  smooth,  depressed,  about  as  broad  as  long;! 
obtusely  rounded  posteriorly,  not  showing  any  lateral  ridges  nor  dorsal] 
papillsB.  No  cirrus  above  the  eyes.  Arms  long,  rather  slender,  taperf 
ing  to  long,  slender,  acute  tips,  the  upper  ones  a  little  (2.5'"")  shorter  thanj 


Octopus 

1  hav 
of  Eurc 
It  is  pre 


[195]      CEPHALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

those  of  the  second  pair,  which  are  the  longest ;  the  third  pair  are  aboat 
one-half  inch  (12'"'")  shorter  than  the  second;  the  ventral  pair  about  one- 
fourth  inch  (6'"">)  shorter  than  the  third.  In  our  specimen  all  the  arms  on 
the  right  side  are  somewhat  shorter  than  those  on  the  left,  and  the  web 
between  the  1st  and  2d  pairs  is  narrower,  due  perhaps  to  recovery  from  an 
injury.  The  web  between  the  arms,  except  ventrally,  is  of  about  equal 
width,  and  scarcely  more  than  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  arms,  meajsu 
uring  from  the  beak.  Between  the  ventral  arms  the  web  is  about  half 
as  wide  as  between  the  lateral. 

The  suckers  are  moderately  large,  alternating  in  two  regular  rows, 
except  close  to  the  mouth,  where  a  few  stand  nearlj"^  in  a  single  line; 
about  fourteen  to  sixteen  are  situated  on  the  part  of  the  arms  included 
within  the  interbnichial  web.  The  whole  number  of  suckers  on  one  arm 
is  upwards  of  seventy. 

Color  of  the  alcoholic  specimen,  deep  purplish  brown,  due  to  very 
numerous  crowded,  minute,  specks;  eyelids  whitish.  The  front  border 
of  the  mantle,  beneath,  and  the  base  of  the  siphon  and  adjacent  parts,  are 
white ;  end  of  siphon  brown.  Lower  side  of  head  and  arms  lighter  than 
the  dorsal  side. 

Total  length,  from  posterior  eul  of  body  to  tip  of  arms,  of  Ist  pair, 
158""";  2d  pair,  160;  3d  pair,  146;  4th  pair,  133;  to  web  between  dorsal 
arms,  82;  between  ventral  arms,  63;  to  edge  of  mantle,  beueath,  30;  to 
center  of  eye,  39.  Breadth  of  body,  31 ;  of  head  across  eyes,  30 ;  breadth 
of  arms,  at  base,  55 ;  diameter  of  largest  suckers,  2.5 ;  length  of  arms 
beyond  web,  1st  pair,  76 ;  2d  pair,  82 ;  3d  pair,  71 ;  4th  pair,  69""». 

Two  specimens  of  this  species,  both  females,  have  been  obtained.  The 
first  was  from  Le  Have  Bank,  off  Nova  Scotia,  in  120  fathoms,  taken  by 
Caj  t.  John  Mclunis  and  crew,  of  the  schooner  "M.  H.  Perkins",  October, 
Wid  (lot  530);  the  second  was  taken  by  Capt.  David  Campbell  and  crew, 
of  the  schooner  "Admiral",  near  the  Grand  Bank,  north  latitude,  44°  07' ; 
west  longitude,  52°  40',  in  200  fathoms,  December,  1879  (lot  590). 

This  species  resembles  0.  Gronlandictis,  of  which  the  males  alone  have 
been  described,  and  it  may  eventually  prove  to  be  the  female  of  that 
species. 

This  species  is  easily  distinguished  from  0.  Bairdii,  by  its  more 
elongated  body,  its  much  longer  and  more  t'^.pered  arms,  with  shorter 
web;  by  the  absence  of  the  large,  rough,  pointed  papillae,  or  cirri, 
above  the  eyes,  and  by  its  general  smoothnesri.  The  white  color  of  the 
anderside  of  the  neck,  siphon,  and  mantle-border  also  appears  to  be 
characteristic. 


^1 


Octopus  rugoBus  Bobc. 

1  have  seen  several  specimens  of  a  large  Octopus,  allied  to  0.  vulgaris 
of  Europe,  which  were  taken  at  Beaufort,  N.  C,  and  near  Fort  Macon. 
It  is  probably  0.  rugosus. 


w 

wml^ 

:       : 

1'' 

Mf 

w  f 


n  ' 


■III 


■:t:'^ 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [196] 

Family  CIRRHOTEUTHID.T.  Keff. 

Kofferstein,  in  Bronn,  Thicr-Roich,  iii,  p.  144H,  IfjtiG. 

Body  somewhat  elongated,  furnished  with  a  short,  thick  tai>ering  fin 
on  each  side,  supported  by  an  internal  transverse  cartilage.  Mantle  ex- 
tensively united  to  the  head.  Arms  united  nearly  to  the  tips  by  a  broad 
umbrella-shaped  membrane  or  web.  Suckers  in  a  single  row,  alternating 
with  slender  cirri. 

STAUROTBUTHIS  Yerrill. 

Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  xviii,  p.  468,  Dec,  1879;  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  p.  382,  1881. 

Allied  to  CirrhoteuthiSy  but  }^ith  thd  mantle  united  to  the  head  all 
around,  and  to  the  dorsal  side  of  the  slender  siphon,  which  it  surrounds 
like  a  close  collar,  leaving  only  a  very  narrow  opening  around  the  base 
of  the  siphon,  laterally  and  ventrally.  Fins  long,  triangular,  in  advance 
of  the  middle  of  the  body.  Dorsal  cartilage  forming  a  median  angle, 
directed  backward.  Body  flattened,  soft,  bordered  by  a  membrane. 
Eyes  covered  bj'^  the  integument.  "Web  not  reaching  the  tips  of  the 
arms,'  the  edge  concave  in  the  intervals.  Suckers  in  one  row,  with  a 
pair  of  slender  cirri,  alternating  with  them,  along  most  of  the  arm.  Cirri 
absent  between  the  basal  and  terminal  suckers. 

Stauroteuthis  ByrtenslB  Vcrrill. — (Finned  devil-fish.) 

Yerrill,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  xviii,  p.  468,  Dec,  1879;  xix, p.  294, pi.  16,  Apr,, 
1880;  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v,  p.  382,  pi.  32,  figs.  1-5, 1881. 

Plate  XXXVIII,  figures  1-5. 

Female:  Head  broad,  depressed,  not  very  distinct  from  the  body.  Eyes 
large.  Body  elongated,  flattened,  soft  or  gelatinous,  widest  in  the  middle, 
narrowed  but  little  forward,  but  decidedly  tapered,  back  of  the  fins,  to  the 
flat,  obtuse,  or  subtruncate  tail.  The  sides  of  the  head  and  of  the  body, 
forward  of  the  fins,  are  bordered  by  a  thin  soft  membrane,  about  12°'° 
wide.  The  fins  are  elongated,  sub-triangular,  obtusely  pointed,  placed 
in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  body,  supported  by  internal  cartilages 
which  unite  with  a  transverse  dorsal  v-sh^P6<l  one,  situated  behind  the 
fins.  Siphon  elongated,  about  12""°  long,  slender,  round,  with  a  smaJl 
terminal  opening.  Mantle-edge  so  contracted  and  thickened  around  the 
base  of  the  siphon  as  to  show  only  a  very  small  opening,  and  united  to 
it  in  the  middle  line  anteriorly  or  dorsally.  Eyes  large,  distinctly  visi 
ble  through  the  integument. 

Arms  long,  slender,  sub-equal,  each  united  to  the  great  web  by  a 
broad  membrane  developed  on  its  outer  side,  widest  (about  38"""  or  1.5 
inches)  in  the  middle  of  the  arm,  while  the  edge  of  the  web  unites  di 
rectly  to  the  sides  of  the  arms  and,  as  a  border,  runs  along  the  free  por- 
tion toward  the  very  slender  tip.  This  arrangement  gives  a  swollen  or 
campanulate  form  to  the  extended  web.  Edges  of  the  web  incurved 
between  the  arms,  widest  between  the  two  lateral  pairs  of  arms.    The 


ri961      I      [^''^]       CKPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTKKX  COAST  OF  AMKHICA. 

arms  bear  each  fifty-five  or  more  suckers,  in  a  single  row.  Those  in  tlio 
middle  region  are  wide  apart  (12"""  or  more)  with  a  pair  of  slender, 
thread-like  cirri,  about  25  to  32"""  long,  midway  between  them.  The 
cirri  commence,  in  a  rudimentary  form,  between  the  5th  and  Gth  suckers, 
on  the  dorsal  arms,  and  between  the  7th  and  8th,  on  the  lateral  and 
ventral  ones.  They  cease  before  the  23d  sucker  on  the  dorsal  and  lateral 
arms,  and  before  the  22d  on  the  ventral  ones,  which  bear  each  14  pairs 
of  cirri.  Near  the  mouth,  and  beyond  the  last  cirri  on  the  free  portion 
of  the  arms,  the  suckers  are  more  closely  arranged.  The  jaws  (figures 
4, 5)  have  short,  pointed  and  biit  little  incurved  tips ;  the  cutting  edges 
of  both  jaws  have  regularly  curved  outlines.  They  are  small,  with  a 
deep  cavity. 

Beyond  the  last  cirri  on  the  dorsal  arms  there  are  33  to  35  small 
suckers.  The  2d  arm  on  the  right  side  appears  to  be  imperfect.  On 
this  arm  there  are  biit  19  suckers  beyond  the  last  cirri;  then  follow  15, 
or  more,  minute,  wartlike  tubercles,  extending  to  the  tip.  Color,  in  alco- 
hol, generally  pale  with  irregular  mottlings  and  streaks  of  dull  brown- 
ish; inner  surface  of  arms  and  web,  toward  the  base,  and  membrane 
around  the  mouth,  deep  purplish-brown.  ^ 

Length  from  end  of  body  to  base  of  arms,  160"™ ;  length  to  posterior 
base  ot fins,  63 ;  to  anterior  base,  101 ;  width  across  fins,  126;  in  advance 
of  fins,  53  (not  including  lateral  membrane);  across  eyes,  44;  across  end 
of  tail,  30;  diameter  of  eye,  30;  width  of  fins,  at  base,  33;  their  length, 
44;  length  of  arms,  330  to  355;  portion  beyond  web,  63  to  76.  Edge  of 
extended  web,  between  upper  arms,  about  101 ;  between  lateral  arms, 
about  203 ;  entire  circumference  of  web,  about  1218""',  but  its  exact  ex- 
tent cannot  be  ascertained,  because  in  our  specimen  the  web  between 
the  ventral  arms  was  badly  torn. 

The  oviduct  is  single  and  nearly  median,  its  orifice  being  a  little  to 
the  left  of  the  median  line.  A  large  nidamental  gland,  consisting  of  a  pos- 
terior, yellowish  portion,  and  a  much  larger,  round,  dark  brown,  anterior 
portion,  surrounds  the  oviduct ;  the  portion  behind  these  glands  is  thin, 
tubular,  and  contains  large  round  ova.  The  anterior  portion,  in  front 
of  the  glands,  is  large  and  much  thickened,  and  terminat,es  in  a  slightly 
bilabiate  orifice,  at  the  base  of  the  siphon.  From  the  portion  of  the 
oviduct  in  front  of  the  large  glands,  I  took  a  large  mature  t^gg,  covered 
with  a  hard,  dark  reddish  brown  case. 

The  egg,  seen  endwise,  has  a  brosid,  elliptical  outline,  and  while  the 
two  ends  are  truncated  and  smoothish,  the  sides  are  ornamented  with 
numerous  regular,  roughened,  elevated  ribs.  Greatest  breadth  of  the 
egg,  11""";  thickness,  7"""';  length,  6"".  The  anal  orifice  is  not  raised 
on  a  distinct  elevation.  A  small  urethral  papilla  arises  in  front  of  the 
base  of  each  gill. 

The  only  known  exami)le  of  this  remarkable  species  was  taken  by 
Capt.  Melviu  Gilpatrick  and  crew,  schooner  "  Tolar  Wave  ",  north  latitude 


l)ering  fin 
[antle  ex- 
)y  a  broad 
Iternating 


p.  382,  1881. 

B  head  all 
surrounds 
,d  the  base 
in  advance 
lian  angle, 
membrane, 
tips  of  the 
row,  with  a 
arm.    Cirri 


>4.pl.l6,Apr., 


>ody.   Eyes 
the  middle, 
e  fins,  to  the 
of  the  body, 
about  12"'" 
ited,  placed 
al  cartilages 
behind  the 
vith  a  small 
i  around  the 
nd  united  to 
stinctly  visi 

.t  web  by  a 

3gmm  or  1.5 

eb  unites  di 
the  free  por- 
a  swollen  or 

ivob  incurved 
arms.    The  | 


'.i 


!*  ! 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [198] 

43°  54',  west  longitude  58°  44',  on  Banquereau,  about  30  miles  east  of 
Sable  Island,  Nova  Scotia,  in  250  fathoms.  Presented  to  the  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission,  September,  1879.    (Lot  472.) 

Meaturemcnta  of  Stauroteuthia  ayrtetuia. 


I<ength,  posterior  end  to  tip  of  dorsal  arms 

Lengtli  to  tip  of  second  pair 

Lengtti  to  tip  of  thirti  pair 

Lengtli  to  tip  of  foartb  pair 

Lenf^h  to  edge  of  web  between  dorsal  arms 

Iiength  to  base  of  dorsal  arms 

Leugtii  to  cbiiterof  eye J 

Length  to  anterior  base  of  fin  

Length  to  posterior  base  of  fin 

Length  to  outer  end  of  fin 

BreMth  across  fins : 

Breadth  of  flns  at  base  

Breadth  of  body  in  middle,  excluding  border 

Breadth  of  body,  with  membranous  Dorder 

Breadth  of  head  across  eyes 

Breadth  of  eyo 

Length  of  arm-tips  beyond  last  cirri,  first  pair. ... 
Length  of  arm-tips  biiyond  last  cirri,  second  ,  lir  . 
Length  of  ambtips  beyond  last  cirri,  third  pair... 
Length  of  arm-tips  L>cyond  last  cirri,  fourth  pair.. 

Length  of  longest  cirri  ..  

Length  of  siphon  

Its  breadth 

Upper  mandible,  total  length  ... 

Ito  height 

Beak  to  posterior  lateral  border  of  aUe 

Height  of  palatine  lamina 

Lower  mandible  length 

Its  height 

Beak  to  posterior  border  of  aln 

Beak  to  inner  end  of  ale 

Breadth  (or  depth)  of  gnlar  lamina 


I 


6.30 
6.76 
4.00 
2.70 
3.75 
6.00 
1.30 
2.10 

aoo 

1.75 

1.00 

4.00 

4.00 

4.25 

3.60 

1.25 

.60 

.20 

.52 

.36 

.16 

.32 

.40 

.38 

.24 

.80 

.20 


160 

146 

101 

68 

95 

126 

33 

63 

76 

44 

25 

101 

101 

lO?" 

8b 

32 

12.5 

6 

13 

9 

4 

8 

10 

9.5 

6 

7.5 
S 


r.-:'- 


[108]   I   [l^^O]   CEPHALOPODS  OF  NOETHEASTEKN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


iS  east  of 
J.  S.  Fish 


SXJPI^LI^MEISrT. 


i 

1 

a 

e'ab" 

""iw" 

6.76 

146 

4.00 

101 

2.70 

68 

3.75 

95 

6.00 

126 

1.30 

33 

2.10 

53 

3.00 

76 

1.75 

44 

1.00 

25 

4.00 

101 

4.00 

101 

4.25 

lOP 

3.50 

8S> 

1.25 

32 

.50 

12.5 

.20 

5 

.52 

>  ^l 

.36 

9 

.16 

4 

.32 

8 

10 

.38 

9.5 

6 

.80 

7.5 

.20 

5 

After  the  preceding  pages  were  put  in  type,  a  number  of  additional 
specimens  were  received,  some  of  them  of  great  interest.  Among  these 
there  are  some  forms  that  appear  to  have  been  previously  unknown. 
These  are,  therefore,  described  in  this  place.  Moreover,  several  papers 
have  been  published,  on  the  same  subject,  during  the  printing  of  this 
report.  Some  of  these  include  certain  of  the  species  above  described, 
and,  therefore,  may  well  be  noticed  here. 

ARCHITBUTHIS  Harting,  1861.    (S«e  pp.  [25],  [114].) 

Architeuthtu  Steenstrnp,  Forhandl.  Skand.  Natarf.,  1856,  vii,  p.  182, 1867  (no  deacrip- 

tion ) 
Plectoteuthis  Owen,    Descriptions   of  some  new  and  rare    Cephalopoda.     Part  II. 

<[  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  xi,  part  5,  p.  156,  pi.  34, 35,  June,  1881. 

Professor  Owen,  in  the  paper  quoted,  has  given  a  somewhat  detailed 
description,  with  figures,  of  the  large  cephalopod  arm,  long  preserved 
iu  the  British  Museum.  This  arm  had  previously  been  pretty  fully 
described  by  Mr.  Saville  Kent,  in  1874,  whose  description  has  already 
been  quoted  by  me.  (See  pp.  [57-59].)  Professor  Owen,  like  Mr.  Kent, 
fails  to  state  to  which  pair  of  arms  the  specimen  belongs.  This  is  a 
very  important  omission,  for  in  Archit€uthis,a.»  in  many  other  genera,  the 
arms  belonging  to  different  pairs  differ  in  form  and  stiucture.  The  de- 
scribers  of  this  arm  would,  doubtless,  have  been  able  to  ascertain  to 
which  pair  it  belongs  by  a  direct  comparison  with  the  arms  of  Ommas- 
trephes,  or  any  other  related  form.  For  this  arm.  Professor  Owen  en- 
deavors to  establish  a  new  genus  and  species  {Plectoteuthis  grandis). 
The  genus  is  based  mainly  on  the  fact  that  there  is  a  marginal  crest 
along  each  outer  angle,  and  a  narrow  protective  membrane  along  each 
side  of  the  sucker-bearing  face.  These  peculiarities  are  precisely  those 
seen  in  the  ventral  arms  of  Architeuthis,  and  have  already  been  described 
by  me  in  former  articles,  and  in  this  report  (see  pp.  [35],  [37],  [44]),  both 
as  found  in  A.  Rarveyi  and  A.  princeps.  Similar  membranes  or  crests 
are  found  on  the  dorsal  arms  of  Sthenoteuthis  pteropus  (see  PI.  XVII,  fig. 
7  a),  and  other  related  species. 

The  suckers  on  the  arm,  as  described  and  figured  by  Professor  Owen, 
are  like  those  of  Archiieuthis.  Therefore  there  is  no  ground  whatever 
for  referring  this  arm  to  any  other  genus,  and  Plectoteuthis  must  become 
a  synonym  of  Archiieuthis. 

Whether  the  arnv  in  question  belongs  to  a  species  distinct  from  those 
already  named,  I  am  unable  to  say.    There  is,  apparently,  nothing  to 


^1-: 


i^ 


It 


n 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [200] 


l;  M 


1 


1 


base  specific  characters  upon,  except  the  form  of  the  siiclvcrs  and  of  tlieir 
horny  rings.  But  the  description  of  the  liorny  rings  is  not  sufficiently 
precise,  nor  the  figures  sufficiently  detailed  to  at!'ord  such  characters. 
If  the  arm  is  one  of  the  ventral  pair,  as  seems  probable,  the  suckers,  as 
figured  by  Professor  Owen,  and  especially  as  more  fully  described  by 
Mr.  Kent,  are  of  the  same  form,  and  agree  closely,  but  not  perfectly, 
with  those  of  either  of  the  Newfoundland  specimens,  for  in  the  latter 
the  suckers  of  the  ventral  arms  are  not  denticulated  on  the  inner  side, 
or  but  slightly  so.  But  they  also  agree  well  with  those  of  Architeuthis 
Hartingii,  as  figured  by  Harting.  Those  of  the  original  A.  dux  Steenst. 
have  neither  been  described  nor  figured. 

As  this  arm  cannot,  at  present,  be  referred  with  certainty  to  any  of 
thes  named  species,  it  may  be  best  to  record  it  as  Architeuthis  grandis, 
until  better  known. 

In  the  same  article.  Professor  Owen  has  given  a  good  figure  (pi.  33, 
fig.  2)  of  the  tentacular  arm  of  the  Newfoundland  specimen  (my  No.  2), 
copied  from  the  same  photograph  described  by  me  (see  pp.  [0],  [33], 
[34]).  To  this  he  applies,  doubtless  by  mistake,  the  name,  Architeuthii 
princeps,*  without  giving  any  reason  for  not  adopting  my  conclusion 
that  it  belongs  to  A.  Harveyi.  But  he  does  not,  in  any  way,  refer  to  the 
latter  species,  although  he  mentions  the  specimen  (my  No.  5),  or  rather 
the  photograph  of  the  specimen,  on  which  that  species  was  based.  He 
apparently  (p.  162)  supposes  that  both  photographs  and  Mr.  Harvey's 
two  series  of  measurements  refer  to  the  same  specimen,  which  is  by  no 
means  the  case,  as  had  been  sufficiently  explained  by  me,  in  several 
former  papers-t 

The  brief  account,  given  by  Professor  Owen,  of  the  large  cephalopoda 
described  by  others,  includes  none  additional  to  those  noticed  by  me  in 
this  report.  On  the  other  hand,  he  omits  those  described  by  Harting; 
those  described  by  Mr.  Kirk,  from  New  Zealand ;  those  from  Alaska;  and 
several  others. 


*  By  a  singular  mistake,  Professor  Oweu,  on  p.  163,  states  that  this  species  wtw 
named  A.  prince2)s  by  Dr.  Packard,  in  February,  1873.  But  according  to  his  own 
statement,  on  p.  161,  the  specimen  was  not  actually  obtained  till  December,  1873,  at 
least  nitw  vwnths  after  Dr.  Packard's  article  was  printed.  In  truth,  the  name  princepi 
was  first  given  by  nio,  in  1875,  to  designate  a  pair  of  largo  jaws,  as  explained  on  p. 
41.  Neither  this  nor  any  other  name  appears  on  the  cited  page  of  Dr.  Packard's  arti- 
cle, though  he  elsewhere  referred  it  doubtfully  to  A.  monachua. 

t  It  seems  incredible  that  Professor  Owen  could  have  made  these  mistakes  had  he 
examined  either  of  my  former  papers  in  which  these  specimens  have  been  described 
in  detail,  not  only  from  the  photographs  but  also  from  the  preserved  specimens.  He 
does,  however,  refer  to  ray  detailed  paper  in  the  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vol.  v.  Biit  as 
he  states  (p.  162)  that  in  it  a  "brief  notice  is  given  of  Mr.  Harvey's  squid,"  it  is  fair  to 
suppose  that  the  reference  is  taken  at  second  hand,  for  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that 
he  would  have  considered  my  description,  covering  over  sixteen  pages,  and  accom- 
panied by  five  plates,  as  a  "  brief  notice."  None  of  my  earlier  papers  are  referred  to, 
nor  does  he  mention  the  largo  species,  Moroteuthia  robusta,  in  his  account  of  the  large 
cephalopoda  hitherto  described. 


KS.     [200]    I      [201]       CEPIIALOI'ODS  OF  NOKTHEAS  TKRN'  COAST  OV  AMERICA. 

1  have  heard  of  but  one  autlienti(!  instance  *  of  the  ocenrrence  of  spoci- 
ruens  of  this  genus  at  Nowfoundlaiul,  since  the  finding  of  the  small 
spcciraeu  (No.  24),  in  April,  1880.     (Scr,  pp.  [ISJ,  [34-40J.) 

Tlie  latest  specimen  (No.  27)  was  taken  at  J'ortugal  Cove,  Newfound- 
land, November  10, 1881.  Acconling  to  a  description  in  the  New  York 
norald,  of  November  25th,  this  specimen  was  nearly  perfect,  and  had 
been  shipped  to  New  York,  packed  in  ice.  The  following  measure- 
ments of  the  fresh  specimen  were  given  on  the  authority  of  Inspector 
Murphy,  chief  of  the  Board  of  ^^ublic  Works  Department:  Length  of 
body,  5.5  feet;  length  of  the  hea<l,  1.25  feet;  total  length,  to  end  of  ten- 
tacular arms,  28  feet;  circumference  of  body,  4.5  feet;  breadth  of  cau- 
dal fin,  about  1.25  feet.  A  photograph  of  this  example  was  made  by 
Mr.  E.  Lyons,  of  St.  Johns.  This  specimen  is  considerably  smaller  than 
the  Logic  Bay  specimen  (No.  5),  but  if  in  as  good  preservation  as  stated, 
it  will,  when  it  can  be  st  lied,  give  an  opportunity  to  complete  the  de- 
scription of  the  head,  eyes,  and  certain  other  parts  that  have  not  been 
seen  in  good  condition  in  ;iny  of  the  previous  specimens. 

STHENOTEUTHIS  Verrill,  1880.    (See  p.  [99].) 

Ommatostrephes  Steenstrup,  Overigt  K.  D.  Viil-nsk.  Selsk.  Forh.,  p.  89,  Aug.,  1880; 

the  same,  March,  1881. 
XiphofriithiH  (subgenus)  Owen,  op.  cit.,  p.  104,  pi.  28,  figs.  1,  2,  June,  1881  {non  Huxley). 

This  generic  group  has  been  discussed  by  Professor  Steenstrup  in  two 
recent  papers,t  published  during  the  printing  of  this  report.  In  the 
lirst  paper  quoted,^  Professor  Steenstrup  gives  figures  (cuts)  which,  with 
tlie  descriptive  remarks,  will  hereafter  enable  others  to  identify  his  Om- 
matostrqphes  pteroptcs  with  more  certainty.  He  has  given  diagramatic 
cuts  of  the  base  of  the  tentacular  clubs,  showing  the  arrangement  of  the 
connective  suckers  and  tubercles  of  0.  pteropus,  0.  Bartramii,  0.  gigas, 
0.  pelagicu8,  0.  oualaniensiSj  and  Bosidicus  Eschrichtii  (p.  11),  and  cuts 
(p.  9),  showing  the  siphonal  grooves  of  O.  pteropus,  0.  Bartramii,  0. 
pacijicus,  Todarodes  sagittatus  (="0.  todarus^),  and  Illex  Coindetii{=:^^0. 
sayittatm,^  auth.).  On  pp.  19  and  20  he  has  given  a  synoptical  table  of 
the  several  genera  that  he  recognizes  in  this  group,  which  he  names,  Owi- 
mntostephini  (=  Omnuistrephidw  Gill,  Tryon,  Verrill).  On  plate  3,  he  fig- 
ures ^^  Illex  Coindetii,'"  female,  with  the  gill-cavity  opened,  showing  a 


'A  purely  fictitious  and  sensational  account  of  an  imaginary  capture  of  an  Archi- 
UitthiH  has  been  published  in  Lippincott's  Magazine,  for  Aug.,  1881,  p.  124,  by  Mr. 
Charles  F.  Holder. 

t  De  Ommatostrephagtige  Blfckspruttor  indbyrdes  Forhold.  <Oversigt  K.  D.  Vi- 
densk.  Selsk.  Forhandl.,  1880.  Presented  April,  1880.  [Author'a  edition  received 
Aug.,  1880.] 

Professor  A.  E.  Verrils  laic']  to  nye  Cophalopodsliegter,  Sthenoteuthis  og  Lestoteutbis. 
Bciiu-crkninger  og  Berigtigelser,  1  pi.  ["avec  nn  r^sumd  en  Francais,"  not  received]. 
From  the  same,  1881.  Advauce  copy,  received  by  Tne,  through  the  kindness  of  the 
author,  is  dafed,  in  MSS,  March  3,  1881. 

}  The  part  of  this  paper  relating  to  the  nomenclature  of  the  genus  Ommaatrephea  (Illex 
Steeust.)  has  already  been  discussed  on  pp.  [82],  [83]. 


n 


JiKl'OUT  OF  COMMISSIOXEU  OF  FISH  AND  FISHKUIKS.     [202] 


II:. 


'^1 


U 


'^*v.; 


largo  cluster  of  spormatophores  attached  to  the  iuner  surface  of  tho 
mautle,  l)ehio(l  the  base  of  the  gill,  and  a  smaller  ene,  in  front  of  the  gill. 

In  the  second  article  referred  to  above,  Professor  Steenstrup  discusses 
the  genus  Sthenoteuthia  versus  '•'■OmmatoHtrephesP  He  recognizes  the 
identity  of  (Sf/tenofeMf/tw  and  his  restricted  genus  0»i/na^o«<rc/</te«,  as  well 
as  the  priority  of  date  of  the  former.  lie  also  refers  to  *S'.  nietfaptera  as 
^^Ommatostrephes  megapteraP 

lu  the  last  paper*  (juoted  above,  Professor  Owen  has  described  a 
cephalopod,  without  locality,  under  the  naftie  of  Ommastrcphcs  enaifer, 
for  which  he  proposes  the  subgeneric  name,  Xiphoicuthia.  The  latter 
name  is,  however,  preoccupied.  Ilis  species  is  a  typical  example  of  my 
genus  Sthcnoteutlm  (1880),  and  appears  to  be  identical  in  every  respect 
with  S,  pteropus  (see  my  Plate  VII,  figs.  2,  2a,  and  Plate  XVII),  as 
described  by  me.  But  Professor  Owen  fails  to  mention  one  of  the  most 
characteristic  features  of  this  group  of  squids,  viz,  the  connective 
tubercles,  and  smooth  suckers  on  the  proximal  part  of  the  tentacular 
club.  Nor  is  his  figure  sufficiently  detailed  to  indicate  this  character, 
nor  even  the  actual  arrangement  and  structure  of  the  other  suckers  of 
the  club.  The  high  median  crest  and  broad  marginal  web  of  the  third 
pair  of  arms  are  well  shown,  but  these  are  about  equally  broad  in  iSf. 
pteropus  and  S.  megaptera,  and  are  also  present  in  all  the  related  species 
of  this  group. 

Owen's  specimen  had  a  t(  tal  length  of  3  feet;  length  of  body  15 
inches;  of  head  to  base  of  dorsal  arms,  3.7;  of  third  pair  of  arms,  12; 
of  tentacular  arms,  21;  breadth  of  caudal  fin,  12.G;  length  of  their 
attached  base,  0.6;  breadth  of  body,  5;  length  of  first,  second,  third, 
and  fourth  pairs  of  arms,  8.9, 11, 12,  and  9.C  inches,  respectively.  Tbo 
specimen  is  a  female.  It  agrees  very  closely  in  size  with  the  Bermuda 
specimen  described  by  me,  and  its  proportions  do  not  differ  more  than  is 
usual  with  alcoholic  specimens  of  any  species  preserved  under  different 
circumstances,  and  in  alcohol  of  different  strength.  The  original  speci- 
men of  S.  megaptera  is  considera  jly  larger.  . 

OminaBtrephes  illecebroBus  v.    (Seep.  83.) 

This  species  was  taken  in  many  localities  this  year  by  the  U.  8.  Fisb 
Commission,  in  deep  water,  off  Martha's  Vineyard.  Most  of  the  living 
specimens  were  young,  but  large  ones  were  often  taken  from  the 
stomachs  of  bottom-dwelling  fishes,  in  the  same  region,  showing  con- 
clusively that  it  regularly  inhabits  those  depths. 


*  Among  the  other  species  figured  and  described  in  this  paper,  there  is  a  handsome 
species  from  the  China  Sea,  described  as  LoUgoima  ocellata,  sp.  nov.  (pp.  139-143,  pi. 
26,  figs.  3-8;  pi.  27,  figs.  1,  2).  This  is  evidently  not  a  true  Loligopais,  and  belongs,  in 
all  probability,  to  my  genus  CaUitcuthis.  It  agrees  very  closely,  even  to  the  colora- 
tion and  the  form  of  the  fins  and  pen,  with  my  C.  rerersa,  but  dift'ers  in  haviug  serrated 
suckers.  It  is  much  larger  than  my  specimen,  but,  like  the  latter,  had  loHt  the  ten- 
tacular arms.  This  species  should,  therefore,  be  called  Calliteuthia  ocellata.  The  geuua 
probably  belongs  to  the  Chiroteuthidse. 


[203]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

Additional  speciment  examined. 


Locality. 


818 
»19 
923 

92S 

»aa 

940 
949 

1025 
1033 
1038 


Off  Martha'M  Vineyard. 

S.*  W.,61  niili>8fW)in  r,«yTIpftc'. 

S.    W.,K>  iiiilcH  lii)iii  Gay  Uuad 

S.    W., 7H4  iiiiltH  from  Oiiy  H«ncl 

S.    W.,  8:i{  niilefi  I'ruiu  Gay  Ueiul 

S.    W.,  m  miles  from  Gav  Ilf'wl 

S.  by  E.  t  E.,  08  niileH  from  Gay  Uea<l. . . 
S  l)v  E.  i  E.,  07  niilfts  from  Guy  Head. .. 

8.  W.,  79J  mill's  from  Guy  Htad 

S.  a  W.  i  "VV.,  85  miles  fn.m  Gay  Head  . 
S.  S.  K.  i  £.,  1U4I  miles  from  Gav  Head  . . 
S.  by  E.  i  E.,  89J  milt-s  from  Gay.IIend  . 
Newfoaudland 


1 

Date. 

& 

-^ 

1881. 
Jnly  164 

4R 

fill 

July  16 

06 

Jnly  16 

110 

July  16 

224 

July  16 

258 

Auft-  4 

130 

Auk.  4 

100 

AuK.23 

216 

Sept.  8 

183 

So|it.14 

146 

S.pt.21 
1880. 

Surface. 

Received  from. 


ij  U.  S.  F.  C.  . . . 

....  do 

..  do 

...do 

...do..  

...do  

...do    

...do  

..  do 

...do 

. .  do    

H.  L.  Osbom  . 


No  of  speeimeM 
and  sex. 


1  l.,f^'om  flsb. 
3  1.,  fhtm  Lophiat. 
3  luv. 
6  Jut. 
'.  JUT. 
l1.il  jUT. 

1  1.;  ijnv. 

1 1.,  in  LopholatiluB. 

1  1.,  in  tlsh. 

1  1.,  in  Merlucius. 

1  1. 

8  1.  c/i  101.  9. 


Mr.  H.  L.  Osboin,  in  the  American  Naturalist,  vol.  xv,  p.  306,  May 
1881,  has  jjiveu  an  account  of  the  habits  of  this  squid,  at  Ne\vfoundlaud, 
and  of  the  methods  of  capturing  it  there  for  bait. 

Enoploteutbis  Cookil  Owen.    (See  p.  [53].) 

Tmns.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  xi,  p.  150,  pi.  30,  figs.  1-3;  pi.  31,  figs.  1-4;  pi.  32,  figs.  1-6; 

pi.  33,  fig.  1  (restoration),  June,  1881. 
Seppia  unguiculata  Molina,  1810  (no  description). 
Enoploteuthig  Molinw  D'Orbigny,  Ceph.  Ac6tab.,  p.  339. 
f  Enoploteuthis  Hartingti  Verrill,  this  vol.,  p.  [53],  pi.  12,  fig.  4;  pi.  15,  fig.  5,  1880. 

Professor  Owen  has  very  recently  described  in  detail,  and  has  given 
excellent  figures  of  most  of  the  existing  parts  of  this  large  and  remark- 
able cephalopod,  which  have  been  preserved  so  long  and  have  so  often 
been  referred  to,  but  hitherto  have  never  been  scientifically  described, 
(see  p.  [53]).  It  is  to  be  regretted,  however,  that  Professor  Owen  has 
neither  described  nor  figured  the  dentition  of  the  radula  in  a  manner  to 
euable  it  to  be  used  as  a  systematic  character.  His  statement  in  regard 
to  it  is  of  the  most  general  kind,  and  shows  only  that  there  are  seven 
rows  of  teeth.  It  is  also  a  matter  of  surprise  that  he  has  not  compared 
any  of  the  portions  described  with  the  corresponding  parts  of  the  equally 
large  and  very  closely  allied  Enoploteuthis,  carefully  described  and 
figured  by  Halting  in  18G1  (see  p.  [53J),  and  to  which  I  have  given  the 
well-merited  name,  E.  Hartingii.  It  is  not  improbable  that  the  two 
forms  are  really  identical,  but  this  cannot  be  oertainly  determined  from 
the  figures,  because  the  corresponding  parts  are  not  always  represented 
in  the  same  positions,  and  it  is  uncertain  whether  the  (!orresponding  arm 
is  preserved  in  the  two  cases.  Hartiug  figures,  rather  poorly,  the  teeth 
of  the  radula,  which  appear  to  be  very  peculiar,  if  his  figure  is  correct^ 
(see  my  Plate  XV,  fig.  5,  c,  d). 

The  shape  of  the  mandibles  appears  to  be  different  in  the  two  species^ 
However,  and  the  large  hooks  also  differ  in  form. 


^1 


■■'■.^»' 


EKPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISIIKRIES.     [204] 

LE8TOTBUTHIS  V.  =  CHIlLOTBUTHIS  V. ^-  OOI*ATUS  StiMiist.  (non  Gray). 

The  second  of  Professor  Stecnstrnp's  rece.ut  papers*  coutaiiis  a  detailed 
discussion  of  Oonatus  Fabricii  Steenst.,  with  which  he  also  unites  Ony- 
choteuthU  Kamtschatica  Midd.,  the  type-species  of  my  genus  Lestoteuthia 
(see  p.  [70J).  lie  may  bo  correct  in  uniting  these  forms,  for  ho  states 
that  he  has  received  specimens  that  agree  with  Oonatus  Fahricii,  from 
the  North  Paciflc.t  Moreover,  taking  the  characters  of  the  genus  Oon- 
atus, as  now  understood,  by  Professor  Steenstrup,  the  description  and 
figures  of  Middeudorft's  species  apply  well  to  that  genus,  and  my  descrip- 
tion o{  Lestoteutkis  well  defines  Oonatus  Steenst.,  except  for  the  mistake 
in  regard  to  the  tip  of  the  pen.  But  when  I  proposed  the  genus  Lesto- 
tcuthiSf  no  writer  had  ever  so  described  Oonatus,  and  the  data  necessary 
for  the  correlation  of  the  two  species  did  not  exist  in  the  literature  of  the 
subject.  I  have  already  alluded  (p.  [79]  and  elsewhere)  to  some  of  the 
very  serious  errors  of  Gray,  U.  &  A .  Adams,  and  others,  as  to  the  gen- 
eric and  even  family  characters  of  Oonatus.lf.  Professor  Steenstrup,  in 
his  last  paper,  has  exposed  a  greater  number  of  errors,  some  of  which 
are  questionable.  He  has,  however,  been  fortunate  in  securing  speci- 
mens of  larger  size  and  in  better  condition  than  those  examined  by 
other  writers,  and  has  given  good  figures  and  a  very  full  exposition  of 
the  characters  of  this  very  interesting  species.  Two  excellent  speci- 
mens were  taken  by  our  party,  this  season,  on  the  "Fish  Hawk."  One 
of  these  is  an  adult  male;  the  other  is  young,  with  the  mantle  30"""  long. 
The  latter  agrees  well  in  size  and  form  with  the  specimen  described  and 
figured  by  G.  O.  Sars,  as  Oonatus  amcenus,  while  the  former  agrees  with 
Steenstrup'a  figure  of  the  adult  O.  Fabricii.  But  both  differ  decidedly 
from  a  Cumberland  Gulf  specimen,  which  is  doubtless  the  real  Oonatus 
amcenus  Gray,  and  has  four  rows  of  true  suckers  on  all  the  arms,  and  no 
hookSi    It  does  not  appear  that  Steenstrup  has  seen  this  form. 

The  fortunate  acquisition  of  these  specimens  has  enabled  me  to  ascei- 
tain,  for  myself,  not  only  that  Professor  Steenstrup  is  correct  in  consid- 
ering two  of  the  forms  that  have  been  described  from  the  North  Atlantic 
as  simply  the  young  and  adult  of  the  same  species,  but  also,  that  all  the 

*  See  note  on  p.  [200]. 

IThe  figures,  however,  show  differences  in  the  form  of  the  pen  and  caudal  fin,  which, 
if  correct,  may  still  indi'-ate  specific  difiereuces. 

t  The  genus  Gonatm,  as  established  by  J.  E.  Gray,  if  we  judge  by  his  description, 
was  a  very  dififoront  grou^)  from  what  Steenstrup  understands  by  it.  Among  the  false 
characters  given  by  Gray  are  the  following:  1,  It  was  said  to  have  no  eyelids;  2,  to 
have  no  valve  in  the  siphon ;  3,  to  have  no  siphonal  dorsal  band.  But  he  also  says 
that  it  has  nearly  equal  and  similar  suckers  in  four  series,  on  all  the  arms,  "all  with 
small  circular  rings";  and  the  club  was  said  to  have  "ranges  of  small, nearly  sessile, 
equal-sized  cups,"  with  one  "large  sessile  cup,  armed  with  a  hook  in  the  middle  of 
the  lower  part."  From  the  fact  that  he  received  his  specimens  from  Greenland  (coll. 
Moller),  we  must  believe  that  he  actually  had  before  him  the  real  G.  amcenus.  M]^ 
specimen  from  Cumberland  Gulf  has  the  suckers  as  described  by  Gray,  on  all  the  armi. 

If  oat  of  Gray's  errors  have  been  copied  and  adopted  by  Woodward,  H.  &  A.  Adams, 
^i;!yf>«i,  and  many  other  writers.  i 


•rr 


'•  [204]  I  [20;')]  CKpn\Loi'ODH  of  nouthkastkkn  coast  of  America. 


non  Gray). 

[I  detailed 
lites  Ony- 
'Moteuthia 
he  states 
•tdi,  from 
enus  Oon- 
[)tion  and 
y  descrip- 
e  mistake 
nus  Lesto- 
necessary 
;ure  of  the 
tme  of  the 
to  the  gen- 
mstrup,  in 
3  of  which 
ring  speci- 
imined  by 
position  of 
lent  speci- 
wk."    One 
SO""""  long, 
cribed  and 
igrees  with 
:  decidedly 
•al  Qonatu8 
•ms,  and  no 
m. 

le  to  ascei  • 
i  in  consid- 
th  Atlantic 
that  all  the 

al  fin,  which, 

i  description, 
lonR  the  false 
eyelids;  2,  to 
t  ho  also  says 
ms,  "all  with 
nearly  sessile, 
the  middle  of 
eenland  (coll. 
anumm.  M^ 
m  all  the  armi. 
&  A.  Adams, 


essential  and  i>cculiar  featnres  of  the  armature,  both  of  the  sessile' and 
of  tiie  tentacular  arms,  including  the  special,  lateral  connective  suckers 
and  tubercles  of  the  club,  are  present,  though  minute,  even  in  the  very 
young  individuals,  such  as  described  by  G.  O.  Sars.  The  fact  that  these 
characters  have  been  overlooked  is  undoubtedly  due,  in  many  cases,  to 
the  imperfectly  preserved  specimens  that  have  been  examined.  This 
was,  at  least,  the  case  with  the  ouly  American  s])ecimens  seen  by  me 
until  this  year.  They  had  all  been  taken  from  fish  stomachs,  and  had 
lost  more  or  less  of  their  suckers  and  hooks. 

A  careful  and  direct  comparison  of  the  adult  G.  Fabricii  with  the 
mutilated  specimen  which  was  last  year  described  by  me  as  Cheloteu- 
thi8  rapaXf  has  convinced  me  that  they  are  identical,  and,  therefore, 
GheloieuthiH  becomes  a  synonym  of  Lestoteuthis.  Two  of  the  charac- 
ters, viz:  the  supposed  presence  of  two  central  rotes  of  hooks  on  the 
ventral,  as  well  as  on  the  lateral  arms,  and  the  supposed  absence  of  the 
small  marginal  suckers  on  the  lateral  arms,  relied  upon  for  character- 
i/.ing  Cheloteuthisj  were  doubtless  due  to  post-mortem  changes.  The 
ventral  arms  had  lost  the  horny  rings  of  the  suckers,  and  the  soft  parts 
had  taken  a  form  exceedingly  like  that  of  the  sheaths  of  the  hooks  of 
the  lateral  arms.  But  by  the  careful  use  of  reagents,  I  have  been  able 
to  restore  the  original  form  of  some  of  the  distal  ones  sufficiently  to 
show  that  they  actually  were  sucker-sheaths.  The  third  character,  orig- 
inally considered  by  me  as  more  reliable  and  important,  was  ^he  exist- 
ence of  the  peculiar,  lateral  connective  suckers  and  alternating  tuber- 
cles on  the  tentacular  club.  This  is  mnc  shown  by  Professor  Steenstnip 
to  be  a  character  of  his  Gonatus.  But  no  one  had  previously  described 
such  a  structure  in  connection  with  that  genus.  Even  in  the  recent  and 
excellent  work  of  G.  O.  Sars,  in  which  "G.  awianw*"  is  described  in 
some  detail,  and  freely  illustrated,  there  is  no  indication  of  any  such 
structure,  although  the  armature  of  the  club  is  figured  (see  my  Plate 
XV,  fig.  1  &),  nor  is  the  difference  between  the  armature  of  the  ventral 
and  lateral  arms  indicated.*  ,    „ 

I  add  a  new  description  of  the  genus  Lestoieuthis,  and  also  'of  my 
largest  example  of  L.  Fabricii. 

LESTOTEUTHIS  Vcrrill  (revised).    (See  pp.  [70],  [78].) 

Gonatus  Steenstrup,  op.  cit.,  pp.  9-2()  {non  Gray). 

Gonatus  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  pp.  250, 2Uy,  18H0  {non  Gray). 

Lextoteuthis  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  p.2G0,  Feb.,  1^80;  p.  390,  Oct.,  1881. 

Cheloteuthis  {C'hiloteuthia  hy  typ.  error)  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  ji. 292,  .Jan.,  1881. 

Cheloleiithis  Verrill,  Bulletin  Mns.  Conip.  Zool.,  viii,  p.  109,  March,  1881. 

Odoutophore  with  only  five  rows  of  teeth.  Mandibles  very  acute, 
strongly  compressed.    Lateral  connective  cartilages  of  the  mantle  are 

*  According  to  Gray,  in  Gonatus  all  the  sessile  arms  bear  four  rows  of  similar  and 
nearly  equal  suckers;  according  to  G.  O.  Sars  they  all  have  two  central  rows  of 
sucker-hooks.  My  former  doscriptiou  was  based  mainly  on  the  figures  and  descriptioo 
of  6.  O.  Sars,  my  only  specimen,  at  that  time,  being  an  imperfect  young  Leetoteuthie, 
like  that  of  Sars. 


El    ^* 


■-] 


I  =n-*JJ'T" 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FIKII  AND  FISHERIES.     [20G] 


\-     J 


Blmplfl  ridgeH;  those  of  the  siphon  ovate.  Nuchal  olfactory  crests  one 
or  more  on  each  side,  lonpritudinal.  Caudal  fln  of  wlult,  large,  spear- 
shaped.  Ventral  arms  with -four  rows  of  denticulated  suckers.  No 
trace  of  hectocotylization  detected.*  Lateral  and  dorsal  arms  with  two 
marginal  rows  of  small  suckers  and  two  median  rows  of  larger  hooks. 
Tentacular  arms  with  a  central  row  of  hooks,  the  two  distal  ones  largest; 
with  a  large  distal  and  two  lateral  groups  of  small  suckers,  in  nupierons 
rows;  and  with  a  lateral  group  of  peculiar  connective  suckers,  alter- 
nating with  tubercles,  near  the  lower  margin,  and  a  row  of  smaller  ones 
extending  for  a  long  distance  down  the  margin  of  the  arm;  upper  mar- 
gin of  the  arm  with  a  band  of  small,  pediceled  suckers  along  about  half 
its  length.    Pen  narrow,  with  a  short,  hollow,  posterior  cone. 

QonatuH  Gray,  typical  {non  Bars,  Steenst.),  differs  in  having  on  all  the 
arms  four  rows  of  true  suckers,  all  of  which  are  similar,  and  have  the 
marginal  ring  divided  into  a  series  of  several  sharp  denticles  on  the 
higher  side.  This  may  be  a  sexual  character,  but  the  two  forms  should 
be  kept  separate,  awaiting  further  evidence.  Steenstrup  does  not  give 
the  sex  of  his  specimens. 


LestoteuthiaFabrloU(Fabr.)  Verrill.    (See  pp.  [76],  [79].) 
f  Onychoteuthia  KamtschatiiM  Middendorff,  1849. 

Gonatua  Fabricii  Steenstrup  (part),  in  Murch,  Faunula  Molluacorum  Ins.  FaerO- 
erne,  <[Vid.  Mcddel.  uat.  For.,  1867,  p.  102;  Fnunnla  Mollusc.  Islandie, 
•       <Vid.  Meddel.  nat.f'or.,Kjobenhavn,  1868,  p.227. 
Oonatut  Fabricii  Miirch  (pan),  in  T.  R.  Jones,  Arctic  Manual,  p.  130, 1875. 
Steenstrup,  Oversigt  over d.  Kongl.  D.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forh.,  ?881.     [Sep. 

copy,  p.  26],  pi.  1,  figs.  1-7. 
Verrill,  (jxirs)  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  p.  291 ;  this  vol.,  p.  [79]. 
Cheloteuthia  rapax  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.;  v,  p.  293,  pi.  49,  figs.  1-1';  Bul- 
letin Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  vlii,  p.  110,  pi.  2,  figs.  1-1',  1881. 

Plate  XV,  fig.  1-lc,  2-2(J,  3-3/,  4.     Plate  XLV,  fig.  1-ld. 

Body  elongated,  tapering  to  an  acute  posterior  end ;  anterior  edge  of 
mantle  nearly  even  dorsally,  with  a  slight  median  emargination ;  lat- 
eral angles  well-marked,  in  line  with  the  internal  connective  cartilage, 
which  forms  a  long,  simple,  longitudinal  ridge.  Caudal  fln  broad,  spear- 
shaped,  broadest  in  advance  of  the  middle;  the  lateral  angles  are  well 
rounded;  the  tip  is  very  acute;  the  anterior  lobes  are  broadly  rounded, 
projecting  forward  beyond  the  insertion.  Head  large,  short,  and  broad; 
eyes  large,  occupying  most  of  the  sides  of  the  head ;  eye-lids  well  de- 
veloped, thickened,  with  a  narrow,  oblique  sinus.  Siphon  large,  in  a 
deep  groove,  with  two  stout,  dorsal  bridles;  lateral  connective  cartilages 
largo,  long-ovate,  posterior  end  broadest.  One  olfactory  crest  on  each 
side,  behind  the  eye,  in  the  form  of  a  low,  longitudinal  membrane; 
slight  indications  of  another,  lower  down;  a  small,  fleshy,  flattened, 
projecting  papilla  near  the  auditory  opening.    The  outer  buccal  mem- 


*  My  largest  specimen,  although  apparently  adult,  is  not  sexually  mature, 
specimen  might  be  hectocotylized. 


An  older 


*The  f 
the  type  < 
small  sue 
above  e'  i 


<      [2001    I       [^^^1      CEPHAL0P0D8  OF  NOBTIIEASTKRN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


Brests  one 
gc,  spear- 
leers.  No 
\  with  two 
;er  hooks. 
»8  largest; 
nupierons 
:er8,  alter- 
laller  ones 
ipper  mar- 
about half 

f  on  all  the 
il  have  the 
lies  on  the 
rms  should 
es  not  give 


im  InB.  Faerfl- 
18C.  Islaudite, 

J30, 1875. 
1881.    [Sep. 

Il- 

gs.  1-1';  Bui- 


ior  edge  of 
lation;  lat- 

cartilage, 
'oad,  spear- 
es  are  well 
y  rounded, 
and  broad; 
ds  well  de- 
large,  in  a 
B  cartilages 
58t  on  each 
membrane; 

flattened, 
uccal  mem- 

i-e.    An  older 


brane  has  seven  distinct  angles.  Anns  rather  long  and  strong;  tmpe- 
zoidal  in  section.  The  dorsal  arms  are  considerably  shorter  than  the 
others;  order  of  length  is  1,  2,  4,  3;  the  third  is  but  little  longer  than 
the  second  pair;  ventral  arms  decidedly  more  slender  than  the  others. 

Ventral  arms  with  four  rows  of  denticulated  suckers  (Plate  XLV,  flg. 
Ic),  those  of  the  two  inner  rows  larger;  lateral  and  dorsal  arms  with 
two  marginal  rows  of  small  suckers  and  two  inner  rows  of  larg(>r  in- 
curved hooks,  inclosed,  except  at  the  sharp  tips,  in  muscular  sheaths, 
which  have  lateral  basal  expansions  and  short  pedicels.  (Plate  XLV, 
fig.  lb.)  Tentacular  arms*  long  and  strong,  quadrangular;  in  my  spec- 
imen they  reach  back  beyond  the  base  of  the  fin;  the  club  is  large  and 
broad,  with  a  long,  narrow  distal  portion,  having  a  strong  dorsal  keel; 
in  the  middle  are  two  very  large,  curved  hooks  (figs.  1,  la),  the  distal 
uuo  smaller;  proximal  to  these  there  is  a  row  of  five  smaller  hooks,  de- 
creasing proximally,  and  between  these  and  the  large  hooks  there  is,  on 
(me  arm,  a  single  small  sucker,  on  the  other  arm  a  single  sucker  takes 
the  place  of  the  proximal  hook,  while  an  odd,  small  sucker  stands  to 
one  side  of  the  row ;  along  the  upper  margin  of  the  club  there  is  a  broad 
band  of  small,  denticulated  suckers,  on  long  pedicels,  arranged  in  oblique, 
trans'  Tse  rows  of  five  or  six;  this  band  of  suckers  is  interrupted  oppo- 
site e  large  hooks;  beyond  the  hooks  a  lar<?e  group  of  similar  small 
suckv  .8  covers  nearly  the  whole  distal  portioi  of  the  club  (Plate  XLV, 
fig.  1);  at  the  tip  of  the  club  then  is  a  circle  of  small  smooth  suckers; 
along  the  lower  margin  of  the  middle  portion  of  tlie  club  there  is  a  band 
of  small  suckers,  like  those  on  the  other  margin;  along  the  basal  third 
of  the  nuirgiu  and  supported  on  a  thickened  marginal  expansion  of  the 
club,  there  is  a  row  of  six  special,  smooth,  connective  suckers,  at  the 
inner  ends  ol  transverse,  muscular  ridges  (fig.  le);  between  and  alter- 
nating with  these  suckers,  there  are  deep  pits  and  as  many  small,  round 
tubercles,  destined  to  fit  the  suckers  and  ridges  of  the  other  club;  con- 
tinuous with  these  a  row  of  similar,  but  smaller,  sessile,  connective 
snckera  and  tubercles  extends  down  along  the  margin  of  the  inner  face 
of  the  arm,  for  about  half  its  length,  becoming  smaller  and  more  simple 
proximally;  an  irregular  band,  formed  of  two  or  three  rows  of  small, 
pediceled  and  denticulated  suckers,  extends  down  the  other  margin  of 
the  arm,  with  some  scattered  ones  along  the  middle. 

The  pen  (Plate  XLV,  fig.  Id)  is  thin,  long  and  narrow ;  anterior  part 
aoout  half  as  wide  as  the  middle  portion,  slender,  concave,  with  thick- 
ened margins;  the  anterior  end  is  very  thin,  acute;  the  two  marginal 
ribs  converge  gradually,  as  they  run  backward,  and  unite  near  the  pos- 
terior end;  the  widest  part  of  the  pen  is  a  v<ttle  behind  the  middle;  the 
thin  margins  begin  at  about  the  anterior  third,  gradually  increasing  in 

*The  figure  given  (Plate  XV,  fig.  3)  of  the  somewhat  injured  tentacular  club  of 
the  type  of  Cheloteuthia  rapax  represents  the  structure  nearly  correctly,  but  many  of  the 
small  suckers  and  tubercles  on  the  arm,  below  the  club,  had  been  destroyed,  the  edge 
above  e'  is  ii^jured,  and  of  the  large  hooks  (a,  a'}  only  the  sheaths  remain. 


1:t' 


li'-  R 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [208] 

width  to  the  widest  part,  when  they  still  more  gradually  decrease  pes 
teriorly;  but  toward  the  end  they  expand  into  the  obli(iuely  hooded 
portion,  or  terminal  hollow  cone ;  this  portion  is  strengthened  by  a  dor 
sal  mid-rib,  and  by  numerous  small  ribs  which  radiate  forward  from  the 
tip,  one  on  each  side  being  stronger  than  the  rewt.  In  life,  the  cono 
contained  part  of  the  testicle,  and  at  the  tip  a  cartilaginous  core. 
Length  of  pen,  in  alcohol,  133""";  greatest  breadth,  7"'"' ;  of  shaft,  2.5™'"; 
length  of  cone,  on  shortest  side,  7"'"'. 

General  color  of  body,  fins,  head  and  arms,  deep  retldish  brown, 
tinged  with  purple;  back  darkest;  the  color  is  due  to  large  chromato 
phores  rather  uniformly  and  closely  scattered  over  the  whole  surface; 
on  the  arms  and  siphon  they  are  smaller,  but  they  cover  all  the  surfaces 
of  the  arms,  except  the  lower  side  of  the  tentn-cular  arms  and  the  face 
of  the  club.  Total  length,  263™'"  (10.25  inches) ;  length  of  mantle,  153""° 
(6  inches) ,  length  of  dorsal  arms,  57"""  ;  of  2d  pair,  71""" ;  of  3d  pair, 
77mm.  of  4th  pair,  70"'"';  of  tentacular  arms,  100™"';  length  of  flu, 
from  insertion,  03"'"';  from  anterior  lobe,  70'"'";  greatest  breadth,  68"'"', 
breadth  of  head,  29'"'". 

Notes  on  the  visceral  anatomy  of  the  male. 

In  its  anatomy  this  species  resembles  Ommastrephcs.  The  branchial 
cavity  is  very  large,  extending  back  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  lin ;  the 
median  longitudinal  septum  is  ftir  back,  gills  Very  long,  but  not  reach 
ing  the  margin  of  the  mantle,  attached  nearly  to  the  tip ;  its  structure 
is  like  that  of  Ommastrephes.  Liver  orange-brown,  very  large,  massive, 
nearly  a?,  in  Ommastrephes,  but  larger,  extending  back  farther  than  llie 
base  of  the  fin.  The  circulatory  and  renal  systems  are  similar  to  those 
of  Ommastrephes,  in  most  respects.  The  posterior  aorta  goes  back  some 
distal  le  before  it  divides,  about  opposite  the  base  of  the  fin,  into  the 
medio-ventral  artery  of  the  mantle,  and  a  caudal  artery.  Two  largo 
ventral  renal  organs  lie  below  and  to  each  side  of  the  heart,  and  bleud 
together,  in  front  of  it,  into  a  Large  mass,  which  has  a  pointed  lobo 
extending  forward;  posteriorly  two  lobes  extend  back,  as  usual,  along 
the  i)osterior  venae-cavfe.  The  first  stomach  is  rounded  and  the  second 
stomach  is  a  large,  long-pyriform  sac;  the  intestine  is  long;  theiak-sac 
is  long-i)yriform.  The  reproductive  organs  are  small,  indicating  that 
the  specimen  is  still  immature,  and  probably  only  one  year  old.  The 
spermary  or  "testicle"  is  small  (length  18""",  diameters  2'"'"  and  4"""), 
flattened,  tapering  backward,  partly  inclosed  by  the  hoo<led  portion  of 
the  pen,  and  with  the  anterior  end  attached  laterally  to  the  posterior 
end  of  the  ca?cal  lobe  of  the  stomach.  The  prostate  gland,  vesiculii' 
seminales  and  spermatophorc-sac  are  small;  the  efferent  duct  is  long 
and  slender,  extending  forwral  over  and  beyond  the  base  of  the  left 
gill.      . 


,>»•  *^ 


^■-%i 


■■u 


s.    [208] 


[209]      CEPIIALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OP  AMERICA. 


i-ease  pes 
ily  hooded 
i  by  a  dor 
d  from  tbe 
!,  the  cono 
nous  core. 
iaft,2.5""»; 

ish  brown, 
cbromato- 
lie  surface; 
lie  surfaces 
lid  the  face 
ntle,  153""» 
of  3d  pair, 
gth  of  flu, 
adth,  C8"", 


le  branchial 
che  tin;  tbe 
t  not  reach 
ts  structure 
fe,  massive, 
ler  than  the, 
lar  to  those 
i  back  some 
flu,  into  tbe 
Two  largo 
t,  and  bleud 
oiuted  lobo 
asual,  along 
the  second 
the  iuk-sac 
icating  tliat 
irold.    The 
'"  and  4"""), 
d  portion  of 
be  posterior 
id,  vesiculi'- 
duct  is  long 
e  of  the  left 


MOROTEUTHIS  Verrill.     (Soo  pp.  [65],  [70].) 

Type,  Onychoteuthis  (or  LestoteuthisT)  robusta,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  pp.  246-250. 
Moroteuthis  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v^  p.  393  Oct.,  1881. 

After  referring  the  type  of  Lestoteutlm  to  Oonatus  (not  of  Gray),  Pro- 
fessor Steenstrup  admits  that  the  gigantic  species,  L.  (?)  robtista  V ,  is  the 
representative  of  a  distinf  f  genus,  to  which  he  would  restrict  the  name, 
Lestoteuthis. 

But  L.  Kamt8chatica  was  especially  given  by  me  as  the  type  of  Lesto- 
teuthiSf  and  the  characters  of  the  genus  were  derived  entirely  from  that 
species,  while  L.  robtista  was  referred  to  it  only  with  great  douot,  owing 
to  the  fact  that  its  armature  is  almost  unknown.  Therefore,  if  Lesto- 
teuthis hereafter  becomes  a  complete  synonym,  it  should  be  dropped, 
when  it  cannot  be  kept  for  its  special  type-species.  For  the  gigantic 
species,  I  proposed  (Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  xxii,  p.  298,  Oct.,  1881)  a 
new  genus,  Moroteuthis. 

This  genus  will  have,  as  known  characters:  A  long,  narrow,  thii 
pen,  terminating  posteriorly  in  a  conical,  hollow,  many-ribbed,  oblique 
cone,  which  is  inserted  into  the  oblique,  anterior  end  of  a  long,  round^ 
tapering,  acute,  solid,  cartilaginous  terminal  cone,  composed  of  concen- 
tric layers,  and  corresponding  to  the  solid  cone  of  Belemnitcs  in  position 
and  relation  to  the  true  pen;  elliptical  connective  cartilages  on  the  base 
of  the  siphon;  nuchal,  longitudinal  crests,  three,  much  as  in  Omma- 
strephes;  eyelids  with  a  distinct  sinus;  caudal  fin  large,  broad,  spear- 
sbaped ;  ventral  arms  with  smooth-rimmed  suckers  at  the  base.  The 
rest  of  the  armature  is  unknown, 

Moroteuthis  robusta  is  the  only  known  species. 

Chiroteuthis  lac^rtosa  Yorrill.    (See  p.  [119].) 

Chiroteuthis  Bonplandii  f  Verrill,  Trans.  Conn.  Aca*;'.,  v,  p.  299  (tion  Vorany). 
Chiroteuthis  iacertoaa  Verrill,  Tiaus.  Conn.  Acad,    v,  p.  10*',  pi.  56,  figs.  1-1/, 
Nov.,  1881. 

Plate  XLVI,  figs.  1-1/. 

A  nearly  complete  male  specimen  of  a  Chiroteuthis,  lacking  only  the 
tentacular  arms  and  the  distal  portion  of  tbe  left  ventral  arm,  was  re- 
ceived after  the  preceding  pages  were  put  in  type.  The  stumps  of  the 
tentacular  arms,  remaining,  bear  tbe  same  kind  of  unarmed  sessile 
suckers  as  did  the  arm  described  on  p.  [  119],  and  figured  on  Plate  32, 
figs.  1-16.  It  api)ears  to  be  a  new  species,  and  is  very  distinct  from  C 
Bonplandii.  Tbe  sessilt^  arms  are  very  largo  in  proportion  to  tbe  bead 
und  body,  and  tbe  ventral  arms  are  niueb  larger  tbau  any  of  tbe  others. 
Tbe  body  is  small,  obconic,  tapering  rapidly  backward  to  tbe  origin  of 
the  caudal  tin,  where  it  becomes  very  small,  and  coiilinues  to  taper  to 
the  very  slender  posterior  end.  Tbe  median  dorsal  angle  of  tbe  mantle- 
edge  projects  far  forward,  as  a  broad  angular  lobe;  lateral  angles 
rounded  and  not  prominent.  Caudal  fin  relatively  large,  as  compared 
with  the  body,  broad-ovate  in  outline,  widest  near  tbe  middle,  tapering 
backward  to  an  acuminate,  slender  tip;  very  broadly  rounded  laterally. 


^.I'i 


1 


m 


1^^ 

m 

mi 
m 
I'  ■■- 

If  ■; 


li :{ 


BEPOBT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [210] 

narrowing  abraptly  anteriorly;  the  anterior  lobes  are  small,  rounded, 
and  project  only  slightly  forward  beyond  the  insertions.  Siphon  large, 
with  a  well-formed  valve,  fieur  back  from  the  orifice;  dorsal  bridles  rudi- 
mentary. Connective  cartilages  on  the  base  of  the  siphon,  broad-ovate, 
eac-sh(^;)ed,  with  two  rounded  prominent  lobes  projecting  into  its  con- 
cavity, one  posterior,  the  other  ventral,  so  that  the  pit  is  three-cornered 
(fig.  16).  The  corresponding  connective  cartilages  of  the  mantle  consist 
of  two  pits,  separated  by  a  prominent,  triangular  tubercle  (fig.  Ic). 
Head  large,  in  proportion  to  the  body,  tapering  backward  from  the  bases 
of  the  arms.  Eyes  large ;  lids  thin  and  simple,  without  a  distinct  lach- 
rymal sinus.  Behind  and  below  each  eye  is  a  long  (4°""),  slender,  dav- 
ate  papilla  (fig.  1/),  probably  olfactory  in  function.   . 

The  sessile  arms  are  large  and,  except  the  ventral^  unusually  round- 
ed; the  inner  or  sucker-bearing  faces  are  much  less  dififerentiatcd  than 
usual,  scarcely  differing  from  the  other  sides  in  color,  and  bordered  by 
only  a  slight  or  rudimentaiy  membrane  on  each  side ;  the  rounded  prom- 
inences from  which  the  sucker-pedicels  arise  axe  also  colored  and  not 
much  raised.  The  dorsal  arms  are  rather  long  and  tapering,  but  much 
shorter  and  smaller  than  the  others,  slightly  compressed,  and  with  a 
slight  median  crest  distally.  The  next  pair  are  similar  in  form  and 
structure,  but  considerably  longer  and  larger.  The  third  pair  are  much 
longer  and  larger,  with  the  outer  angles  well  rounded,  and  a  strong  me- 
dian crest  extends  nearly  to  the  base,  but  is  wider  distally,  where  the 
arms  are  strongly  compressed.  The  ventral  arms  are  considerably 
longer  and  stouter  than  the  tJiird  pair,  and  very  different  from  all  the 
others  in  form ;  they  are  strongly  compressed  in  the  direction  parallel 
with  the  median  plane  of  the  head,  and  have  the  lower  and  outer  angles 
well  rounded,  and  the  sucker -bearing  face  wide  and  scarcely  differenti- 
ated from  the  lateral  faces;  but  on  the  superior  lateral  sid<^  there  is  a 
wide  and  thick  crest  running  the  whole  length  of  the  arms,  ip'iVing  them 
a  strongly  and  obliquely  compressed  appearance.  The  suckers  on  the 
ventral  arms  are  smaller,  fewer,  and  more  distant  than  on  any  of  the 
others ;  those  at  the  bases  are  largest  and  three  or  four  stand  nearly  in 
a  single  row;  farther  out,  along  the  middle  of  the  arm,  the^  are  dis- 
tantly arranged  in  two  rows  and  rapidly  become  small.  The  left  ventral 
arm  shows  no  signs  of  being  hectocotylized;  the  right  one,  however, 
has  lost  half  its  length  by  mutilation.  On  all  the  other  arms  the  suck 
ers  are  regularly  and  much  more  closely  arranged  in  two  rows,  and  de- 
crease more  gradually  in  size  from  near  the  base  to  the  tips. 

The  suckers  on  all  the  arms  are  similar  in  form;  they  are  rather  deep, 
narrowed  at  the  rim,  slightly  constricted  above  the  middle,  and  swollen 
below,  and  very  oblique  at  the  base;  the  pedicels  are  slender  and  nearly 
laterally  attached;  the  horny  rings  are  very  deep  and  oblique,  and 
strongly  denticulated  on  the  outer  or  higher  side,  but  on  all  the  arms 
they  are  smooth  on  the  inner  side;  the  median,  outer  denticles  are  long, 
slender,  close  together;  laterally  they  become  shorter,  broader,  acute- 


arms. 


[210]     I        [211]      CEPHALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OP  AMERICA. 


roanded, 
on  large, 
Llesradi- 
ad-ovate, 

0  its  con- 
•comered 
le  consist 

(fig.  Ic). 
the  bases 
anct  lach- 
ider,  clav- 

lly  round- 
iatod  than 
(fdered  by 
ded  prom- 
d  and  not 
,  but  much 
and  with  a 

1  form  and 
ir  are  much 
strong  me- 
,  where  the 
onsiderably 
rom  all  the 
ion  parallel 
uter  angles 
y  differenti- 
H  there  is  a 
r.ving  them 
kers  on  the 

any  of  the 
id  nearly  in 
ifc^  are  dis- 

left  ventral 
le,  however, 
ns  the  suck 
)W8,  and  de- 

rather  deep, 
and  swollen 
and  nearly 
iblique,  and 
all  the  arms  i 
les  are  long,  I 
ader,  acute- 


triangular  and  cnrvAd  forward.  On  the  larger  suckers  (Plate  XLYI, 
figs.  Id,  le)  the  outer  teeth  are  obtuse,  but  on  the  distal  ones  they  become 
more  slender  and  acute.  The  margins  of  the  suckers  are  surrounded 
with  small,  elongated  scales. 

The  buccal  m^nbrane  is  thin  and  much  produced,  with  the  angles 
little  prominent;  it  is  attached  to  the  arms  by  eight  thin,  but  wide, 
bridles,  the  two  superior  ones  united  together  near  their  origin.  The 
web  between  the  arms  is  rudimentary  but  distinct.  The  pen  (fig.  la)  is 
very  unlike  that  of  C.  Yeranyi,  as  figured  and  described  by  D'Orbigny. 
It  has  a  long,  narrow'  shaft,  of  nearly  uniform  width,  and  a  long  poste- 
rior portion,  a  little  wider  than  the  shaft,  corresponding  in  length  to 
that  of  the  caudal  fin;  at  the  commencement,  this  portion  expands  into 
narrow,  free,  incurved  margins,  but  these  unite  quickly  so  as  to  form  a 
long,  narrow,  angular,  tubular  portion,  tapering  to  a  very  slender  tip; 
this  portion  (fig.  la'')  has  a  distinct  dorsal  keel,  with  a  groove  each  side 
of  it,  two  dorsal  angles,  and  a  ventral  angle  along  eaon  side;  the  narrow 
shaft  has  a  dorsal  keel,  with  the  sides  bent  down  abruptly,  nearly  at 
right  angles,  and  a  little  incurved,  so  as  to  produce  a  squarish  keel 
above,  with  a  deep  angular  groove  below,  while  the  very  narrow  mar- 
gins bend  outward  abruptly  (fig.  la') ;  the  shaft  increases  very  slightly 
in  width,  to  near  the  subacute  anterior  end,  but  preserves  the  same 
form,  and  there  is  no  distinct  dilation  of  the  margin  anteriorly,  such  as 
D'Orbigny  figures  in  the  pen  of  C.  Veranyij  nor  does  the  posterior  por- 
tion resemble  his  figure,  though  if  split  open  and  flattened  out  it  would 
resemble  it  more  nearly. 

This  specimen  is  an  adult  male,  in  the  breeding  condition,  for  its 
spermatophore-sac  is  much  distended  with  spermatophores.  The  color 
is  much  like  that  of  C.  Veranyi.  It  is  everywhere  thickly  specked  with 
small,  purplish  brown  chromatophores,  except  on  the  buccal  membrane 
and  the  bases  of  the  tentacular  arms,  where  there  are  but  few ;  the  head, 
around  the  eyes,  and  the  end  of  the  siphon  ai'C  darker;  a  row  of  very  dis- 
tinct, rather  large,  round,  dark  purple  spots  runs  along  the  inner  surface 
of  the  ventral  arms,  just  outside  of,  and  alternating  with,  the  upper  row 
of  suckers,  which  they  about  equal  in  size. 

Total  length,  to  end  of  ventral  arms,  383*°™;  to  end  of  third  pair, 
366""";  to  end  of  dorsal  arms,  298°'"' ;  tail  to  dorsal  mantle  edge,  125""°; 
to  base  of  dorsal  arms,  ITS'""";  length  of  dorsal  arms,  120™";  of  second 
pair,  ISO"*"";  of  third  pair,  ISS"*";  of  venti-al,  205"'"';  length  of  caudal 
fin,  60°"':  its  greatest  breadth,  dl™";  breadth  of  head  at  eyes,  20°°; 
of  dorsal  arms,  7°°;  of  third  pair,  10°°;  of  ventral  arms,  13°°;  of 
bases  of  tentacular  arms,  3°° ;  diameter  of  largest  suckers  of  lateral 
arms,  2.25°°. 

Brown's  Bank,  oflF  Nova  Scotia,  taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  cod  (lot 
956).  Presented  to  the  TJnited  States  Fish  Commission  by  Capt.  Wm. 
Dempsy  and  crew,  of  the  schooner  *<  Clara  F.  Friend,"  June,  1881. 

The  internal  anatomy  is  somewhat  peculiar  in  several  respects,  but  will 
not  be  fully  described  in  this  place. 


b  -I 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [212] 


pi  i 

III  1 


III 


y*-' 


The  gills  are  short  and  broad,  with  very  long  lamelljE.  The  repro- 
ductive organs  occupy  a  large  part  of  the  visceral  cavity.  The  testicle 
is  a  large,  thick,  broad-ovate  organ,  with  the  two  sides  folded  together 
around  and  closely  united  to  the  large  caecal  lobe  of  the  stomach.  The 
testicle  does  not  extend  back  beyond  the  origin  of  the  caudal  fln,  the 
visceral  cavity  being  very  narrow  in  that  region.  The  prostate  gland 
and  vesicula  seminalis  are  large  and  swollen,  and  the  spermatophore-sac 
is  also  large.  The  efferent  duct  is  large  and  long,  extending  far  for- 
ward; it  expands  at  the  end  into  a  spade-like  form,  with  an  acute  tip; 
its  orifice  is  oblique  ear-shaped,  situated  on  one  side,  near  the  end,  and 
is  protected  by  a  lobe  or  flap.  The  stomach  is  saccular,  and  the  large 
ceecal  lobe  is  not  very  long.  The  liver  is  thick.  The  posterior  aorta 
goes  far  back,  nearly  to  the  origin  of  the  fin,  1  efore  dividing,  for  the 
median  septum  of  the  branchial  cavity  is  place  J  far  back.  The  ink-sac 
has  the  ordinary  pyriform  shape. 

A  second  smaller  specimen,  which  proves  to  be  a  young  female,  in  ex- 
cellent preservation,  was  trawled  by  Lieut.  Z.  L.  Tanner,  on  the  "  Fish 
Hawk,"  October  10,  1881.  This  was  taken,  oil'  Delaware  Bay,  in  435 
fathoms,  (station  1048). 

This  specimen  agrees  nearly  with  the  type-specimen,  described  above, 
in  the  form  and  proportions  of  the  body,  head,  arms,  caudal  fin,  pen, 
etc.,  and  in  the  structure  and  denticulation  of  the  suckers.  The  caudal 
fln  is  slightly  broader  in  proportion,  while  the  suckers  are  deeper  and 
relatively  smaller,  especially  those  on  the  ventral  arms,  which  are  de- 
cidedly smaller  than  those  on  the  lateral  ones.  They  are  finely  and 
sharply  denticulated  on  the  outer  edge,  as  in  the  type. 

The  color  is,  however,  quite  different,  for  in  this  example  the  skiu 
and  flesh  are  translucent  and  beautifully  specked  with  regular,  round, 
often  rather  large,  not  crowded,  dark  brownish  red  chromatophores; 
the  larger  of  these,  especially  on  the  under  side  of  the  fin  and  body,  are 
ocellated;  on  the  head  and  arms  the  chromatophores  become  smaller 
and  more  crowded,  more  nearly  as  in  the  type.  The  row  of  large  dark 
purple  spots,  along  the  ventral  arms,  are,  in  this  example,  decidedly 
raised  and  wart-like.  One  of  the  tentacular  arms  is  perfect.  These 
are  very  long  and  slender,  and  bear,  along  their  whole  length,  rela- 
tively large  rounded,  waii;-like,  dark  purple,  sessile  suckers  having  a 
small  central  pit.  These  suckers  are  about  two-thirds  as  broad  as  the 
diameter  of  the  arm,  and  from  close  to  the  base  of  the  arm  to  the  dis- 
tal fourth  they  are  separated  by  spaces  mostly  equal  to  about  twice 
their  diameter;  distally  they  are  less  numerous.    The  tentacular  dab* 


•This  arm  dlflfera  considerably  from  the  cue  described  ou  p,  [119]  and  figured  on 
Plate  XXXII,  figs.  1-1&,  especially  in  having  much  more  numerous  sessile  suckers 
along  the  whole  length  of  the  arm,  and  in  having  shai-ply  denticulated  suckers  on  the 
club.  This  may  indicate  that  the  latter  belonged  to  a  diifcrent  species.  But  it  is 
possible  that  the  latter  had  suffered  iivjur^,  before  preservation,  snfiQcient  to  cause 
these  differences. 


[212] 

?.  reprc- 

testicle 
;ogetlier 
h.  The 
[  fin,  the 
DC  gland 
ihore-sac 

far  for- 
cute  tjp; 
end,  and 
the  large 
ior  aorta 
y,  for  the 
le  ink-sac 

ale,  in  ex- 
the  "Fish 
ay,  in  435 

)ed  above, 
a  fin,  pen, 
?he  caudal 
leeper  and 
ch  are  de- 
finely  and 

the  skiu 
far,  round, 
itophores; 
body,  are 
te  smaller 
large  dark 
decidedly 
let.    These 
igth,  rela- 
having  a 
l-oad  as  the 
to  the  dis- 
)Out  twice 
jular  club* 


Id  fignred  on 

Bile  suckers 

lickors  on  the 

Ls.    But  it  is 

lent  to  cause 


[213]    CEPHALOPODS  OF  XORTHE ASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

is  well  developed,  with  a  broad  marginal  membrane  along  each  side, 
having  scolloped  or  notched  edges.  The  club  terminates  in  an  ovate, 
subacute,  dark  purjile,  hollow  organ,  with  its  opening  on  the  outer  side 
of  the  arm.  The  suckers  (Plate  XLV,  fig.  5)  are  regularly  arranged  in 
fonr  rows.  The  stalk  is  long,  with  a  dark  purple,  fluted  summit  sur- 
mounted by  a  very  slender  pedicel,  bearing  the  sucker,  which  is  hooded, 
with  a  lateral  opening;  the  horny  ring  bears  several  slender,  sharp 
teeth  on  the  outer  side,  the  central  one  being  much  the  longest;  the  soft 
rim  of  the  sucker  is  covered  with  many  rows  of  small  scales,  the  inner 
ones  with  acute  tips.  The  lateral  suckers  do  not  alternate  with  the 
median,  but  the  two  arise  close  together,  opposite  each  other,  and  in 
line  with  the  teeth  on  the  edge  of  the  marginal  membrane.  The  inner 
surface  of  the  club  is  specked  with  brown  chromatophores,  and  the 
marginal  membranes  are  crossed  by  brown  lines,  corresponding  to  the 
notches  in  their  edges. 

Total  length  to  end  of  ventral  arms,  194""";  to  end  of  third  pair,  160; 
to  end  of  dorsal  arms,  127 ;  tail  to  dorsal  mantle  edge,  59;  to  base  of 
dorsal  arms,  86;  length  of  dorsal  arms,  41;  of  second  pair,, 56;  of  third 
pair,  69;  of  ventral,  110;  of  tentacular  arms,  180;  of  club,  17;  breadth 
of  club,  5;  length  of  caudal  flu,  27 ;  its  greatest  breadth,  24;  of  dorsal 
arms,  4;  of  third  pair,  5;  of  ventral  arms,  8;  of  bases  of  tentacular 
arms,  1.5;  diameter  of  largest  suckers  of  lateral  arms,  1""". 

This  species  differs  widely  from  C.  Bonplandii  in  the  sessile  arms,  etc. 
It  is  much  more  nearly  related  to  G.  Veranyi,  from  which  it  differs  de- 
cidedly in  the  pen;  in  the  suckers;  and  in  the  caudal  fin,  if  these  parts 
are  correctly  described  and  figured,  for  the  latter. 

BRACHIOTBUTHIS  Yerriil. 

Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  p.  405,  Nov.,  1881. 

Allied  to  Chiroteuthis.  Differs  in  having  the  lateral  connective  car- 
tilages of  the  siphoQ  simple,  long-ovate,  and  the  corresponding  cartilages 
of  the  mantle  in  the  form  of  simple,  linear  ridges;  a  rhombic  caudal  fin; 
pen  with  a  simple,  linear,  anterior  portion,  suddenly  expanding  Into  a 
much  broader,  lanceolate,  posterior  portion,  which  is  naturally  infolded; 
arms  slender,  the  ventral  ones  not  distinctly  obliquely  compressed; 
tentacular  club  without  a  spoon-like  cavity  at  tip. 

The  siphon  has  a  valve  and  dorsal  bridle  as  in  Chiroteuthis,  and  the 
suckers,  so  far  as  preserv^ed,  are  similar,  but  those  of  the  club  are  more 
numerous,  and  their  pedicels  apparently  had  a  less  pronnnent  bulb  be- 
low the  sucker. 

In  addition  to  the  type-species,  this  genus  probably  iucludes  the 
Chiroteuthiit  Bonplandii  Verany,  from  the  eastern  Atlantic. 

C.  Bonplandii,  as  figured,  has  a  very  similar  pen,  but  the  shape  of 
the  caudal  fin  is  different,  and  the  arms  are  more  nearly  equal  in  length. 
The  arms  are  also  represented  as  having  small  swellings  at  the  tips. 
Its  tentacular  arms  are  not  known. 


I'  u  > 


r,jt  f 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.      [214] 


% 


,« 


^ 


Brachioteuthis  Beanii  Yerrill. 

TrauM.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  p.  406,  pi.  55,  flgs.  3-36;  pi.  50,  figs.  2,  2a,  Nov.,  1881. 
Plato  XLV,  figs.  3-36.    Plato  XLVI,  figs.  2, 2a. 

Male :  Body  rather  small,  tapering  backward  to  an  ar  ite  posterior 
end;  dorsal  mantle-edge  with  a  broad  obtuse  angle;  caudal  fln  large  in 
proportion  to  the  body,  broad  rhomboidal;  outer  angles  prominent, 
anterior  to  the  middle;  the  anterior  lobes  project  forward  considerably 
beyond  the  insertions,  and  are  rounded.  The  form  of  the  fln  is  much 
like  that  of  Ommastrephes.  Head  thickened  at  the  bases  of  the  arms, 
not  so  large  in  proportion  to  the  body  as  in  C.  lacertosa:  Eyes  large, 
eye-lids  thin.  Siphon  large,  with  two  strong  dorsal  bridles ;  internal 
valve  broad,  rounded,  somewhat  back  from  the  orifice;  connective  car- 
tillages  long-ovate,  broadest  behind  (fig.  2a) ;  dorsal  cartilage  of  neck 
oblong,  with  a  strong  median  ridge  and  two  deep  parallel  grooves. 
Lateral  cartilages  of  mantle  (fig.  2)  are  simple  linear  ridges,  extending  to 
the  edge  of  the  mantle.  Arms  not  very  large,  somewhat  rounded,  long 
and  slender;  the  dorsal  ones  are  much  smaller  and  shorter  than  the  others ; 
two  lateral  pairs  nearly  equal  in  size  and  length,  more  than  two-thirds 
the  length  of  the  mantle.  Ventral  arms  shorter  and  much  more  slender 
than  the  lateral,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  mantle;  the  ventral 
arms  show  but  little  of  the  c  jmpressed,  oblique  form,  so  conspicuous  in 
the  preceding  species,  and  the  crest  or  fold  of  skin  along  the  outer- 
rentral  angle  is  narrow,  thin,  and  not  very  conspicuous;  the  suckers  on 
the  ventral  arms  are  in  two  alternating,  not  distant  rows,  often  appear- 
ing almost  as  if  in  on"  row  toward  the  base,  where  they  become  smaller, 
but  are  of  the  normal  cup- shaped  form,  with  finely  denticulate  rings  and 
tlender  pedicels;  the  tips  of  both  ventral  arms  are  much  injured,  bui, 
small,  normal,  long  pediceled  suckers  can  be  traced  to  the  tip  of  the  left 
arm;  the  right  arm  is  denuded  of  its  skin  and  suckers  at  the  tip.  The 
suckers  of  the  four  lateral  arms  are  in  two  rather  close  rows,  larger, 
oblique,  low  cup-shaped,  attached  by  slender  pedicels,  which  are  some- 
what swollen  just  below  the  suckers;  most  of  them  have  lost  their 
horny  rings;  marginal  membranes  rudimentary.  Web  between  the 
arms  rudimentary. 

Tentacular  arms  very  long  and  slender,  in  alcohol  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  mantle ;  a  few  scattered  sessile  suckers  are  found  along 
the  whole  length  of  the  arms;  tentacular  club  well-developed,  long- 
ovate,  oblique,  with  a  thick  wrist  and  flat  or  concave  sucker-bearing 
face:  ckers  small  and  very  numerous,  crowdedly  arranged  in  many 
row.:,  tobably  sixteen  rows  or  more),  some  of  the  middle  ones  larger 
than  rest;  suckers  not  well  preserved,  but  all  appear  to  have  been 
alike  in  form;  pedicels  long  and  slender,  with  a  smooth  and  not  very 
large  swelling  below  the  base  of  the  sucker;  the  suckers  have  lost  their 
horny  rims,  but  the  sheaths  are  shaped  much  like  those  of  C.  lacertosa, 
the  distal  portion  being  hood-shaped,  with  a  lateral  opening,  while  the 
basal  part  is  swollen  laterally.    The  tip  of  the  club  is  simple,  without 


E8.     [214] 


2a,  Nov.,  1881. 

Lte  posterior 
I  fln  large  in 
I  prominent, 
considerably 
I  fln  is  much 
of  the  arms, 
Eyes  large, 
les;  internal 
onective  car- 
lage  of  neck 
illel  grooves, 
extending  to 
ounded,  lonj? 
an  the  others; 
an  two-thirds 
more  slender 
i;  the  ventral 
onspicuous  in 
ng  the  outer- 
he  suckers  on 
often  appear- 
come  smaller, 
late  rings  and 
injured,  but 
tip  of  the  left 
the  tip.    The 
rows,  larger, 
ich  are  some- 
ive  lost  their 
between  the 

out  twice  tlie 
found  along 
eloped,  long- 
ucker-bearing 
iged  in  many 
e  ones  larger 
to  have  been 
and  not  very 
lave  lost  their 
C.  lacertosa, 
ing,  while  the 
mple,  without 


[215]    CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

any  sueli  spoon-shaped  appendage  as  is  found  in  tlic  preceding  species. 
Buccal  membrane  large,  with  a  free  thin  edge  which  scarcely  forma 
anglqg. 

Pen  (fig.  3a)  with  a  narrow,  linear  anterior  portion,  consisting  of  more 
than  half  its  length,  decreasing  in  width  backward,  then  suddenly  ex- 
panding into  the  posterior  portion,  which  is  broad  and  thin,  and  infolded, 
so  as  to  form  a  large,  compressed  posterior  cavity;  the  anterior  portion 
is  concave  beneath,  with  no  mid-rib,  the  edges  ex-curved  and  slightly 
thickened;  when  spread  out  and  flattened  the  posterior  portion  has  a 
lanceolate  form,  rather  abruptly  widening  anteriorly  and  very  gradually 
tapering  backward,  with  a  double  midrib,  and  some  delicate  lines  ])ar- 
allel  to  it,  while  the  lateral  expansions  are  very  thin  and  delicate. 

The  teeth  on  the  odontophore  (Plate  XLV,  flg.  36)  form  seven  rows: 
the  median  ones  have  a  large,  acute,  central,  and  two  small  lateral  den- 
ticles; the  inner  lateral  teeth  have  a  large,  acute  inner  denticle,  aud 
a  very  small  outer  one ;  the  next  to  the  outer  teeth  are  somewhat  stouter 
than  the  outermost,  which  are  very  acute  and  strongly  curved;  no  mar- 
ginal plates  were  observed. 

Color  of  body  mostly  destroyed,  in  the  typical  specimens,  but  small, 
light  purplish  brown  chromatophores  are  uniformly  scattered  over  the 
parts  best  preserved;  this  is  also  the  case  on  the  head,  siphon,  and  outer 
surfaces  of  the  arms,  where  the  skin  is  well  preserved ;  scattered  spots 
also  occur  on  the  inner  surfaces,  between  the  sucker«. 

The  male  described  above  has  the  mantle  62"""  long;  length  of  caudal 
fin,  31;  its  breadth,  30;  end  of  tail  to  base  of  arms,  85;  length  of  dor- 
.sal  arms,  26;  of  second  pair,  48;  of  third  pair,  45  +  (tips  gone);  of  fourth 
pair,  35;  of  tentacular  arms,  118;  of  sucker- bearing  portion  of  club,  16; 
breadth  of  tentacular  arms,  2;  of  club,  4;  of  lateral  arms,  at  base,  3.5; 
of  ventral  arms,  3;  diameter  of  ej'e-ball,  8;  of  largest  suiikers  of 
lateral  arms,  1.2;  length  of  pen,  62;  of  anterior,  narrow  portion,  38; 
its  breadth  anteriorly,  where  widest,  2;  where  narrowest,  1.25;  length 
of  posterior  portion,  24 ;  its  breadth,  8'"™. 

The  supposed  female  has  lost  the  tail,  but  the  arms  are  in  better  con- 
dition than  those  of  the  male;  it  diflfers  from  the  male  in  having  dis- 
tinctly smaller  suckers  on  the  lateral  arms.    Length  of  dorsal  arms, 


•»7inm . 


of  second  pair,  44;  of  third  pair,  46;  of  fourth  pair,  37;  of  ten- 
tacular arms,  120;  of  club,  16™«. 

A  larger  specimen  (station  994),  which  has  lost  its  head  and  pen  and 
therefore  canuot  be  positively  identifled,  has  a  much  darker  color.  It 
is  dark  purplish  brown  over  the  whole  body. 

Two  typical  specimens  were  obtained  off  Martha's  Vineyard,  at  sta- 
tions 1031  and  1033,  in  265  and  183  fathoms;  one,  of  doubtful  identity, 
at  station  994,  in  368  fiithoms,  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  in  1881. 
All  three  were  from  flsh-stomachs. 

This  interesting  species  was  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  T.  H.  Beau,  the 
ichthyologist,  who  took  charge  of  the  fishes  on  the  "Fish  Hawk"  this 
season. 


i 


ii! 


N?  I 


B'{' 


»K  ' 


't' 


REPORT  01'  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.      [2 a 3] 

Hlstioteuthis  Collinsil  Verrill.     (Seep.  [121].) 

riato  XXIII.    Plato  XXIV^  ligs.  3-7.     Plate  XXV,  flga.  1,  1«.    Plate  XLV,  (igs.  (5,  6a. 

The  teeth  of  the  odontophore  originally  described  and  figured  (p.  [123], 
Plate  XXIV,  fig.  0)  were  not  the  most  developed  of  those  on  the  same 
odontophore ;  therefore,  I  have  prepared  another  figure  (Plate  XXIV, 
fig.  7).  The  pedicels  of  the  larger  suckers  on  the  tentacular  club  are 
very  iieculiar.  They  are,  when  extended,  long  and  remarkably  stout, 
their  di.imeter  being  more  than  half  that  of  the  sucker.  They  are 
cylindrical,  and  are  capable  of  being  invaginated  to  near  the  middle, 
so  that  they  can  be  lengthened  out  or  very  much  shortened  by  a  sort  of 
telescopic  motion.  The  up])er  end  is  thick,  and  so  fits  the  basal  part  of 
the  broad  sucker  that  it  .icts  as  a  piston,  very  perfectly.  (Plate  XXXV, 
figs.  1,  la.) 

Two  additrjnal  examples  of  this  interesting  species  have  been  re- 
ceived. The  first  is  in  nearly  the  same  condition  as,  but  is  considerably 
smaller  than,  the  one  originally  described.  The  head  and  arms  alone 
remain,  but  these  are  well  enough  preserved  to  show  the  characteristic 
color-marks.  It  was  taken  from  a  cod,  on  the  western  part  of  the  Grand 
Bank,  N.  p.,  by  Captain  Johnson  and  crew,  of  the  schooner  "Augusta 
Johnson"  (lot  962).   Presented  to  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  June,  1881. 

The  last  example  also  consists  only  of  the  head  and  sessile  arms,  and 
is  not  in  so  good  condition  as  either  of  the  others  referred  to.  It  is  about 
as  large  as  the  one  originally  described.  This  was  taken  by  Capt.  Chas. 
Anderson  and  crew,  of  the  schooner  "Alice  G.  Wonson,"  in  180  fathoms, 
near  the  northeast  part  of  George's  Bank,  October,  1881. 

DasmoteuthiB  teuera  Verrill. 

Traus.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  p.  412,  pi.  r>5,  figs.  2-2d,  pi.  56,  fig.  3. 

Plate  XLV,  fi«8.  2-2d.   Plate  XLVI,  fig.  3. 

Two  small  but  perfect  specimens  of  this  new  species  were  taken  in 
the  "trawl- wings"*  this  season,  at  station  952,  in  388  fathoms. 

The  specimens  are  both  males,  but  show  no  positive  evidence  of  hec- 
tocotylization.  The  eyes  are  very  large  and  prominent,  occupying  the 
whole  of  the  sides  of  the  head,  wide  apart  dorsally,  but  nearly  in  con- 


•The  "trawl-wings,"  whieh  were  first  invented  and  used  by  the  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission, this  summer,  consist  of  fine  nets  attached  to  a  support  extending  out  from 
each  end  of  the  trawl-beam.  When  in  use  they  are  about  two  feet  above  the  sea  bot- 
tom. They  are  provided  with  an  interior  funnel-shaped  net  to  prevent  the  escape  of 
animals  captured.  They  have  been  of  great  value  to  us  for  capturing,  and  retaining 
in  excellent  condition,  many  kinds  of  free-swimming  deep-sea  animals,  not  otherwise 
obtainable,  or  if  taken  in  the  trawl  crushed  by  the  great  masses  of  fishes,  echinoderms, 
actinia),  etc.,  usually  taken  in  every  haul  in  those  waters. 

Among  the  things  captured  in  the  "trawl-wings"  are  not  only  several  cephalopoda 
(including  ^Hoposu*,  Leatoteuthis,  Boasia),  but  Cymhulia  calceolus,  and  other  Fteropods; 
vast  numbers  of  Sagitta,  one  of  them  bright  orange-colored;  numerous  species  of 
Copepod  Crustacea,  some  of  them  of  great  size ;  Schizopods ;  Salpse ;  Acalephs,  in- 
oluding  one  very  remarkable  now  form  of  Siphonophora,  etc. 


r2x(5]      I      [21 ']    CEI'IIALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


tigs.  6,  6a. 

(p.'  [123], 
the  same 
e  XXIV, 
'club  are 
aly  stout, 
They  are 
e  middle, 
f  a  sort  of 
sal  part  of 
e  XXXV, 

)  been  re- 
ttsiderably 
^rms  alone 
racteristic 
the  Grand 
"Augusta 
Tune,  1881. 
1  arms,  and 
It  is  about 
3apt.  Chas. 
$0  fathoms. 


e  taken  in 
Ins. 

nee  of  hec- 
upying  the 
irly  in  con- 


S.  Fish  Com- 
ing out  from 
ethe  aeabot- 
tlie  escape  of 
ind  retaining 
not  otherwise 
echinoderms, 

I  cephalopoda 
er  Pteropods; 
us  species  of 
Aoalephs,  in- 


Uitt  beneath;  eyelids  thin,  entire.  The  body  is  long,  somewhat  fusi- 
foMii,  slightly  smaller  in  advance  of  the  middle.  The  tissues  are  exceed- 
ingly thin,  delicate,  pale,  and  translucent,  so  that  the  pen  and  other 
organs  can  be  seen  through  the  mantle.  Anteriorly  the  edge  of  the 
mantle  is  directly  attached  to  the  head,  medially,  by  a  muscular  com- 
missure, and  there  is  no  free  edge  (such  as  D'Orbigny  figures  in  Taonius 
pavo)  at  the  narrow  middle  portion  of  this  band.  This  commissure  is 
broader  within  the  mantle,  and  there  is  another  large,  oblique,  muscular 
commissure,  extending  forward  to  the  edge  of  the  mantle,  on  each  side, 
extensively  uniting  the  inner  surface  of  the  mantle  to  the  sides  of  the 
siphon.  These  commissures  leave  only  a  rather  narrow  opening  to  the 
gill-cavifv.  on  each  side,  and  one  small  ventral  one,  and  the  interior 
ventral  t.    ity  is  partitioned  off  from  the  lateral  ones. 

The  siphon  is  large,  projecting  forward  between  the  lower  sides  of  the 
large  eyes;  it  has  no  valve  in  the  ordinary  place,  but  toward  the  base, 
on  the  dorsal  side,  there  are  two  erect,  rounded,  ear-like  flaps,  each  ac- 
companied by  a  prominent  papilla  (i'),  and  farther  forward  a  raised,  me- 
dian, transverse  fold,  and  a  central  papilla  (i).    (Plate  XLV,  fig.  2d.) 

The  caudal  fin  is  comparatively  small,  narrow-ovate,  tapering  to  a 
short,  blunt  posterior  end,  and  with  the  anterior  lobes  narrowed  and 
scarcely  projecting  beyond  the  insertions. 

Arms  rounded,  rather  slender,  tapering  to  slender  tips:  those  of  the 
third  pair  are  much  the  longest,  and  like  the  second  pair,  bear  along 
the  uistal  half  suckers  much  larger  than  the  proximal  ones;  tips  short, 
with  few  small  suckers.  The  dorsal  and  ventral  arms  are  about  equal, 
and  not  much  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  third  pair;  they  bear  smaller 
suckers,  in  two  rows,  regularly  decreasing  distally.  The  second  pair  is 
intermediate  in  length  between  the  first  and  third  pairs,  with  two  rows 
of  larger  suckers  on  the  outer  half,  suddenly  decreasing  distally,  with 
minute  ones  close  to  the  tip.  The  large  suckers  (fig.  2  b,  2c)  on  the  second 
and  third  pairs  of  arms  are  much  larger  than  the  others,  but  similar  in 
form,  deep  cup-shaped,  convex  in  the  middle,  obliquely  attached,  with 
a  smooth  horny  rim,  except  on  the  distal  ones,  which  have  blunt  denti- 
cles externally.  There  are  about  sixteen  of  these  suckers  on  each  of 
the  lateral  arms,  but  eight  or  ten  are  decidedly  larger  than  the  rest. 
The  large  suckers  commence  nearly  at  the  middle  of  the  arms  and  ex- 
tend to  very  near  the  tips.  The  third  pair  of  arms  have  a  thin  median 
carina  on  the  outer  side,  along  the  distal  third.  All  the  arms  have  a 
wide  marginal  or  i>rotective  membrane  along  the  inner  edges,  outside 
the  suckers;  these  membranes  are  strengthened  by  transverse  thick- 
ened, muscular  processes,  opposite  each  sucker;  between  these  the  mem- 
brane recedes  so  that  the  edge  is  scolloped.  The  ventral  arms  have 
also  a  membrane  along  the  outer,  ventral  angle.  I  am  unable  to  detect 
any  positive  signs  of  hectocotylization,  either  in  the  dorsal  or  ventral 
arms.  Perhaps  the  presence  of  the  very  large  suckers  on  the  lateral 
I  arms  may  be  a  sexual  character,  but  if  so,  they  are  symmetrical  on  the 
two  sides. 


n\ 


I 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.      [218] 


'ft 


1    i 


ij^U 


Tentacular  arms  (PI.  XL VI,  fig.  3),  rather  stout,  tapering  from  the 
thickened  base,  and  in  our  specimens,  equalling  in  size,  and  not  mud 
longer  than,  those  of  the  third  pair;  club  well  developed,  rather  broader 
than  the  rest  of  the  arm,  with  a  dorsal  keel  and  wide,  marginal,  protec 
tive  membranes;  the  suckers  are  arranged  in  four  regular  rows;  the 
larger  suckers  are  about  equj\l  in  size  to  the  larger  ones  of  the  dorsal 
arms;  of  these  there  are  eight  or  nine  in  each  row,  the  marginal  ones  are 
scarcely  smaller  than  the  median  ones  and  similar  in  shape,  but  more 
oblique,  all  there  suckers  are  cup-shaped,  obliquely  attached,  with  long 
pedicels;  the  marginal  ring  is  denticulated  all  around,  the  teeth  ou  the 
outer  or  higher  side  being  slender,  sharp,  and  incurved;  those  on  the  in 
ner  side  minute.  The  distal  part  of  the  club  is  short,  and  covered  with 
four  rows  of  small  suckers,  similar  to  the  larger  ones  in  shape  and  arma- 
ture; at  the  tip  is  a  small  group  of  minute  suckers,  apparently  unarmed. 
At  the  proximal  end  of  the  club  there  is  a  group  of  small  denticulated 
suckers,  and  four  irregular  rows  of  minute,  connective  suckers,  attached 
by  short  pedicels,  extend  along  the  inner  surface  of  the  arm  to  the  nid- 
die  or  beyond ;  these  are  interspersed  with  minute  tubercles,  more  dis 
tinct  distally,  near  the  club.  The  outer  buccal  membrane  is  narrow, 
without  distinct  angles. 

The  pen  is  very  thin,  pale  yellow ;  the  anterior  iJortion  is  narrow  and 
slender;  the  posterior  portion,  commencing  opposite  the  origin  of  the 
fins,  is  lanceolate,  with  two  faint,  close  ribs  along  the  middle,  and  less 
distinct  parallel  lines  each  side  of  these ;  the  tip  is  a  hoUotr  cone,  about 
10«"«"  long. 

The  teeth  of  the  odontophore  (PI.  XLV,  tig.  2 a) form  seven  rows;  the 
median  teeth  have  a  very  large  and  long  median  denticle,  and  a  small 
lateral  one  on  each  angle;  the  inner  lateral  teeth  have  a  large  inner  and 
a  very  small  outer  denticle;  the  two  outer  rows  of  teeth  are  rather 
stout;  a  marginal  row  of  rather  ill-defined  elliptical  plates  on  each  side. 

Color  of  mantle  pale  yellowish  white,  with  scattered,  conspicuous, 
round,  or  more  or  less  elliptical,  puri)lish-brown  spots,  2  to  3"""  in  diam 
eter,  and  5  to  lO"""*  apart.  Eyes  dark  purplish  or  chocolate  browu; 
head,  siphon,  and  outer  surfaces  of  arms  thickly  specked  with  purplish 
brown  chromatophores. 

The  length  of  the  largest  specimen  is  163'""',  from  end  of  tail  to  tip  of 
third  pair  of  arms ;  length  of  mantle  dorsally,  110"^°' ;  mantle  to  base  of 
dorsal  arms,  11""";  diameter  of  eyes,  17'"'";  breadth  of  head  across 
eyes,  SO""* ;  breadth  of  body,  26"'"' ;  length  of  caudal  fin,  45""" ;  its 
breadth,  28°'"' ;  length  of  dorsal  arms,  20"'"' ;  of  second  pair,  25""" ;  of 
third  pair,  32'""' ;  of  fourth  pair,  20""" ;  of  tentacular  arms,  35""™ ;  of  club, 
11""™ ;  breadth  of  lateral  arms,  at  base,  3.  S™"* ;  diameter  of  largest 
suckers,  2.  S™"*. 

Oflf  Martha's  Vineyard,  87^  miles  from  Gay  Head,  station  952,  in  388 
fathoms.    U.  S.  Fish  Commsssion,  Aug.  4, 1881. 


I 


J.      [218]    I      [219]    CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


from  tbe  I 
not  mucli  I 
er  broader  I 
lal,  protec  I 
rows;  tbe  I 
the  dorsal  I 
al  oucs  are  I 
,  but  more  I 
,  with  long  I 
»eth  ou  the  I 
eouthein  I 
vered  with  I 
s  and  arma-  I 
y  unarmed.  I 
enticulated  I 
rs,  attached  I 
to  the  Bid-  I 
D,  more  dis  I 

is  narrow,  I 

narrow  and  I 
rigin  of  tbe  I 
le,  and  less  I 
cone,  about  I 

n  rows;  the 
and  a  small 
je  inner  and 

are  rather 
>n  each  side, 
jonspicuous, 
jmm  in  diarn- 

atebrowu; 
ith  purplish 

tail  to  tip  of 
le  to  base  of 
head  across 


■) 


45" 


its 


9f»n""j  of 


20" 


■wr, 

mm;  of  club, 

of  largest 


952,  in  388 


Notes  on  the  visceral  anatomy. 

Anatomically,  this  species  closely  resembles  Desmoieuthis  kyperborea. 
(See  Plate  XXV,  fig.  1.)  It  has  a  similar  short,  thick,  compressed,  ovate 
liver,  with  the  intestine  in  a  groove  along  its  ventral  edge,  and  the  small 
ink-sac  imbedded  in  its  antero-ventral  surface.  The  gills  are  laterally 
placed,  short,  with  long  lamellte.  The  heart  is  small,  irregularly  tubular, 
oblique,  with  four  angles  or  lobes  where  joined  by  the  principal  vessels. 
Tbe  efferent  vessels  from  the  gills  are  long  and  conspicuous,  because  the 
bases  of  the  gills  are  distant  from  the  heart. 

The  alimentary  tract  consists  of  a  short,  narrow  rectum,  attached  to 
tbe  liver,  and  ending  in  a  bilabiate  aperture,  guarded  by  two  slender 
papillie;  of  a  long,  rather  wide,  tubular  portion,  extending  back  to  the 
base  of  the  caudal  fin,  and  covered,  along  the  ventral  side,  with  lateral 
rows  of  clusters  of  small  follicular  glands,  which,  near  the  liver,  diverge 
into  two,  separate,  large,  lateral  clusters;  posteriorly,  where  the  rows  of 
follicles  cease,  there  is  a  small,  firm,  bean-shaped  glandular  organ,  1am- 
ellose  within,  probably  serving  as  a  gizzard;  this  is  followed  by  a  long 
tabular,  or  fusiform,  more  or  less  saccular  stomach  and  a  ciecal  append- 
age, running  back  nearly  lo  the  end  of  the  body ;  at  its  anterior  origin 
this  csecal  appendage  is  separated  from  the  stomach  by  a  constriction. 

The  testicle  is  a  rather  small,  slender,  lanceolate  organ,  attached  lat- 
erally, for  its  whole  length,  to  the  side  of  the  csecal  appendage.  The 
prostate  gland  and  vesiculse  seminales  have  their  usual  position  at  the 
base  of  the  left  gill,  but  they  are  small  and  probably  not  fully  developed; 
the  efferent  duct  extends  over  and  a  short  distance  beyond  the  base  of 
the  gill,  and  is  slender  and  pointed.  The  renal  organs  are  very  different 
from  those  of  the  common  squids  {LoUgo  and  Ommastrephea).  The  pos- 
terior part  of  the  anterior  vena-cava  becomes  glandular  in  front  of  the 
heart;  there  it  parts,  sending  a  long,  smooth  vein  to  the  base  of  each 
gill;  there  each  of  these  veins  expands  into  an  ovate  renal  organ,  be- 
fore joining  the  branchial  auricles. 

Arohlteuthls  Harvesri  Verrill.    (No.  27 ;  see  p.  [201].) 

Since  the  preceding  pages  were  put  in  type,  I  have  been  able  to  ex- 
amine the  specimen*  mentioned  on  p.  [201]. 

This  specimen  was  purchased  by  Mr.  E.  M.  Worth,  and  preserved,  in 
alcohol,  at  his  museum,  101  Bowery  street.  New  York,  where  I  had  a 
good  opportunity  to  examine  it,  about  two  weeks  after  it  had  been  put 
in  alcohol. 

Although  this  is  more  nearly  complete  than  any  specimen  hitherto 
brought  to  this  couptry,  the  arms  and  suckers  are  not  so  well  preserved 


*  An  account  of  this  specimen,  accompanied  by  a  wood-cut,  apparently  copied  from 
the  photograph,  was  published  in  "  Harper's  Weekly  "  for  December  10.  This  tigure, 
though  poor,  gives  a  fair  idea  of  the  general  appearance  of  the  creature  as  it  would 
look  if  lying  tlabby  and  collapsed  on  the  shore.  The  peculiar  appearance  of  the  cau- 
dal fin  was  due  to  mutilation  of  that  organ. 


5   'S  >• 


i.  ii 


'',t' 


RKPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OP  FI8II  AND  FISHERIES.      [220] 


as  in  ftomu  of  the  other  examples.  All  the  sesHilc  arms  have  lost  more 
or  less  of  their  tips,  so  that  the  actual  length  cannot  be  given,  and 
many  of  their  suckers  are  either  injured  or  lost ;  the  tentacular  arms 
are  also  iigured  and  most  of  the  large  suckers  of  the  clubs  are  de- 
stroyed; the  candal  flu  was  not  only  torn  by  handling,  but  one-half  uf 
it  had,  apparently,  been  destroyed  and  the  wound  healed  before  the 
death  of  the  creature,*  so  that  its  true  form  cannot  be  determined;  the 
eye-balls  were  burst,  and  most  of  the  pen  was  gone. 

The  head,  eye-lids,  siphon,  and  f^ont  edge  of  the  mantle  are,  however, 
in  fair  condition,  and  aa  these  parts  have  not  been  well  preserved  in  any 
of  the  previous  examples,  some  new  and  valuable  facts  were  learned  in 
regard  to  the  structure  of  these  organs. 

Many  of  the  following  characters  are  of  generic  value:  The  eye-lids 
were  large,  not  much  thickened,  and  only  slightly  augulated,  and  with 
a  shallow  sinus;  diameter  of  opening  about  120"""  (4.5  to  5  inches).  The 
transverse  nuchal  crests,  behind  the  eyes,  are  distinct,  but  only  slightly 
elevated ;  of  the  longitudinal  ones,  only  one,  on  each  side,  is  distinct, 
but  it  is  short  and  not  very  high ;  the  others  (unless  they  had  been  rubbed 
off)  are  rudimentary.  The  siphon  is  large  and  broad ;  aperture,  102'""' 
(4  inches)  broad,  slightly  bilabiate,  with  a  broad  valve  within;  dorsal 
bridles  moderately  developed.  Siphon-pit  shallow,  smooth.  Connective 
cartilages,  on  base  of  the  siphon,  simple,  long-ovate,  slightly  oblique,  and 
only  a  little  concave.  Connective  cartilages  on  the  sides  of  the  mantle 
short,  and  close  to  the  front  edge,  very  simple,  consisting  of  a  short, 
slightly  raised,  longitudinal  ridge.  The  dorsal  ingle  of  the  mantle- 
edge  projects  forward  considerably  beyond  the  sidet  '^6  an  obtuse  angle ; 
the  lateral  angles  are  also  distinct.  The  body  is  largt  ^  broad  in  the 
middle  and  anteriorly,  but  tapers  very  rapidly  to  the  base  v.  'he  candal 
fin,  which  is  relatively  small. 

This  specimen,  when  examined  by  me,  measured  as  follows :  Length 
of  mantle,  to  the  lateral  angles  of  the  front  edge,  4.16  feet;  from  edge 
of  mantle  to  inner  base  of  ventral  arms,  1.25  feet;  drcumference  of 
body,  4  feet;  length  of  caudal  fin,  tip  to  anterior  end  o{  lobe,  21  inches; 
breadth  of  one-half  of  fin,  median  line  of  tail  to  outer  edge,  8  inches; 
length  ■.!  tentacular  arms,  15  feet;  of  club,  2  feet;  fvoni  arst  of  the  large 
median  suckers  to  the  tip,  20  inches;  length  of  ventral  arms  (minus  tips), 
4.66  feet;  their  circumference  at  base,  8.5.  inches;  length  of  the  dorsal 
arms  (minus  tips),  4.5  feet;  their  circumference,  7.5  inches;  circumfer- 
ence of  second  pair  of  arms,  7.5  inches ;  of  third  pair,  8.5  inches;  diame- 
ter of  largest  suckers  of  sessile  arms,  .75  of  an  inch. 

The  arms  have  a  stout  appearance,  especially  toward  the  base,  and 
do  not  differ'  very  much  in  size.  In  the  form  of  the  arms  and  in  the 
structure  of  the  suckers  this  specimen  agrees  essentially  with  those  that 

*  Owing  to  this  fact,  which  was  not  understood  by  those  who  saw  and  figured  it 
at  first,  some  of  the  cuts  that  have  been  printed  give  the  tail  very  peculiar  and  re- 
markable forms. 


;8.      [220]      I     [221]    CEPIIALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTKRN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


i  lost  more 


given, 


and 


cular  arms 
lbs  are  de- 
one-half  of 
befoi-e  the 
mined',  the 

e,  however, 
rved  in  any 
B  learned  in 

Che  eye-lids 
id,  and  with 
iches).  The 
»nly  slightly 
,  is  distinct, 
been  rubbed 
rture,  102'""' 
thin;  dorBul 

Connective 
obliqae,  and 
P  the  mantle 
'  of  a  short, 

the  mantle- 
btuse  angle ; 
broad  in  the 
he  caudal 

)W8:  Length 
from  edge 
amference  of 
je,  21  inches; 
ge,  8  inches; 
t  of  the  large 

(minus  tips), 
of  the  dorsal 
circumfer- 

ches;  diame- 

he  base,  and 
8  and  in  the 
ith  those  that 

■  and  figured  it 
pecaliar  and  re- 


I  have  already  described.    The  mandibles  are  nearly  black;  their  ante- 
rior alar  edges  have  a  deep  notch  and  a  prominent  tooth. 

The  color,  which  is  partially  preserved  on  the  arms  and  ventral  side 
of  the  body,  agrees  verj^  well  with  that  of  Omniastrephes  illecebroaua. 
The  skin  is  bluish  or  pinkish,  thickly  specked  with  small  purplish  brown 
chromatophores. 

Arohiteuthlsprlnoeps?  V.    (No.  28.) 

In  a  letter  ft'om  the  llev.  M.  Har^'ey,  dated  December  10, 1881,  he  in- 
forms me  that  he  had  been  told  by  Mr.  0.  D.  Chambers,  magistrate  of 
Harbour  Bufi'et,  Placentia  Bay,  N.  F.,  that  a  very  large  specimen  of 
Architeuthii  had  been  found  on  the  beach  at  Hennesey's  Cove,  Long 
Island,  Placentia  Bay,  during  the  first  week  of  November  last.  This 
was  discovered  by  Albert  Butcher  and  George  Wareham,  who  cut  a 
portion  from  the  head.  The  specimen  had  been  miich  mutilated  by 
crows  and  other  birds.  The  locality  is  uninhabited.  The  men  esti- 
mated the  length  of  the  body  and  head  at  26  feet,  but  this  is  probably 
100  large  an  estimate. 

CompecUis  of  the  families,  genera,  and  species  of  Cepluilopoda  included  in 

this  paper. 

In  the  following  synopsis  the  species  that  have  actually  been  proved 
to  belong  to  the  fauna  of  the  northeastern  coast  of  America,  or  the 
waUjrs  adja»  >nt,  are  numbered  serially.  They  have  all  been  personally 
studied  by  me,  except  Taonins  para. 


Subclass  DIBRANOHIATA.     (See  p.  [73].) 

Order  I.— DECACERA  Blainville.    (See  p.  [75].) 

OIGOPSIDiE.    (See  p.  [75].) 

The  division  called  Oiyopsida;  includes  two  very  diverse  groups,  differ- 
ing very  widely  in  their  visceral  anatomy,  as  well  as  in  the  structure  of 
the  eyes,  siphon,  and  mantle  connections.  These  may  be  called  Ten- 
ihidea  and  Taonidea. 

The  former  will  include  all  the  Oigopsidte  described  in  this  paper 
except  the  DesmotetUhidw.  The  Taonidea  will  include  the  Besmoteuthidte 
iind  also  several  allied  forma,  which  have  usually  been  carelessly  referred 
to  Loligopsis. 

TEUTIIIDEA  Verrill. 

Eyes  with  free  lids,  not  stalked.  Siphon  with  a  subterminal  valve. 
Mantle  attached  to  the  siphon  by  free  connective  cartilages.  Stomach 
large,  pouch-like;  intestine  short.;  liver  very  large;  ink-sac  large.    Pen 


I    I 


REPORT  OP  COIIMISSIONER  OP  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.      [222] 

^oi'uy,  well  developed,  as  long  as  the  mantle.  One  of  the  ventral  anns 
is  usually  hectocotylized  in  the  male.  Arms  with  suckers,  or  with 
claws,  or  with  both. 

Family  TETJTHID^  Owen  (restricted).    (Sfje  pp.  [69],  [75].) 

For  a  brief  synopsis  of  the  previously  known  genera  of  this  family, 
see  pp.  [69-70]. 

Enoploteuthis.    (See  pp.  [70],  [203].) 

Enoploteuthis  HartiagU  YerriU.    (Pp.  [53],  [303].) 
EnoploteuthiB  CookU  Owen  —  E.  Molinai  D'Orb.    (Pp.  [53],  [203].) 

MoROTEUTHis  Verrill.    (See  pp.  [70],  [209].) 

Moroteuthls  robusta  (Dall)  Verrill.    (Pp.  [65],  [209].) 

GoNATUS  Gray.    (See  pp.  [204],  [206].) 
Oonatua  amcsuus  Gray.    (Pp.  [204],  [206].) 

Lestoteuthis  Verrill  (See  pp.  [70],  [76],  [78],  [204],  [205].) 

1.  LeBtoteutUs  Fabricii  (Licht.)  Verrill.     (Pp.  [76],  [79],  [206].; 

Family  OMMASTREPHID^E.    (See  pp.  [80],  [201].) 

Ommastbephes.    (See  pp.  [81-83],  [202].) 

Ommaatrephea  (^para)  D'Orbigny,  Voy.  Am.  M^rid.,  1835;  C^phsl.  Ac^tab.,  p.  341, 
Illex  and  Todarodes  Steenstrup,  Oversigt  k.  Danske  Vidensk.   Selsk.  Forhand., 
188C,  p.  90. 

2.  Ommastrephes  lllecebrosuB  (Les.)  Verrill.    (Pp.  [83],  [202].) 

Sthenoteuthis  Verrill.    (See  pp.  [99],  [201].) 

3.  Sthenoteuthis  megaptera  Verrill.    (P.  [100].) 

SthenoteuthlB  pteropuB  (Steonst.)  Verrill.    (Pp.  [103],  [107],  [202].)     '  "' 

4.  Sthenoteuthis  Bartramii  (Les.)  Verrill.    (P.  [112].) 

Architeuthis  (Steenst.)  Harting,  1881.    (See  pp.  [1-20],  [23],  [51-65], 

[114J,  [1991.) 

^roAiteitfftiw  Steeust.,  1856  (no  description). 

5.  AichiteuthlB  Harveyi  Verrill.    (Pp.  [23-40],  [114],  [200-201],  [219].) 

6.  Architeuthis  prinoeps  Verrill.    (Pp.  L'*l-!>0],  [114].) 
Architeuthis  monachus  (StaensO-    (Pp- C24],  [51-62].) 
Architeuthis  dux  (Stsenst.)  Gervais.    (Pp.  [24],  [51],  [200].) 
Architeuthis  Hartlngii  Verrill.    (Pp.  [53],  [200].) 
Architeuthis  Bouyeri  Verrill.     (Pp.  [54-57].)  '' 
Architeuthis  (f)  Mouchezi  Vclain.    (Pp.  [63-(55].) 
Architeuthis  grandis  (Owen)  Verrill.     (Pp.  [57-59],  [200].) 

The  number  of  the  foreign  species,  mostly  nominal  and  imperfectly 
known,  will  undoubtedly  be  much  reduced  when  they  become  better 
known.  Probably  A.  dux  and  ^l.  Bouyeri  are  identical,  but  there  is  as 
yet  no  proper  zoological  description  of  either.  The  former  has  been 
very  briefly  describnl  by  Gerrais,  and  Harting  has  published  an  out- 
line Dguie  of  one  of  the  mandibles. 


;.    [222] 

itral  arms 
J,  or  with 


[75].) 
iis  family, 


205].) 
110 


ic6tab.,  p.  341, 
Isk.  Forhand., 


[23],  [51-65], 


!191.) 


1  imperfectly 
lecome  better 
lit  there  is  as 
ner  has  been 
ished  an  out- 


[223]    CEPHAL0P0D8  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

Family  MASTIGOTEUTHID^  VerrUl.    (See  p.  [114].) 

Mastigoteuthis  Verrill.    (See  p.  [115].) 

7.  MaBtigoteuthls  AgaMdsU  Verrill.    (P.  [115].) 

Family  OfllROTBUTHID^  Gray  (restricted).    (See  p.  [118].) 

Chiboteuthis  D'Orb.    (See  p.  [118].) 

Chiroteuthis  is  the  only  genm  in  this  family  that  has  been  hitherto 
recognized. 

8.  ChlroteutUs  laoertosa  Verrill.    (Pp.  [119],  [209].) 

Bbaghioteuthis  Verrill.    (See  p.  [213].) 

9.  Braohioteuthis  BeanU  Verrill.    (P.  [214].) 

Calliteuthis  Verrill.    (P.  [117].) 

10.  CalUteuthlB  reversa  Verrill.    (P.  [117].) 
CaUlteuthls  ocellata  (Owen)  Verrill.    (P.  [202].) 

Family  HISTIOTEUTHID^  Verrill.    (See  p.  [120].) 

HiSTiOTEUTHis  D'Orbigny.    (See  p.  [120].) 

11.  Histioteuthis  CoUinsU  Verrill.    (Pp.  [121,210].) 

TA  OXIDEA  Verrill. 

Eyes  large,  stalked  or  prominent,  having  free  lids,  but  no  sinas. 
Mantle  united  to  base  of  siphon  and  back  of  neck  by  three  muscular 
commissures.  Siphon  large,  without  a  true  subterminal  valve,  but 
usually  with  special  elevated  processes,  or  flaps,  in  the  basal  portion. 
Stomach  small,  far  back ;  intestine  very  long,  covered  with  lateral  fol- 
licular glands ;  liver  small,  far  forward;  ink-sac  small.  Pen  slender  an- 
teriorly, as  long  as  the  mantle.  Hectocotylized  arm  not  observed.  All 
the  arms  bear  suckers. 

Family  DESMOTEUTHID.^  Verrill.    (See  p.  [124].) 

Body  much  elongated,  mantle  united  to  tho  neck  by  three  muscular 
commissures.  Siphon  without  a  true  valve,  but  witL  three  peculia}*, 
special  thickenings,  or  raised  processes,*  in  its  basal  portion.  Byes 
i  prominent.    Intestine  very  long ;  ink-sac  small. 

Desmoteuthis  Verrill.    (See  p.  [125].) 

1 12.  Desmoteuthis  hyperborea  (Steeust.)  Verrill.    (P.  [126].) 

1 13.  Desmoteuthis  tenera  Verriil.    (P.  [21C].) 

Taonius  Steerstrup  (restricted).    (See  p.  [129].)  \\ 

1 14.  Taonius  pavo  (Lc8.)  Steenstrui..     ^oce  p.  [130].) 

MYOPSIDiE  D'Orbigny.    (See  p.  [131].) 

This  artificial  divisio^^^  includes  two  very  diverse  groups,  which  not 

*  Of  these  organs  the  median  doraal  one  is  larger  and  more  complicated  than  tho 
lothers  (see  PI.  LV,  fig.  2d,  m ;  and  Ag.  4n).  It  seems  to  mo  probable  that  this  organ 
lis  the  true  homologuo  of  the  foot  of  gastropods. 


ii 


i  . 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [224] 

only  differ  widely  in  the  condition  of  the  eyes,  but  also  in  the  nature  cT 
the  hectocotylization  of  the  arms,  and  in  anatomical  characters. 

To  one  of  these  groups,  containing  the  family  SepioUdw,  I  propose  to 
apply  the  name  Sepiolidea. 

The  other  division,  Sepidea,  includes  the  families  Sepidoi,  Loliginidce, 
Idioaepidw,  and  perhaps  SpiruUdce;  but  the  latter  might,  perhaps,  be 
best  placed  with  several  fossil  forms  in  a  division  of  which  it  is  the  sole 
surviving  genus. 

SEPIDEA  Verrill. 

The  integument  extends  entirely  over  the  eye,  and  there  is  a  pore  in 
front  of  it.  Pupil  crescent-shaped.  Body  commonly  elongated.  Pten 
various,  rarely  absent,  usually  large,  broad-lanceolate  or  ovate,  either 
horny  or  calcareous  (spirally  coiled,  tubular,  and  chambered  in  SpiruUty 
in  which  it  is  posteriorly  situated).  One  of  the  ventral  arms  of  the 
male  is  usually  hectocotylized. 

Mantle  usually  with  three  connective  cartilages,  rarely  with  one 
(uorsal)  or  three  muscular  commissures. 

Family  LOLIGINID^.    (See  p.  [131].) 
LoLiGO  Lamarck.    (See  p.  [131].) 

15.  LoUgo  Pealei  Les.    (P.  [132].) 

16.  Lollgo  (LoUiguncula)  brevis  Blaiuv.    (P.  [  101  ]. ) 

Sepioteuthis  D'Orbig.    (See  p.  [163].) 
Sepioteuthla  seploidea  D'Orb.    (S(>e  p.  [164].) 

SEPIOLIDEA  Verrill. 

In  this  group  the  eye-lids  may  either  be  entirely  free  all  around,  or 
the  upper  one  may  be  attached  to  the  eye-ball.  Pupil  either  round  or 
crescent-shaped,  Body  short,  obtuse.  Fins  lateral,  separated.  Pen 
small  or  rudimentary,  sometimes  absent.  Sucker-rings  smooth.  Dorsal 
arms,  in  the  male,  usually  hectocotylized,  one  or  both. 

Family  SEPIOLIDyE.    (See  p.  [165].) 

Stoloteuthis  Verrill.    (See  p.  [165].; 

17.  Stoloteuthis  leucoptera  Venill.    (P.  [105].) 

RossiA.    (See  p.  [167].) 

18.  RoBsia  megaptera  V.     (P.  [17:5].) 

19.  Rossia  Hyatt!  V.    (P.  [1(57].) 

20.  RoBsia  sublevis  V.    (P.  [170].) 

IlETF/.OTEUTnis  Gray.    (Seep.  [V,J.j.) 
31.  Beteroteuthis  tenera  V.    (P.  [175].) 


,  !•■%  .{|' 


s.    [224] 

i  nature  cT 
rs. 
propose  to 

LoliginidaSj 
erhaps,  be 
is  the  sole 


s  a  pore  lu 
ated.  Pten 
rate,  either 
in  Spirwlay 
rms  of  the 

f  with  one 


I  around,  or 
er  round  or 
rated.  Pen 
►th.    Dorsal 


[225]    CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA, 

Order  II.— OCTOPODA  Leach.     (See  p.  [177].) 
Family  PHILONEXID^  D'Orb.    (See  p.  [178].) 

PARA3IBA  Steenst.    (See  p.  [178].) 

Vidensk.  Meddel.  Naturh.  Forening,  Kjobenhavn,  1860,  p.  .3.33. 

22.  Parasira  oatenulata  Stecnat.     CP.  [179].) 

Family  ARGONAUTID^  Cantr.    (See  p.  [182].) 
Abgonauta  Linn^. 

23.  Argonauta  argo  Liiin^.    (P.  [183].) 

Family  ALLOPOSID^  Verrill.    (See  p.  [180].) 

Alloposus  Verrill.   See  p.  [180].) 

24.  AUopoaoa  molUs  Verrill.    (P.  [181].) 

Famil  1  OOTOPODID^  D»Orb.    (See  p.  [183].) 

i'Ci'OPUS  Lam.    (See  p.  [185].) 

25.  Octopus  BaJrdil  v  srrill.    (P.  [185].) 

26.  Octopus  lentUB  Verrill.    (P.  [191].) 

27.  Octopus  plscatorum  Verrill.    (P.  [194].) 

28.  Octopus  obesuB  Verrill.    (P.  [193].) 
Octopus  mgosus  Bosc.    (P.  [195].) 
Octopus  vulgaris  Lam.    (P.  [72].) 
Octopus  punctbtus  Gabb.    (P.  [72].) 

Eledone  Leach.    (P.  [183].) 

29.  Eledone  verrucosa  Verrill.    (P.  [183].) 

Family  OIRRHOTEUTHID^  KeflF.    (See  p.  [196].) 

Staubotet;  irR  Verrill.    (P.  [196].) 
3a  StauroteuthlssyrtensiaVe'.  >l.     »  [196].) 


v:-:.t 


W 


lis 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES,     [226] 


A'-i- 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

All  the  figures  were  drawn  from  nature  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Emerton,  except  when  other- 
wise stated. 

Platg  I. 

Figure  1. — Architeuthis  Harveyi  (No.  5).  Head  and  anna ;  ^  natural  size.  From  a  pho- 
toj^raph  of  the  specimen  when  freshly  caught.  The  back  of  tho  head  rests  npon  an 
oar,  so  as  to  cause  the  beak  to  protrude,  while  the  arms  hang  down .  in  a  reversed 
position.  The  diameter  of  the  bathing  tub  was  38.5  inches:  a,  left,  and  a',  right 
ventral  arms;  h,  left,  and  (',  right  arms  of  the  third  pair;  c,  left,  and  o',  right  arms 
of  the  second  pair;  d',  right  dorsal  arm,  mostly  concealed  behind  the  others;  e,  loft, 
and  e',  right  tentacular-arms,  folded  severs'  times  over  the  oar ;  i  to  iv,  the  '  club'; 
i  to  ii,  the  'wrist';  it  to  iii^  the  part  bean.  "  '>/n  suckers;  Hi  to  iv,  the  terminal 
division ;  o,  the  beak. 

Figure  2. — Part  of  the  body  and  caudal  fin  of  thn  a.  ^  i;  lecimen ;  ^  natural  size.  From 
a  photograph  made  at  the  same  time  with  the  preceding ;  u,  mantle  cut  open ;  t,  tip 
of  tail ;  h,  right,  and  {,  left  lateral  lobes  of  the  caudal  fin. 

Plate  II. 

Figure  1. — Architeuthis  Harveyi. — A  restoration,  ^  natural  size,  based  on  the  preced- 
ing figures  aud  on  tho  specimens  received.    (See  note,  p.  9.) 


f  j: 


Platk  III. 

-Architeuthis  Harveyi  (No.  5).    Upper  mandible  ;  natural  size. 
-Lower  maadible  of  same ;  natural  size ;  lacks  a  small  piece  at  a. 


Figure  1.- 
Figure  2.- 
Fignre  3. — Posterior  part  of  the  *  pen '  of  the  same  specimen ;  }  natural  size. 


Tho 


dotted  lines  indicate  missing  parts. 
Figures  4,  4o. — Architeuthis  Harveyi.    (Spocimeu  No.  4.)    The  two  sides  of  the  broken 

lower  mandibles;  natural  size. 
Figures  1  aud  2  were  drawn  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Blake,  from  the  alcoholic  specimens ;  figure 

3  was  restored  and  drawn  by  the  author ;  figures  4  and  4a  are  camerardrawings  by 

the  author. 

Plate  IV. 

Figure  1. — Architeuthis  Harveyi  (No.  4).  One  of  the  larger  suckers  from  the  tentacular 
arms ;  natural  size.    From  a  dried  specimen. 

Figure  la. — Portion  of  the  marginal  ring  of  the  same  sucker,  seen  from  the  inside;  en- 
larged. 

Figure  2. — The  same.  (No.  24.)    Distal  part  of  arm.    Front  view ;  natural  size. 

Figure  2a. — The  same.  Front  view.  50th  sucker  of  2nd  pair  of  arms ;  enlarged  12 
diameters.    The  marginal  scales  are  destroyed  ou  one  side. 

Figure  3,  3a.T-Arohiteuthis  Harveyi  V.  (No.  2).  Homy  ring  of  one  of  the  marginal 
suckers  of  the  club ;  3,  side  view  ;  3a,  the  same,  front  view ;  enlarged  3  diameters, 

Figure  4. — Architeuthis  Harveyi  (No.  5).  Suckers  of  tentacular-club ;  side  view,  natu- 
ral size ;  a,  one  of  the  larger  suckers ;  h,  one  of  the  marginal  suckers. 

Figure  5. — The  same  specimen.  Homy  marginal  ring  of  one  of  the  suckers  from  near 
the  base  of  ventral  arm;  enlarged  2  diameters. 

Figures  6  and  6a. — The  same  specimen.  One  of  the  largest  and  least  oblique  of  the 
hr.ray  rings  from  a  sucker  near  the  base  of  one  of  the  lateral  arms ;  top  and  side 
views ;  enlarged  li  diameters. 


.1 


[226] 


hen  other- 


'rom  a  pho- 
Bt8  apon  an 
a  reversed 
ad  a',  right 
,  right  arms 
liers;  e,loft, 
the  'club'; 
he  terminal 

Isize.  From 
open ;  *,  tip 


the  preced- 


size.    The 

of  the  broken 

imens ;  figure 
drawings  by 


[227]      CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

Figures  7  and  7a. — The  same  specimen.  One  of  the  rings  from  a  medium-sized  and 
more  oblique  sucker  of  the  middle  portion  of  the  lateral  arms;  top  and  sr'^e  views; 
enlarged  1|  diameters. 

Fignre  8. — The  same  specimen.  Another  ring  from  a  more  distal,  smalle  ',  and  more 
oblique  sucker,  top  view;  enlarged  11  diameters. 

Figures  9  and  9a. — ^The  same  specimen.  One  -of  the  homy  rings  from  one  of  the 
smooth-rimmed,  sessile,  connective  suckers  on  the  'wrist'  of  the  'club'  of  the  ten- 
tacular  arms;  top  and  aide  views;  enlarged  3  diameters. 

Figures  10  and  10a. — ^The  same  specimen.  One  of  the  small  suckers  from  the  distal 
portion  of  the  'club',  top  and  side  views ;  enlarged  3  diameters. 

Figure  11. — The  same  specimen.  Caudal  fin ;  ^  natural  size ;  drawn  from  the  pre- 
served specimen. 

Figures  4,  5  and  11  were  drawn  by  the  author,  also  figure  8,  which  is  a  camera- 
drawing.    The  others  are  by  J.  H.  Emerton. 

Platb  V. 

Figure  1 . — Architeuthis  Harveyi  V.  (No.  5).  Teeth  of  the  odoutophore,  from  the  an- 
terior portion ;  enlarged  18  diameters ;  a,  median ;  h,  inner  lateral ;  c  and  d,  the  two 
outer  lateral  teeth  ;  e,  marginal  plates.    Drawn  from  detached  teeth. 

Figure  2. — The  same  specimen.  Teeth  from  farther  back,  on  the  dorsal  portion  of  the 
odontophore.    Lettering  as  in  fig.  1. 

Figure  3. — The  same  specimen.  Anterior  portion  of  odontophore,  showing  the  teeth 
nearly  in  their  natural  positions ;  enlarged  about  3  diameters. 

Figure  4.— The  same  specimen.  Portion  of  t  le  membrane  lining  the  palate,  showing 
the  teeth,  and  hard  granules  attached  to  it ;  enlarged. 

Figure  4a. — The  same  specimen.  Two  of  the  granules  from  the  membrane  lining  the 
month ;  enlarged  18  diameters. 

Fignre  5. — ^The  same  specimen.  Another  portion  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the  pal- 
ate; enlarged. 

Figure  6. — Architeuthis  Harveyi  V.  (No.  24).  Teeth  of  odontophore ;  a,  median;  b, 
inner-lateral ;  c,  c',  and  d,  from  two  outer  lateral  rows ;  enlarged  about  24  diameters. 
DrawTi  from  detached  teeth. 

Figure  7. — The  same  specimen.  Portion  of  raduln,  showing  most  of  three  transverse 
rows  of  teeth ;  enlarged  18  diameters. 

Figure  8. — ^The  same  specimen.  Otolith ;  a,  side  view ;  b,  firont  view ;  much  enlarged. 
All  the  figures  are  camera-drawings  by  the  author. 

Plate  VI. 


le  tentacular 

he  inside;  en- 

iral  size. 
;  enlarged  12  I 

the  marginal  | 

3  diameters. 

ic  view,  natu- 1 

kersfrom  near 

ablique  of  th6| 
;  top  and  aid 


Figure  1. — Architeuthis  Sarveyi  Y.  (No.  24).  Young.  Pharynx  and  beak,  with  odon- 
tophore ;  0,  oesophagus ;  natural  size. 

Figure  2. — ^The  same.    Distal  part  of  tentacular-arm,  with  club ;  natural  size. 

Figures  3  and  3a. — ^The  same.  Segment  f^om  distal  portion  of  left  arm  of  the  third 
pair  of  sessile  arms,  front  view ;  3u,  the  same,  side  view  ;  natural  size. 

Figure  4. — The  same.  Basal  portion  of  right  arm,  of  second  pair.  Front  view ; 
natural  size. 

Plate  VII. 

Figure  1. — Architeuthis  princeps  Y .  Side  view.  Restored  mostly  from  No.  13;  ^^  natu- 
ral size. 

Figure  2. — Sthenoteuthit  ptcropus  V.  Side  view  of  the  specimen  from  Bermuda ;  i  natu- 
ral size.  ' 

Figure  2a. — Caudal  fin  of  the  same  specimuu.    Dorsal  view  ;  ^  natural  size. 


i    .1 


5'-^, 


i  '       'I 


•1i 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.      [228J 

Plate  VIII. 

Arohiteuthia  princcpa  V.  (No.  14).  General  figure  ;  from  the  recently  preserved  speci- 
men; restored  in  accordance  with  the  measurer  tents  of  the  freshly  canght  speci- 
men ;  ^t  natural  size.    Drawn  by  the  author. 

Plate  IX. 

Figures  1  and  la. — Arohiteuthis  princepa  Verrill  (No.  14).  A  marginal  ring  {torn  one 
of  the  large  stickers  of  the  tentacular-arlu ;  1,  side  view,  enlarged  1^  diameters;  la, 
portion  of  the  rim ;  enlarged  3  diameters. 

Figures  2  and  2a. — The  same  specimen.  One  of  the  medium-sized,  oblique  rings  of  a 
suclrer  from  the  distal  part  of  a  sessile  arm ;  enlarged  li  diameters ;  top  and  side 
views. 

Figures  3  and  4. — The  same.  Top  <<.nd  side  views  of  one  of  the  smaller  aud  moreMis- 
tal  rings,  from  a  sessile  arm ;  enlarged  3  diameters. 

Figures  5  and  6. — ^^The  same.  Top  and  side  views  of  a  complete  sucker,  with  its  pedi- 
cel, from  the  middle  of  a  sessile  arm ;  enlarged  1^  diameters. 

Figure  7. — The  same.  Top  view  of  one  of  the  smaller,  very  oblique,  distal  sucker- 
rings,  from  a  sessile  arm ;  enlarged  3  diameters. 

Figure  8. — The  same.  Portion  of  the_  homy  ring  of  a  medium-sized  sucker  from  the 
middle  of  a  sessile  arm ;  top  view ;  enlarged  6  diameters ;  from  a  camera-drawing. 

Figure  9. — The  same.  Side  view  of  the  homy  ring  of  one  of  the  largest  and  least 
oblique  of  the  suckers  from  near  the  base  of  the  lateral  arms ;  enlarged  1^  diam- 
eters. 

Figure  10. — The  same.  Side  view  of  the  horny  ring  of  one  of  the  marginal  suckers 
of  the  tentacular-club  ;  enlarged  3  diameters. 

Figure  11. — ArcMteuthia  princ^a  (No.  13).  Portions  of  the  homy  ring  of  one  of  the 
large  suckers  of  the  tentacular-arm,  much  enlarged ;  a  and  b,  portions  of  the  mar- 
gin, from  the  outside ;  c,  portion  seen  from  the  inside. 

Figures  8  and  11  are  camera-drawings  by  the  author;  all  the  others  are  by  J.  H. 
Emerton. 

Plate  X. 

Figure  1. — ArcMteuthia  princepa  Y.  (No.  14).    Caudal  fin  from  beneath ;  frbm  the  spec- 

..    ..  a  few  days  after  it  had  been  placed  in  alcohol;  about  ^  natural  size. 
Figurd  2. — ^The  same  specimen.    After  it  had  been  preserved  several  months  in  strong 

alcohol ;  about  ^  natural  size. 
Figure  1  was  drawn  by  J.  B.  Holder,  M.  D. ;  figure  2  by  the  author. 

Plate  XI. 

Figure  1. — ArcMteuthia  princepa  V.  (No.  10).    Upper  jaw ;  natural  size. 

Figure  2. — ^The  same.    Lower  jaw ;  the  dotted  line  shows  the  partb  that  are  present 

on  the  opposite  fide. 
Figure  3. — ArcMteuthia  prinoq^a  (No.  1).    Part  of  lower  jaw ;  sidevievr;  natural  size. 
Figure  3a. — The  same.    Front  view  ;  natural  size.    The  rest  of  this  beak  had  been 

destroyed. 
Figures  1  and  2  were  drawn  by  the  author;  figure  3  by  J.  H.  Emerton. 

Plate  XII. 

Figure  1. — ArcMteuthia  Hartingii  V.    Lower  mandible,  showing  the  anterior  portion 

only ;  natural  size. 
Figure  la. — The  same.    Section  of  a  sucker  from  a  sessile  arm  of  the  same  specimen; 

lb,  homy  ring  of  the  same;  natural  size.'  After  Harting. 
Figure  Ic— The  same.    Teeth  on  the  radnla.    After  Harting. 
Figaxe  2.— Arehiteuthia  dux  BteeoBtrvp.    Lower  mandible;  natural  size.    Copied  £ix>jn 

Harting's  figure,  after  Steenstmp. 


[228J 


ved  speci- 
ght  apeci- 


;  from  one 
neters;  la, 

rings  of  a 
>p  and  side 

d  moreMis- 

th  its  pedi- 

jtal  suoker- 

:er  from  the 
ra-drawing. 
it  and  least 
;ed  1^  diam- 

inal  suckers 

f  one  of  the 
of  the  mar- 


b  are  present 

natural  size, 
lak  had  been 


srior  portion 
le  specimen; 

Copied  from 


[229]     CEPIIALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

Figure  3. — Architeiithia  monachua  St^^cnstrup  (Typo  specimen).  Lower  mandible;  natu- 
ral size.     After  Stecnstrup. 

Figure  4. — Enoploteuthis  Hariingii  Verrill.    Anterior  portion  of  jaws;   natural  size; 
After  Ilarting. 

Figure  5. — Moroteuthia  robuata  Vennll.    Section  of  the  soud,  terminal  cone  of  the  pen ; 
natural  size. 

Plate  XIII. 


Figure  1 


Side  view  of  one  of  the  specimens,  as  found 


re  by  J.  H. 

am  the  spec- 

ze. 

ihs  in  strong 

Moroteuthia  robusta  (Dall)  V. 
on  the  beach ;  ^  natural  size. 

Figure  2. — The  same.  Dorsal  view.  The  dotted  lines  indicate  portions  of  the  arras 
that  had  been  destroyed;  ^  natural  size. 

Figure  3. — The  same.  Side  view  of  the  head  and  siphon,  with  the  anterior  part  of 
the  mantle,  cut  open ;  e,  the  eye ;  a,  siphon ;  o,  o',  o",  the  three  nuchal  olfactory 
crests ;  c,  o',  c",  the  connective  cartilages  attaching  the  mantle  to  the  neck ;  c,  late- 
ral cartilage  of  mantle ;  &,  lateral  cartilage  at  base  of  siphon ;  c",  dorsal  cartilage 
of  neck;  m,  m',  cut  edge  of  ma.   le. 

Figure  4. — The  same.    The  entiro  uorsal  *  pen ' ;  side  view ;  ^  natural  size. 

Figure  5. — The  same.    Ventral  view. 

Figure  6. — The  same.    A  portion  from  the  middle  of  the  '  pen ',  less  reduced. 

All  the  figures  were  made  from  the  fresh  specimens  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Dall. 

Plate  XIV. 

Figure  I.'— Moroteuthia  robusta  (Dall)  Verrill.    Odontophore ;  side  view ;  enlarged  3f 

diameters. 
Figure  2. — ^The  same.     Part  of  a  ro^  of  the  teeth  from  near  the  anterior  bend  of 
the  odontophore;   enlarged  22  diameters;  a,  median  tooth,  front  view;  a',  side 
view  of  same ;    b,  first  lateral ;  b',  the  same,  side  view ;   c,  second  lateral,  front 
view ;  d,  outer  lateral,  front  view. 
Figure  3. — The  same.   One  of  the  inner  lateral  teeth ,  side  view ;  enlarged  54  diameters. 
Median  tooth,  side  view ;  enlarged  54  diameters. 
Upper  mandible,  natural  size. 
Lower  mandible,  natnral  size. 

Anterior  end  of  terminal  cone,  showing  a  portion  of  the  post- 
erior end  of  the  '  pen '  inserted  into  it ;  i  natural  size. 
Figure  8.-  -The  same.    Section  of  a  ventral  arm,  close  to  the  base;  natural  size;  a', 
one  of  the  suckers,  side  view ;  b  and  b',  marginal  membranes ;  c,  crest  or  mem- 
brane along  outer  angle ;  e,  median  vein,  near  inner  surface. 
Figures  1  to  4  are  camera-drawings  by  the  author;  the  rest  are  by  J.  H.  Emerton. 

Plate  XV. 

Figure  1. — Leatoteuthia  Fabricii  Yertill.    Young.    Pen ;  enlarged  2  dinmett'rs.    Copied 

from  6.  O.  Sars  as  Gonatua  amcenua. 
Figure  la. — The  same.    Part  of  odontophore.    Copied  from  G.  O.  Sars. 
Figure  lb. — ^Th«  same.    Portion  of  tentacular  club,  front  view ;  enlarged.    Copied 
from  G.  O.  Sars. 

I  Figure  2. — The  same.  Young.  General  figure,  dorsal  vfew :  enlarged  2  diameters 
From  an  American  example. 

I  Figures  2a,  26. — The  same.  l>ont  and  side  views  of  one  of  the  suckers  from  the  outer 
rows  of  a  lateral  arm  of  the  same  specimen, 

I  Figures  2c,  2d. — The  same.  Front  and  side  views  of  a  hook-suckor  from  the  median 
rows  of  the  same  arm. 

I  Figure  3. — Leatoteuthis  Fabricii  VerriM  (Cheloteuthia  raj)ax).  Club  of  tentacular  arm, 
front  view ;  enlarged  2  diameters.  The  homy  hooks  are  lost  from  the  claws  o,  a', 
a"  ;  b,  c,  small  lateral  suckers;  rf,  d',  small  suckers  of  distal  portion ;  i,  el,  connec- 
tive suckers  and  tubercles. 


Figure  4. — The  same. 
Figure  5. — The  same. 
Figure  6. — The  same. 
Figure  7. — The  same. 


™') 


im 


-\\    M 


n  v.. 


m 


P"' 


.''fff 


1  ■<??  p 


%:■ 


■Si"  V. 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.      [230] 

Figure  3a. — The  same  spocimcn.  One  of  tlio  suckers  corresponcliug  to  o  of  flgnre  1, 
front  view ;  mucli  enlarged. 

Figure  'ib. — Tbo  sauie  specimen.    A  sniall  suclcer,  corresponding  to  d  of  figure  1. 

Figures  iks,  'Sil. — Tlio  same  apecimeu.  Front  and  side  views  of  one  of  the  claws,  with 
its  enclosed  homy  hook  or  *  nail ',  from  the  middle  of  a  lateral  arm ;  enlarged  8  diam- 
eters. 


Figure  3e. — The  same  specimen. 

view ;  enlarged  2  diameters. 
Figure  3/. — The  same  specimen. 
Figure  4. — The  same  specimen. 


Connective  cartilage  from  base  of  siphon,  front 

Beak  and  pharynx,  side  view ;  onlurged  2  diameterN. 
Teeth  of  the  odontophore ;  enlarged  22  diameters. 
Figure  .'>. — EnoplotetithtH  JlarUnqii  Verrill.   Two  hooks,  a,  6,  from  the  arms,  side  views ; 

0,  d,  medial'  and  lateral  teeth  of  the  odontophore.  After  Harting. 
Figure  6. — Onychoteuthia  Banksii.  One  of  the  large  hooka  from  the  middle  of  the  club ; 
a,  side  view ;  a',  front  view ;  6,  6',  corresponding  views  of  one  of  the  smaller  hooks 
of  the  club;  c,  side  view;  o',  front  view  of  horny  ring  from  one  of  the  small  suck- 
ers in  the  proximal  cluster  of  connective  suckers  and  tubercles  of  the  club ;  enlarged 
6  diameters. 

Plate  XVI. 

Figure  1. — Sthcnoteathia  megaptera  Verrill.    Type  specimen.    Body  seen  from  beneath; 

i  natural  size ;  from  the  alcoholic  specimen. 
Figure  S . — The  same  specimen.    Part  of  the  membrane  lining  the  palate ;  enlarged  8 

diameters;  a  and  b  are  from  diifereut  places. 
Figure  3. — The  same  specimen.   A  single  row  of  teeth  from  the  odonte  hore ;  enlarged 

8  diameters. 
Figure  4. — The  same  specimen.    Teeth  from  the  odontophore;  enlarged  16 diameters; 

a,  two  median  teeth;  b,  inner  lateral  teeth;  c  and  d,  teeth  of  the  two  outer  lateral 

rows.    Drawn  from  the  detached  teeth. 
Figure  5. — The  same  specimen. .  Two  of  the  outer  lateral  teeth,  profile  view ;  enlarged 

16  diameters. 
Figure  6. — The  same  s]>ecimeu.     Several  lateral  teeth  in  their  natural  sequence; 

enlarged  10  diameters. 
Figure  7. — The  same  specimen.     Two  teeth  from  the  next  to  the  outer  row;  enlarged 

16  diameters. 
Figures  8  and  8a. — The  same  specimen.    Twenty -second  sucker  of  a  ventral  arm; 

front  and  side  views,  enlarged  2  diameters. 
Figure  9.— The  same  specimen.     One  of  the  largest  suckers  from  the  club  of  the  ten- 
tacular arm ;  front  view ;  enlarged  2  diameters. 
Figure  10.  Sthenoteuthia  megaptera  V.  from  George's  Bank.    Large  sucker  from  the  tea- 
•  tacular  club,  front  view ;  enlarged  2  diameters. 
Figures  8,  8a,  and  9  are  toy  J.  H.  Emerton;  the  others  are  by  the  author;  2  to  7  are  j 

camera-drawings. 

Plate  XVII. 

Figure  1 . — Sthenoteuthia  megaptera  Verrill,  from  George's  Bank.    Beak  and  inner  buccal 

membrane,  front  view ;  natural  size. 
Figure  2.— The  same.  .  Another  specimen.    Side  view  of  jaws  and  odontophore;  nat 

ural  size. 
Figure  3. — Sthenoteuthia  pteropua  Verrill,  from  Bermuda.    Jaws;  a,  upper;  b,  lower 

mandible;  natural  size. 
Figure  4. — The  same  specimen.    Isolated  teeth  from  odontophore ;  enlarged  25  diamo 

ters;  a,  median  teeth,  front  view ;  b,  inner  lateral ;  c,  middle  lateral ;  d,  outer  lateral 

tooth. 
Figure  5. — The  same  specimen.    Anterior  end  of  the  pen;  natural  size. 
Figure  fw. — Posterior  end  of  the  same  pen. 


il 


[231] 

Figure 
natut 

I'iguro : 
b,  of  I 

I'igure  J 
etcrs ; 
side  Li 
front  ■ 
Figure  S 
of  the 
horny 
border 
Figures  < 


Figure  1, 

Oeuera 

front  v: 

Figure  2. 

enlarge 

Figure  3, 

from  El 

peduncl 

tion  of 

Figure  4.- 

Figuros  r> , 

arms;  ei 

Figures  S  i 

lateral  a 

Figure  7.— 

of  the  cl 

Figure  8.— 

their  nat 

eral  teet; 


Figure  1. — 
The  perit 
ductive 
F,  caudal 
heart;  c,  < 
on  the  bai 

/./;  »«', 

tum;  ao. 
tral  arterj 
auricles ; 
has  been 
(renal)  orj 
hooded  po 
specimen 
Figure  2.-7 
Figure  3. — T 
enlarged  2 
eral teeth 


[230] 

figure  1 , 

re  1. 

iWH,  with 
sd  8  (liani- 

loa,  front 


iliamotors. 
imoters. 
ide  views ; 

f  the  club ; 
lUer  hooks 
imall  8uck- 
;  enlargt'd 


m  beneath ; 

enlarged  8 

•e;  enlarged 

6  diameters; 
Duter  lateral 

)w ;  enlarged 

il  sequence; 

w;  enlarged 
entral  arm; 

lb  of  the  ten- 
rom  the  teu- 
t;  2  to  7  are 

inner  buccal  | 
lophore;  nat- 
ter; h,  lower  I 

ted25diam<3-l 
lonter  lateral! 


[231]     CEPIIALOPODS  OF  NORTIIEAStERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

Figure  6. — The  same  speciiuen.  Conuectivo  cartiliigo  from  the  haso  of  the  Niniioii; 
natural  size. 

Figure  7. — The  same  specimen.  Transverse  sectiouH  of  sorao  of  the  arms ;  ((,  of  dorsal ; 
b,  of  second  pair;  o,  of  third  pair;  natural  size.    The  suckers  are  omitted. 

Figure  8. — The  same  spocimoii.  Kings  of  suckers  of  tlie  sessile  arms,  enlarged  2  diam- 
eters ;  a,  a',  side  and  front  views  of  the  15th  and  13th  suckers  of  a  ventral  arm ;  b,  b', 
side  and  front  view  of  one  of  the  largest  suckers  of  a  lateral  arm ;  c,  <•',  side  and 
front  views  of  one  of  the  larger  suckers  of  a  dorsal  arm. 

Figure  9. — The  same  specimen.  Part  of  the  border  of  one  of  the  larger  suckers  ( I'ith) 
of  the  second  pair  of  arms ;  more  enlarged,  showing  part  of  the  dentate  edge  of  the 
horny  ring,  with  a  portion  of  the  circle  of  small  iilates,  attached  to  the  moinbrauoua 
border. 

Figures  4  and  7  are  by  the  author ;  lig.  4  is  .\  camcra-lucida  drawing. 

Plate  XVIII. 

Figure  1,  la. — Ommastrephes  illecebrosua  V.  Young  male  from  Proviucetowu,  Mass. 
General  figure  of  ventral  side ;  f  natural  size;  l<i,  club  of  the  right  tentacular  arm, 
front  view ;  1^  natural  size. 

Figure  2. — The  same.  Club  and  part  of  tentacular  arm,  of  a  larger  female  specimen; 
enlarged  1^  diameters. 

Figure  3,  3a. — The  same.  Hectocotylized  right  ventral  arm  of  a  large  male  specimen, 
from  Eastport,  Me.,  showing  the  sexual  modification  of  the  suckers  and  their 
peduncles  toward  the  end  of  the  arm;  3a,  transverse  section  of  the  modified  por- 
tion of  the  same. 

Figure  4. — The  same.    Pen  of  a  young  specimen ;  l^  natural  size. 

Figures  5  and  5a. — The  same.  Side  and  front  views  of  a  large  sucker  of  the  lateral 
arms;  enlarged  f  diameters. 

Figures  S  and  6a. — The  same.  Side  and  front  views  of  a  smaller  distal  sucker  of  the 
lateral  arms ;  enlarged  ^  diameter. 

Figure  7. — The  same.  9  •  Side  view  of  the  horny  ring  of  one  of  the  largest  suckers 
of  the  club;  enlarged  3|  diameters. 

Figure  8. — The  same.  From  Eastport,  Mo.  Part  of  the  teeth  of  the  odoutophore,  in 
their  natural  positions;  enlarged  10 diameters;  a,  median  teeth;  b  and  b',  inner  lat- 
eral teeth ;  v,  middle  lateral  teeth ;  d,  outer  lateral  teeth. 

Plate  XIX. 

Figure  1. — Ommastrephea  iUecebrosm.  Male,  ^  natural  size.  Opened  on  the  ventral  side. 
The  peritoneal  membrane,  most  of  the  renal  organs  on  the  right  side,  and  the  repro- 
ductive organs,  except  the  testicle  (t),  have  been  removed.  M,  mantle  cut  open ; 
F,  caudal  fin;  P,  posterior  part  of  pen;  S,  stomach;  S',  ccpcal  lobe;  H,  systemic 
heart ;  c,  the  eye ;  6,  olfactory  or  nuchal  crests ;  d,  siphon ;  /,  /,  connective  cartilages 
on  the  base  of  the  siphon ;  f,  f,  connective  cartilages  of  the  mantle,  which  fit  into 
/, //  m',  lateral  muscles  of  neck;  g,  g,  gills;  I,  liver;  i,  ink-sac;  h,  intestine  i»r  rec- 
tum ;  ao,  anterior  aorta,  going  to  head ;  ho,  efferent  branchial  vessel ;  o,  median  ven- 
tral artery  of  mautie;  o',  o',  lateral  arteries  going  to  mantle  and  fins ;  n  h,  branchial 
auricles;  v  c,  anterior  vena-cava;  vc",  posterior  vena-cava  of  left  side  (the  right  one 
has  been  removed);  r  r,  saccnlar  ventral  renal  organs;  r',  more  compact  glandular 
(renal)  organ,  connected  with  the  posterior  venas-cava? ;  t,  testicle  or  spermary ;  p", 
hooded  posterior  tip  of  pen,  inclosing  the  end  of  the  spermary.  From  on  alcoholic 
specimen. 

Figure  2.— The  same.    Jaws ;  enlarged  li  diameters ;  a,  superior ;  b,  inferior  mandible. 

Figure  3. — The  same.    Part  of  the'  teeth  of  the  odoutophore  in  their  natural  positions, 


enlarged  25  diameters ;  a,  median  teeth : 
eral  teeth ;  d,  outer  lateral  teeth. 


6  and  b',  inner  lateral  teeth;  c,  middle  lat- 


ij-  :«  ' 


M 


li 


i'l; 


r 


II 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [232] 

Figure  4. — The  Hume.  Side  view  of  the  head  aud  Niphun,  after  removal  of  part  of  the 
mantle,  }  natural  size ;  1,  2,  3,  4,  bases  of  Ist  to  4th  pairs  of  sessile  arms ;  (  a,  base  of 
tentacular  arm ;  m,  mantle ;  b,  b',  olfactory  crests  around  the  ear ;  d,  siphon ;  /,  /, 
one  of  the  connective  cartilages  for  attaching  it  to  the  mantle. 

Figure  4a. — The  same.  Lateral  connective  cartilage,  n,  on  the  inside  of  the  mantle, 
which  fits  closely  into  the  cartilage  pit  (/)  on  the  base  of  the  siphon. 

Figures  5  and  5a. — The  same.  Side  and  front  views  of  one  of  the  larger  suckers  of 
the  lateral  arms,  enlarged  4  diameters. 

Figures  6  and  6a. — The  same.  Side  and  front  views  of  a  smaller  distal  sucker  of  the 
lateral  arms ;  enlarged  4  diameters. 

Figure  3  is  from  a  camera-lucida  drawing  by  the  author. 

Plate  XX. 

Figure  1. — Ommmtrephes  illecebroam  Verrill.  Female ;  less  than  natural  size.  Letter- 
ing as  in  Plate  19,  figure  1,  with  the  following  additional  letters:  (",  lower  nuchal 
facet,  with  the  auditory  pore ;  u,  urethreal  openings  in  the  peritoneal  membrane, 
communicating  between  the  gill-caVity  and  the  visceral  cavity,  containing  the  renal 
organs,  r,  r;  v  c',  lateral  pallial  veins,  or  venie-cavu! ;  o  v,  ovary;  o  d,o d',  right  and 
left  oviducts ;  op,  the  anterior  opening ;  o  x,  x  x,  nidamental  glands. 

Figure  2. — Loligo  Pealei,  var.  pallida.  Anatomy  of  the  alimentary  canal,  &c. ;  f  nat- 
ural size.  The  organs  are  shown  nearlj'  in  a  dorsal  view,  except  the  jaws,  which 
are  viewed  from  the  side  aud  in  section ;  b  m,  buccal  membrane ;  8  m,  section  of  supe- 
rior mandible ;  i  m,  of  inferior  mandible;  o  d,  of  odontophore,  with  teeth ;  o  e,  o  e', 
oesophagus;  a  g,  salivary  glands;  8  d,  salivary  duct;  g  I,  subcesophageal  ganglion; 
1 1,  liver;  ao,  ao,  anterior  aorta,  running  parallel  with  the  oesophagus  along  and 
through  the  liver ;  S,  first  stomach ;  S',  second  stomach  or  coecal  appendage ;  S",  third 
stomach,  strongly  plicated  within;  A,  intestine  or  rectum;  h',  anal  orifice  and  papil- 
Ite;  i,  ink-sac;  i',  orifice  of  its  duct;  H,  ventricular  heart;  bo,  cut  end  of  one  of 
the  branchio-cardiac  vessels ;  g  o,  genital  artery,  going  to  testicle ;  so,  ao,  branches 
of  gastric  artery ;  t,  testicle  or  spermary ;  v  d,  vas  deferens ;  p  r,  prostate  gland  and 
vosiculiB  seminales;  8  a,  spermatophore-sac ;  p,  'penis'  or  efferent  duct. 


Plate  XXI. 

Figure  1. — Maatljoieuthia  Jgaaaizii  Verrill.    Dorsal  view ;  slightly  enlarged. 
Figure  16. — The  same.    Pen ;  ventral  view  ;  enlarged  2  diameters. 
Figure  Ic. — The  same.     Side  view  of  the  same  pen. 

Plate  XXII. 

Figure  1. — CalUteuthia  reversa  Verrill.    Ventral  view ;  natural  size. 

Figure  la. — The  same.  Beak,  buccal  membranes  and  base  of  arms ;  front  view ;  nat- 
ural size. 

Figure  16. — The  same.    One  of  the  larger  suckers  from  a  lateral  arm;  much  enlarged. 

Figure  Ic. — The  same.    Pen  ;  ventral  view  ;  somewhat  enlarged. 

Figure  2. — Maatigoteuthia  Agaasizii  Verrill.  Front  view  of  the  beak,  buccal  mem- 
branes (b,  d),  and  bases  of  the  arms;  enlarged  2  diameters. 

Figure  '2n. — The  same.  Side  view  of  head,  siphon,  and  anterior  part  of  mantle, 
showing  the  cartilage  (c),  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  mantle,  which  interlocks  wit^- 
c'  on  the  base  of  the  siphon;  e,  olfactory  (?)  papilla  near  the  ear;  p,  an  aqnifei'ous 
pore  (f) ;  a,  siphon ;  (  a,  base  of  tentacular  arms;  1,  2,  3,  4,  bases  of  corresponding 
pairs  of  arms. 

Figure  26. — The  same.  Portion  from  near  the  end  of  one  of  the  tentacular  arms ;  en- 
larged 16  diameters. 

Figure  2c. — The  same.  Suckers  from  the  tentacular  arm ;  much  enlarged ;  a,  side 
view ;  a'  and  a",  front  views. 


gans; 


^    t 


[232] 

rt  of  tbc! 
1,  base  of 
ion ;  /,  /, 

[)  luautle, 

uckers  of 

Ler  of  the 


[2.').')]     CEPIIALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  CO/.ST  OF  AMERICA. 

li^Mirc  "Jfi.— Till'  Hniiie.  Ouc  of  tho  Huckers  from  tho  mldd^.o  of  a  lateral  arm ;  front 
view  ;  much  oulargod. 

Figure  ic, — The  same.  Three  rows  of  teeth  on  luo  radula,  in  their  natural  posi- 
tions ;  enlarged  nearly  50  diameters. 

I'LATK   XXIII. 


UMioteuthia  Collituii  Verrill. 
Hpccimen ;  3  natural  size. 


Side  view  of  the  head  and  arms ;  from  tho  preserved 
Drawn  by  J.  H.  Emerton. 

Plate  XXIV. 


I.  Letter- 
rer  nuchal 
aembrane, 
^  the  renal 
,  right  and 

kc;  4nat- 
iws,  which 
on  of  supe- 
h;  oe,  oe', 
I  ganglion; 
along  and 
e;S",  third 
>  and  papil- 
i  of  one  of 
to,  branches 
B  gland  and 


,  view ;  nat- 

jh  enlarged. 

uccal  mem- 

of  mantle, 
srlocks  wil»- 
n  aquiferous 
rresponding 

ax  arms ;  en- 

jed;  a,  aide 


Figure  l.—DeamoteuthU  hyperborea  V.    Ventral  view  of  a  female ;  J  natural  size. 

Figure  2. — The  same  specimen.  Dorsal  view  of  the  head  and  arms.  Part  of  the  arms 
are  imperfect. 

Figure  2a. — The  same.    One  of  the  arms,  left  of  the  third  pair ;  natural  size. 

Figure  2b. — The  same.  One  of  the  larger  suckers  from  the  middle  of  third  pair  of 
arms ;  front  view ;  enlarged  8  diameters. 

Figure  3. — Histioteuthis  Collimii  V.  Original  type.  One  of  the  tentacular  arms; 
front  view ;  f  natural  size. 

Figure  4. — Beak  of  the  same  specimen ;  a,  upper ;  b,  lower  mandible ;  natural  size. 

Figure  5. — Suckers  of  the  same  specimen  ;  a,  side,  and  a',  front  view  of  one  of  the 
larger  suckers  of  lateral  arm ;  h,  side,  and  b',  f^ont  view  of  a  distal  sucker;  enlarged 
2i  diameters. 

Figure  6. — ^The  same  specimen.  Teeth  of  the  odontophore  ;  isolated  and  enlarged  25 
diameters ;  a,  median ;  b,  inner  lateral;  o,  and  d,  outer  laterals ;  e,  marginal  plate ; 
k,  g,  and/,  other  views  of  the  lateral  teeth.  The  teeth  are  not  drawn  in  their  natu- 
ral positions. 

Figure  7.— The  same  specimen.    Teeth  on  the  radula  in  their  natural  positions ;  en- 
larged 22  diameters. 
Figure  6  is  from  a  camera-lucida  drawing  by  the  author. 

Platk  XXV. 

Figure  1. — DesmoteuthU  hypoborea  Verrill.  Female ;  about  1  natural  size.  Specimen 
opened  on  the  ventral  side.  M,  mantle ;  F,  caudal  fin ;  P,  P',  posterior  part  of  pen ; 
c,  c,  eyes;  d,  siphon;  d  o,  aperture  of  same ;  d",  base  and  posterior  entrance  of  same; 
/',  commissure  attaching  the  siphon  to  the  mantle  laterally ;  g,  g,  gills;  i,  ink-sac  ; 
S',  first  stomach,  or  gizzard ;  S,  S,  lobes  of  stomach ;  S",  cocal  lobe ;  {,  I,  long,  ta- 
bular intestine,  plicated  within,  and  with  clusters  of  follicular  glands  externally 
along  the  sides ;  h,  rectum ;  j,  liver ;  H,  systemic  heart  or  ventricle ;  b  o,  branchial 
efferent  vessels ;  a,  u,  branchial  auricles ;  v  o",  posterior  vena-cava ;  r',  renal  or- 
gans ;  or,  ovary ;  o v',  some  ovitles  larger  than  the  rest ;  op,  op',  right  and  left  ovi- 
ducts; ac',  nidamental  glands  of  the  oviducts ;  xx,  xx',  accessory  nidamental  glands. 
From  a  somewhat  mutilated  specimen. 

Figure  la. — The  same.    Pen ;  ventral  view ;  i  natural  size. 

Plate  XXVI. 

I  Figure  1. — Loligo  Pealei  Lesueur.  Female  from  Vineyard  Sound.  Ventral  view ;  f 
natural  size ;  1,  dorsal  arms ;  2,  3,  2d  and  3d  lateral  arms ;  4,  ventral  arms ;  t,  ten- 
tacular arms;  a,  ventral  olfactory  crests  around  the  ear ;  e,  eye;  p,  aquiferous  pore ; 
8,  siphon. 

I  Figtire  2. — The  sa'me.    Tentacular  arm  of  a  large  male ;  enlarged  1^  diameters. 

I  Figiires  3,  3a. — Front  and  side  views  of  the  heotocotylized  left  ventral  arm  of  a  male, 
showing  the  sexual  modifications  of  the  suckers  and  their  peduncles,  toward  the 
tip ;  enlarged  1^  diameters. 


,;1„      ,     ,     ji-U 


'HI 


It, 


.^^ 


'i'iA\  ' 


I 


;i 


1' 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  01'  FIHII  AND  FISHERIES.     [234] 

Figure  4.— T'lOHuiiH'.  Fcmulo;  fntut  view  of  this  Ix-uk  iiiul  Imccul  iiicinbrancs;  uat- 
ural  h'/,;-  •  m,  inuntliblcH;  /,  inner  fold ;  <;  Hecontl  fold  of  the  buccftl  mnmbrane  ;  a, 
d'UHal;  b,  c,  laccial;  d,  ventral  an^liw  of  tho  oiitcr  buccal  inenibraue,  with  their 
Biiiull  suckcMH  •  »,  i)oculiur  horHcmluM'-Hhapcd  tubercle,  for  tlio  attaclimcnt  of  the  sper- 
niatoplioroH  dii  -ing  copnlation. 

1'l.ATK  XXVII. 

Figure  1. — Loliyo I'ealci,  viir.  borraliM.  FcniuleHpocinieti,  from  Annitiqiiani,  MaHs.  Pen; 
natural  Hize.    ReprcHented  aa  tlattened  to  hIiow  the  full  width  of  the  thin  portiou. 

Figure  2. — Loliijo  I'ealei  Lch.  Female  Hpecimen,  from  Vineyard  Hound.  Pen ;  natu- 
ral Hize  ;  reprcHented  an  before  in  the  Haiue  nuinner. 

Figure  3. — The  same.  Pen  of  a  young  Hjiocimen  from  Vineyard  Sound  ;  natural  size, 
Itnproscnted  in  the  Hame  way. 

Figure  4. — Tlio  same.  Pen  of  a  male  ;  }  natural  Mize.  Viewed  in  the  Hame  mauuvr 
Od  flguroa  1  and  2. 

Figure  4a. — The  same.    Pen ;  side  view  of  tip ;  enlargetl. 

Figure  5*. — Loligo  Oahi  D'Orb.    Pen ;  |  natural  size. 

PlATf'  XXVIIl. 

Figure  1. — Loligo  PeaJd,  var.  pallida  Verrill.  Male,  from  Ausonia,  N.  Y.  Dorsal 
view ;  about  i  natural  size. 

Figure  2. — The  same.    Pen ;  about  J  natural  size. 

Figure;!. — Tlie  same.  Male.  Suckers  enlarged  3  diameters ;  6',  front  view  of  tenlli, 
from  third  arm ;  b,  side  view  of  the  same  ;  c,  side  view  of  the  horny  ring  of  the 
fifth  large  sucker  of  the  tentacular  club ;  c',  front  view  of  the  same. 

B^igure  4. — ^The  same.  Female.  Suckers :  a,  lateral,  and  a',  front  view  of  tenth 
sucker  from  the  third  pair  of  arms;  e,  t'io,  and  c',  front  view  of  the  fifth  large 
sucker  of  the  tentacular  arm ;  enlarged  3  diameters. 

Figure  5. — The  same.  Upper  mandible :  a,  rostnun  or  tip  of  the  beak ;  b,  the  notch; 
0,  the  inner  end  of  ala ;  d,  the  fro:ii<dl  lamina ;  c,  the  palatine  lamina ;  a  b,  the  cut- 
ting edge  of  beak  ;  h  c,  anterior  or  cutting  edge  of  ala. 

Figure  5a. — The  same.  Lower  mandible:  a,  rostrum;  ab,  cutting  edge  ;  be,  anterior 
edge  of  ala ;  d,  meuiMm  or  chin;  c,  gular  lamina. 

Figure  G. — The  sanrit-.  T&rt  of  the  teeth  of  the  odontojdiore ;  enlarged  50  diameters; 
a,  median  tooth,  front  vi>'w;  o,  udxt  to  outer  lateiai  teeth  ;  d,  outer  lateral  teeth; 
e,  marginal  plates ;  all  ar )  in  their  natural  positions,  except  a. 

Figure  7. — The  same.    Portion  of  the  radula ;  enlarged  22  diameters. 

Figure  8. — Loligo  Pealei,    Portion  of  the  radula ;  enlarged  about  20  diameters. 

Figures  9,  9a. — ^Tho  same.  Male ;  side  and  front  views  of  the  horny  rmg  of  one  of 
the  marginal  suckers  of  the  tentacular  club ;  enlarged  10  diameters. 

Figure  10. — Teeth  on  the  lining  membrane  of  the  palate  ;  enlarged  25  diameters. 

Figure  11. — Chiroteuthia  lacertosa.  One  of  the  tentacular  suckers;  front  view;  en- 
larged 75  diameters. 

Figure  11a. — The  same  sucker,  with  pedicel;  front  view ;  enlarged  22  diameters. 
Figures  5  and  5a  were  drawn  by  the  author ;  figure  9  was  drawn  by  J.  H.  Blake, 
from  nature ;  the  rest,  by  J.  H.  Emerton. 

Plate  XXIX. 


Figure  1. — Loligo  Pealei,  var.  pallida.    Male.    Ventral  view ;  about  f  natural  size, 
The  mantle  has  been  cut  open,  a  little  to  one  side  of  the  median  •line ;  most  of  the  I 
peritoneal  membrane  has  been  removed.    C,  lower  side  of  head ;  M,  mantle ;  F,  [ 
caudal  fin ;  a,  lachrymal  pore ;  a',  muscles ;  b,  olfactory  crests ;  o,  eye ;  d,  siphon, 
cut  open ;  d",  cavity  of  siphon ;  e,  valve  of  siphon ;  /,  one  of  the  connective  carti- 
lages of  the  siphon  ;  /,  one  of  the  connective  cartilages  of  the  mantle,  in  tho  form  I 


-.v' 


E8.     [234]     I       [235]     CKPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


nbnmca;  uat- 
riPinbrane ;  a, 
lu',  with  tbeir 
nt  of  the  sper 


n,  Mass.    Pen; 
)  thiu  portiou.  ^  | 
1.    Pen;  nntu- 

;  natural  size. 

I  (tame  mouuct 


N.  Y.      Dorsnl 

;  view  of  toulli, 
rny  ring  of  the 

view  of  tenth 
•  the  fifth  large 

i;  b,  the  notch; 
la ;  ab,  the  cut- 

ge ;  b  c,  anterior 

Bd  50  diameters; 
er  lateral  teeth; 


iameters. 
ring  of  one  of 

diameters, 
front  view ;  en- 

i  diameters, 
by  J.  H.  Blake, 


J  natural  size, 

ine ;  most  of  the 

M,  mantle ;  F, 

eye ;  d,  siphou, 

Bonnective  carti- 

intle,  in  tho  form 


of  II  ridge,  fitting  into  the  siphonal  cartilage;  g,  left  gill ;  h,  rectum  ;  h',  termina- 
tion of  the  intestine  or  rectum ;  i,  ink-»ac ;  (',  duct  of  ink-wio  ;  /,  portion  of  livor, 
in  positiim  ;  in',  w»',  muHcnla'°  colamns  connecting  the  hea<l  and  siphon  with  dorsal 
portion  of  the  body  ;  H,  s.' stemio  heart,  or  ventricle,  crossed  l>y  the  artery  of  tho 
ink-siic ;  a  o,  bnlboiis  base  of  anterior  aorta ;  o,  ventral  palliul  artery,  or  in<>dian 
branch  of  the  posterior  a(»rta,  supplying  tho  ventral  parts  of  tlie  mantle ;  <>',  one  of 
the  caudal  arteries  or  latv  al  branches  of  tho  posterior  aorta  going  to  the  caudal  fin 
and  posterior  parts  of  the  mantle;  a  u,  a  u,  branchial  auricles;  b  r,  atl'crent  vessel 
going  to  tho  gills ;  b  o,  efferent  branchial  vessels,  returning  the  blood  to  the  ventri- 
cle, their  swollen  basal  portions  acting  as  auricles;  v  o,  anterior  vena-cava;  r,  r, 
ventral  renal  organs,  two  ventral  sacculated  branches  of  the  vena-cava  (on  the  left 
side,  the  vein  from  the  ink-sac  and  rectum  is  shown);  >■',  r',  two  pyriform  renal  or- 
gans, or  sacculated  and  glandular  portions  of  the  posterior  venie-cavte,  directly  con- 
nected with  r,  r;  r,  v  o',  lateral  pallial  veins,  going  to  the  dorsal  sacculated  divi- 
sions of  the  vemc-cavie  ;  v  c",  v  o",  two  posterior  venie-cavie,  returning  from  tho 
caudal  fin  and  mantle ;  S,  the  first  stomach,  or  gizzard ;  S',  large,  saccular  cwcal  ap> 
pendago  of  the  stomach  ;  S",  glandular,  plicated  stomach,  in  continuation  with  tho 
anterior  portion  of  S' ;  (,  spermary  or  testicle ;  p  r,  prostate  gland,  with  the  vesi- 
culie-seminales  and  apermatophore-sac  ;  p,  efferent  spenn-duct  or  '  penis ' ;  P,  pos- 
terior portion  of  the  pen. 

Figure  2. — The  same.  Dorsal  view  of  the  reproductive  organs,  part  of  the  renal  or- 
gans, heart,  etc.,  dissected  out.  The  lettering  is  as  in  figure  1,  with  the  following 
additions:  r d, »  d',  vaa-deferens,  closely  folded  upon  itself ;  ca,  vesiculiD-seminales; 
as,  spermatophore-sac ;  po,  genital  artery;  (fo,  spennatic  artery  and  vein;  p  t,  part 
of  peritoneal  membrane. 

Figure  3. — Loligi  "^'alei.  Female  In  the  breeding  season.  Oviduct,  filled  with  ova,  dis- 
sected out.  'al  view,  about  ^  natural  size ;  v  o,  commencement  of  convoluted, 
thin  membrf  ^rtion  of  oviduct ;  o  d,  entrance  to  glandular  portion  ;  o  d',  gland- 
ular portion  of  oviduct,  surrounded  by  the  large,  laminated  gland,  x',  the  arterial 
vessels  of  which  have  been  injected ;  op,  orifice  of  the  oviduct. 

Figui  Q  3a. — The  same  specimen,  seen  from  tho  dorsal  side. 
Figures  2,  3  and  3a  are  from  drawings  by  the  author. 

Plate  XXX. 

Figure  1. — Loligo  Pealei,  Embryo  taken  from  the  egg,  ventral  view,  much  enlarged ; 
a,  a,  a,  ventral  arms,  tentacular  arms,  and  third  pair  of  sessile  arms ;  c,  c,  eyes  on 
stout  peduncles  or  lobes  from  the  sides  of  the  head ;  in,  mantle-edge ;  h,  branchial 
auricles ;  y,  unabsorbed  yolk-mass. 

Figure  2. — ^The  same.  An  embryo,  within  the  egg,  somewhat  more  advanced  than 
figure  2,  side  view,  less  enlarged.  The  lettering  is  as  in  figure  2,  with  the  follow- 
ing additions:  a',  second  pair  of  arms;  a",  third  pair;  a'",  tentacular  arms ;  a"", 
ventral  arms;  a,  orifice  of  siphon;  o,  otoliths;  /,  radimentary  caudal  fins.  Chro- 
matophores  are  developed  on  the  mantle. 

Figure  3. — The  same.  \u  embryo  at  the  period  of  hatching.  Ventral  view,  enlarged 
about  15  diameters.  The  yolk-sac  (y)  is  nearly  absorbed ;  o',  third  pair  of  sessile 
arms;  t a,  tentacular  arms ;  va,  ventral  arms;  b,  beak;  {,  odontophore;  r,  teeth  on 
the  radula;  «,  siphon ;  o  t,  otolith;  m,  mantle ;  /,  caudal  fin ;  ff,  g',  gills  ;  /,  ink-sac ; 
t,  rectum ;  /*',  h',  branchial  auricles ;  «,  u',  rudiments  of  tho  stonmch. 

Figure  4. — The  same.  Young,  just  hatched,  seen  as  a  transparent  object,  enlarged 
6  diameters;  from  a  specimen  raised  from  the  eggs  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  August 
5th.  Ventral  view;  a',  tho  third  pair  of  arms;  t  a,  tentacular  arms;  ra,  ven- 
tral arms ;  the  suckers  show  on  <a,  the  tentacular  arms ;  b,  the  beak ;  1,  odontophoro ; 
e,  the  eye ;  /,  caudal  fin ;  g,  gill ;  h,  ventricle  of  the  heart ;  k',  h',  branchial  auri- 
cles ;  i,  ink-bag ;  m,  mantle ;  o  t,  otoliths ;  a,  siphon ;  a',  base  of  siphon  ;  t,  end  of  in- 
testine ;  u,  stomach ;  y,  portion  of  yolk-sac,  not  yet  absorbed.  The  chromatophores 
are  omitted. . 


li  ii: 


;,:i 


KEPORT  or   COMMISSIONER  OF  EISH  ANT)  TIGHERIES.     [236] 

Figure  5. — The  same,  i  somewhat  older  larva,  takcu  swimmiug  a.t  the  surface. 
Dorsal  view ;  enlarged  about  7  'liameters.  The  dorsal  arras  are  still  very  small ; 
the  tentacular  arms  are  much  the  largest ;  the  chromatophores  are  largo  and  sym- 
metrically arranged,  but  only  a  part  of  th'3m  are  shown  in  the  figure ;  the  caudal 
fins  do  not  reach  the  posterior  end. 

Figure  6. — The  same.  Young  female.  Dorsal  view  of  a  specimen  taken  at  Newport, 
S.  I.,  in  August.    Enlarged  2  diameters.    From  a  fresh  specimen. 

Figure  7. — The  same.    One  of  the  egg-cajisules,  slightly  enlarged. 

Figure  8. — The  same.    A  very  young  embryo,  earlier  than  figure  1 ;   dorsal  view ;  a, 
rudiments  of  the  arms;  o,  otoliths;  8,  inner  folds  of  the  siphon;  g-  rudiments  of  the 
gills;  c,  "eye-stalks,"  or  swellings  of  the  sides  of  the  head;  m,  mantle;  p,  shell- 
area;  y,  yolk. 
Figures  1  and  2  are  from  camera-drawings  by  the  author;  figure  8  is  copied  from 
Brooks;  the  rest  are  by  J.  H.  Emerton. 

Plate  XXXI. 


■■!}   r 


Figure  1. — Loligo  Peald.  Portion  of  middle  of  club,  showing  the  four  rows  of  suck- 
ers ;  enlarged  4  diameters.    From  an  individual  having  larger  suckers  than  uimal. 

Figure  2. — The  same.  Portion  of  the  middle  of  tho  tentacular  club  of  a  specimen 
from  the  same  lot  and  of  nearly  the  same  size  as  figure  1,  but  having  small  tentacu- 
lar suckers ;  enlarged  4  diameters ;  a,  a',  largest  median  suckers ;  h,  b',  lateral  suck- 
ers. 

Figure  3. — The  same.  Portion  of  the  homy  ring  and  marginal  denticles  of  one  of  the 
large  median  suckers  of  the  tentacular  club;  much  enlarged. 

Figure  4. — Loligo  hrevU  Bv.    Female.     Dorsal  view ;  natural  size. 

Figur  >  4a. — The  same  specimen.    Pen ;  na^^ural  size. 

Figure  4i>. — The  same.  Portion  of  horny  ring  and  marginal  scalcb  of  one  of  the  large 
tentacular  suckers ;  much  enlarged. 

Figure  4c, — The  same  sucker;  l-r''8  enlarged;  front  view.  From  a  mounted  specimen 
which,  by  contracting,  has  everted  the  denticulated  border  of  the  rim. 


V-.',   i:',...':l 


Plate  XXXII. 

Figure  1. — Chiroti'ithis  lacvitoaa  Verrill.  One  of  the  tentacular  arms,  outer  side;  natu- 
ral size. 

Figure  la. — The  sume.    Front  view  of  club ;  enlarged  2  diameters. 

Figure  16. — The  jame.    One  of  the  suckers,  front  view ;  enlarged  10  diameters. 

Figure  2.— Loligo  Pedlei,  var.  horealis.  Female,  in  tho  breeding  season.  Ventral  view; 
about  I  natural  size.  The  mantle  bas  been  cut  open  nearly  in  the  median  line  and 
the  peritoneal  n:  embrane  partly  removed.  The  lettering  is  the  same  as  iu  figure  1  of 
PI.  XXIX,  with  the  following  additions:  1,  2,  3,  4,  first,  second,  third,  and  fourth 
pairs  of  sessile  'j,rms :  t  a,  tentacular  arms ;  d',  external  orifice  of  siphon;  o  v,  ov', 
ovary,  mostly  concealed  by  the  oviduct ;  v  o,  commencement  of  glandular  portion  of 
oviduct;  x',  large  gland  surrounding  the  oviduct;  od',  anterior  portion  of  oviduct; 
op,  orifice  of  oviduct;  xx,  pair  of  la'^e,  ventral,  laminated,  uidamental  glands;  x, 
pair  of  folliculated  and  mottled,  accessory  uidamental  glands;  u,  one  of  the  uretli- 
ral  openings  of  the  peritoneal  membrane. 

Figure  3. — The  same.  Section  of  gill;  enlarged  about  8  diameters;  a,  one  of  the 
lamella;  with  the  efferent  vessel  along  its  edge;  a',  its  outer  end;  bo,  the  main 
efferent  or  branchio-cardiac  vessel,  returning  the  blood  to  the  heart ;  b  v,  the  main 
branchial  vein,  or  efferent  vessel;  b,  one  of  tho  branches  supplying  a  lamella;  v, 
another  vein  in  the  muscular  stem,  c;  d,  membrane  uniting  the  gill  to  the  mantle; 
e,  membrane  running  across  the  dorsal  side  of  the  gill. 


S.     [236]      I     [237]     CEPHALOPODS  OP  NORTHEASTERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


be  surface. 

verjr  small ; 

go  and  sym- 

tho  caudal 

at  Newport, 


sal  view ;  a, 
inents  of  the 
le;  p,  shell- 
copied  from 


IW8  of  8uck- 
(han  uimal. 
a  specimen 
mil  tentacu- 
lateral  suck- 

af  one  of  the 


of  the  large 
Bd  specimen 

Tside;  natn- 


metcrH. 
entral  view ; 
lian  lino  and 
tu  figure  1  of 
and  fourth 
on;  0  V,  ov', 
ar  portion  of 
1  of  oviduct; 
il  glands;  x, 
?f  the  uretli- 

one  of  the 

0,  the  main 

b  V,  the  main 

1  lamella;  t<, 

the  mantle ; 


Plate  XXXIII. 

Figure  1. — HeteroteuthU  tenera  Verrill.    Front  view  of  male ;  enlarged  2  diameters. 
Figures  la,  lb. — The  same.    Front  and  side  views  of  one  of  the  larger  suckers  of  the 

lateral  arms  of  the  same  specimen;  more  enlarged. 
Figure  2. — The  same.    Jaws,  side  view;  enlarged  4  diameters;  a,  superior;  b,  inferior 

mandible. 
Figure 2a. — Tbu  same.    Tentacular  club;  enlarged  5  diameters. 
Figure2b.— The  same.    Pen;  enlarged  6  diameters. 
Figure  2c. — ^The  same.    Part  of  the  radnla;  much  enlarged. 
Figure  2d. — The  same.    Part  of  the  ri»dula ;  more  enlarged. 
Figtire'3. — The  same.    Dorsal  view  of  a  male;  enlarged  2  diameters. 
Figure  3a. — The  same.    One  of  the  larger  marginal  suckers  of  the  tentacular  club, 

front  view ;  much  enlarged. 

Figure  3b. — ^The  same.    Portion  of  the  margin  of  the  sucker,  more  enlarged,  to  show 

the  scales. 

Plate  XXXIV. 


Figure  1.- 
Figuro  la. 
Figure  2.- 
Figure  2a. 

larged. 
Figure  2b. 

larged. 
Figure  3.- 
Figure  4.- 
Figure  .'5  .- 

ample; 
Figure  6.- 


SeterdieuthU  tenera  Yeriill.    Dorsal  view  of  female ;  enlarged  2  diameters. 

— The  same.    A  group  of  eggs;  enlarged  2  diameters. 

-Sotaia  aublevU  Yerrill.  f .  Dorsal  view ;  natural  size. 

—  The  same.    One  of  the  suckers  of  the  tentacular  club,  side  view ;  much  en- 

— The  same.    Marginal  scales  on  the  edge  of  the  same  sticker ;  more  en- 

-The  same.    Pen,  ventral  view ;  enlfirged  6  diameters.* 

-The  same.    Ventral  view ;  enlarged  1^  diameters.  '  '■' 

—The  same.    One  of  the  arms  of  the  third  pair,  from  another  female  ex- 

eulitrged  3  diameters. 

-The  same.     Corresponding  arm  of  the  male ;  enlarged  3  diameters. 

Plate  XXXV. 


Figure  I. — HUtioteuthia  Collinaii  Verrill.    One  of  t'le  largest  median  suckers  of  the 

tentacular  club ;  side  view ;  enlarged  4  diameters. 
Figure  la. — The  same.    One  of  the  suckers  from  next  to  the  outer  row,  of  the  same 

club';  enlarged  4  diameters. 
Figures. — Roaria  Hyatti  Verr.ll.     Side  viev    of  young  male;  enlarged  1|  diameters; 

from  life. 

Figures. — Rowia  »ie^aj><cro  ^'errill.    Female :  dorsal  view ;  natural  size.  

Figure  4. — The  same.    Suckers;  enlarged  22  diameters ;  o,  front  view  of  one  of  the 

largest  from  the  third  pair  of  arms ;  b,  c,  if,  three  suckers  from  the  tentaoulav  club. 
Figure  5. — Roaaia  Hyatti  Verrill.    Egg  containing  an  embryo  ;  enlarged  6  d^amcteis. 

The  shaded  portion  represents  the  yolk  .^till  remaining  unabsorbed. 
Figure  6. — The  same.    Pen ;  enlarged  6  diameters. 

Plate  XXXVI. 

Figure  1. — Stoloteuthia  leucoptera  Verrill.  Male ;  from  a  specimen  taken  in  1879 ;  en- 
larged li  diameters. 

Figure  la. — ^The  same  specimen.  Male;  upper  lateral  iirni,  showing  the  greatly  en- 
larged, middle  suckers;  enlarged  4  diameters. 

Figure  2. — ILe  same.     Young  female ,  ventral  view  ;  enlarged  3  diameters. 

Figure  3. — Roasia  Hyatti  Verrill.     A  young  apocimen  ;  enlarged  1|  diameters. 

Figure  4. — The  same.    Adult  female ;  dorsal  view ;  enlarged  1^  diameters. 

Figure  5. — The  same.  Female ;  suckers ;  enlarged  *i2  diameters ;  a,  one  of  the  largest 
from  third  pair  of  arms,  side  view  ;  b,  c,  two  forms  of  suckers  iVom  the  tentacular 
club. 

Figure  6. — The  same.    Lateral  arm  of  ".  male ;  enlarged  3  diameters. 


, «  > 


s 

['1 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [238] 

Plate  XXXVII. 

Figure  1. — Bo8»ia  Hyatti  Yerrill.    Female ;  ventral  view  of  the  head  and  arms ;  en« 

larged  3  diameters. 
Figure 2. — Bosaia  aublevis  Yerrill.    Female;  ventral  view  of  the  head  and  arms;  en* 

laiged  3  diameters. 

Plate  XXXVIII. 

Figure  1. — Stauroteuthii*  ayrtenais  Verrill.    Dorsal  view ;  i'o  natural  size. 
Figure  2. — The  same.    Lower  side  of  head;  a,  siphon;  e,  eye;  a,  the  auditory  pore. 
Figure  3.  —The  same.    The  siphon,  turned  back. 

Figures  4  and  5.— The  same.    Superior  and  inferior  mandibles ;  enlM'ged  2}  diameters, 
'"his  plate  was  drawn  by  the  author,  from  the  alcoholic  specimen,  except  figures  4 
and  5,  which  ar^  by  J .  fl.  Emerton. 

Plate  XXXIX. 


I 


,  ;«*^* 


Figure  1. — AUopoaua  mollia  Verrill.  Young  male;  side  view,  showing  the  sac  contain- 
ing th*^  hectocotylized  arm,  cut  open,  so  as  to  expose  the  partially  developed  arm; 
i  natural  size. 

Figure  la. — The  same  specimen.  Hectocotylized  arm  removed  from  the  sac ;  enlarged 
2  diameters.  * 

Figure  1. — The  same.    Young  female ;  ventral  view ;  i  natural  size. 

Figure  2a. — The  same  specimen.    Dorsal  view;  |  natural  size. 

Plate  XL. 

Figure  1. — Octopua  piacatorumYeTrill.    Female;  original  type.   Ventral  view;  |  natu- 
ral size. 
Figure  la. — rhe  same  specimen.    Qorsal  viev. 

Figure  2  — Paraaira  catenulata  Steenst.    Femal*  ;  front  view  ;  i  natural  size. 
Figure  2a. — The  same  specimen.    Side  view  of  body  and  head ;  |  natural  size. 

Plate  XLI. 

Figure  1. — Octopua  Bairdii  Verrill.  Male ;  ventral  view ;  natural  size ;  h,  terminal 
spoon-shaped  organ  of  the  hectocotylized  arm ;  i,  the  groove  along  the  lower  side  of 
the  arm. 

Figure  la. — ^^he  same  specimen.    Hectocotylized  arm ;  enlarged  2  diameters. 

Figure  2. — Hh^  ^ne.  Male ;  figured  in  the  act  of  swimming ;  dorsal  view ;  a,  termi- 
nal spoon  of  hectocotylized  arm.    From  a  living  specimen  ;  nearly  natural  size. 

Figure  3. — Ootopm  Bairdii  var.  Verrill.  Side  view  of  a  young  male,  enlarged  about 
1}  diameters. 

Figure  3a. — The  name  specimen.  Terminal  appendage  of  the  hectocotylized  arm ; 
more  enlarged. 

PL.1TE  XLII. 


I'igure  1. — Ootojnia  Bairdii  Verrill 

natural  size. 
Figure  2. — ^The  same. 
Figure  3. — The  same. 
Figure  4. — The  same. 
Figure  5, — The  same. 


Male ;  dorsal  view  from  a  li^ mg  specimen ;  nearly 


Ml 


Side  view,  from  life  ;  nearly  natural  size. 

Jaws;  «,  superior;  i,  inferior  maudibles;  enlarged  2 diamet^ra. 

Portion  of  odontophoro ;  enlarged  22  diameters. 

Spermatophores.  A,  one  with  the  inner  sac  (S)  partly  extruded; 
t,  the  point  from  which  the  extension  commences ;  enlarged  1^  diameters ;  B,  another 
spermatophore  in  its  original  condition ;  a,  filament  at  large  end ;  b,  filament  at 
small  end 
Figure  6. — Octopus  obeaua  Verrill.  Male ;  original  type.  Uasal  portion  of  one  of  the 
lateral  arms,  to  show  the  arraugoment  of  suckers;  enlarged  IJ  diameters. 


.   [238] 

anus;  en« 
anns;  cn- 

ory  pore. 

\  diameters, 
pt  fignies  4 


jac  contain- 
elopod  arm ; 

c;  enlarged 


lew ;  I  natu- 


ize. 
1  size. 


;  h,  terminal 
lower  Hide  of 

iters. 

w ;  o,  termi- 
tural  size, 
larged  about 

tylizod  arm; 


imen ;  nearly 


1 2  diameters. 

■tly  extruded; 
a;  B,anotlicr 
6,  filament  at 

of  one  of  the 
crs. 


[239]     CEPHALOPODS  OF  NORTHEASTEBN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 

Figure  6a. — The  same.    Terminal  portion  of  the  hectocotylized  arm;  enlarged  2 

diameters. 
Figure  7. — AllopoBut  mollis  Yerrill.    Part  of  a  large  mutilated  specimen.    Portion  of 

an  arm,  with  slickers,  from  near  the  base :  natural  size. 

Plate  XLIII. 

Figure  1. — Octopus  lentus  Verrill.    Female ;  original  specimen.    Ventral  view ;  f  natu- 
ral size. 
Figure  2. — The  same  specimen.    Dorsal  view ;  f  natural  size. 

Plate  XLIV. 

Figure  1. — Allojtosiis  mollis  Verrill.    An  entire,  detached,  mature  hectocotylized  arm; 

i  natural  size. 
Figure  2. — Octopus  lentus  Verrill.    Side  view  of  a  male ;  enlarged  about  1^  diameters. 
Figure  3.—Eledone  verrucosa  Verrill.     Side  view  of  a  male ;  J  natural  size. 
Figure  3a. — ^The  same  specimen.    Distal  portion  of  the  hectocotylized  arm,  to  the  edge 

of  the  basal  web,  showing  the  terminal  appendage  and  the  lateral  groove. 

Plate  XLV. 

Figure  1. — Lestoteuthis  Fabrieii  V.    One  of  the  tentacular  arms ;  enlarged  2  diameters. 

Figure  la. — The  same.    The  larger  claw ;  side  view. 

Figure  16. — The  same.    Lateral  arm ;  enlarged  2  diameters. 

Figures  16',  16". — The  Si^me.     One  of  the  hooks;  enlarged  4  diameters. 

Figure  Ic. — The  same.    Portion  of  ventral  arm ;  enlarged  2  diameters. 

Figure  Id. — The  same.     Pen,  ventral  view ;  a  little  less  than  natural  size. 

Figure  2. — Desntoteuthis  tenera  V.    General  figure  of  male,  dorsal  view ;  natural  size. 

Figure  2a. — The  same.    Teeth  of  odontophorc ;  enlarged  22  diameters. 

Figure  26. — The  same.  One  of  the  larger  suckers  of  the  lateral  arms;  front  view;  en- 
larged 8  diameters. 

Figure  2c. — The  same  sucker ;  side  view. 

Figure  2(1. — Valve-like  apparatus  within  basti  of  siphon;  larger  than  natural  size;  S, 
orifice  of  siphon ;  m,  median  organ ;  i',  lateral  papilla,  and  i,  medio-dorsal papilla; 
n,  n',  lateral  cushions. 

Figure  3. — Brachioteuthis  Beanii  Verrill.    Dorsal  view  of  the  male ;  natural  size. 

Figiire  3o. — The  same.    Pen,  ventral  view  ;  enlarged  slightly. 

Figure  36. — The  same.    Teeth  of  the  radula ;  enlarged  22  diameters. 

Figure  4. — Desmoteuthis  hyperborea.  Side  view  of  one  of  the  large  suckers  of  the  3d 
pair  of  arms ;  side  view  ;  enlarged  8  diameters. 

Figure  4o. — The  same.  Peculiar  organs  on  the  interior  of  the  medio-dorsal  side  of 
the  base  of  the  siphon  ;  enlarged  2  diameters ;  i,  median,  i',  lateral  papiilcc. 

Figure  5. — Chiroteuthis  lacertosa  V.  Youug  female.  One  of  the  suckers  of  the  ten- 
tacular arms ;  front  view ;  enlarged  22  diameters. 

Figure  6. — Histioteuthis  ColUnsH.  One  of  the  larger  suckers  of  the  median  rows  of 
the  tentacular  club ;   side  view  ;  enlarged  2  diameters. 

Figure  6a. — The  same.  One  of  the  suckers  of  the  snblateral  rows  of  the  tentacular 
club. 

Plate  XLVI. 

Figure  1. — Chiroteuthis  /aoerfosa  Verrill.  Dorsal  vi':w  of  the  male;  a  little  less  than 
three-quarters  natural  size ;  t  a,  stump  of  one  of  the  tentacular  arms,  with  a  few 
of  the  sessile  suckers  remaining. 

Figure  la.— The  same.    Ventral  view  of  the  pen ;  enlarged  about  3  diameters. 


t^'dfy' 


,»  -»  la 


REPORT  OF  COMMISSIONER  OF  FISH  AND  FISHERIES.     [240] 


R<ip 


^J'i' 


Figure  la'. — The  same.    Section  of  the  anterior  part  of  the  pen;  la",  section  of  the 

posterior  part  of  the  pen ;  mnch  enlarged. 
Figure  16. — The  same.    Connective  cartilage  of  siphon  j  enlarged  3  diameters. 
Figure  Ic. — ^The  same.    Lateral  connective  cartilage  of  mantle. 
Figures  Id,  le. — The  same.    One  of  the  larger  suckers  of  the  3d  pair  of  arms ;  front  and 

side  views;  enlarged  6  diameters. 
Figure  ]/. — The  same.    Papilla,  or  rhmophore,  from  behind  and  below  the  eye ;  en- 
larged 3  diameters. 
Figure  2. — Braohioteuthis  Beanii  Y.    Connective  cartilage  of  the  mantle ;  enlarged. 
Figure  2a. — ^The  same.    Lateral  connective  cartilage  of  the  siphon ;  enlarged. 
Figure  3. — De»motmthi»  tmera  V.    Tentacular  arm ;  enlarged  3  diameters. 


!• 


Rtiport  U,  8.  F.  C.  1879.— Veirill.    CephaiopoUa. 


PLATE    I. 


,Xo.  :i(:i), 


•■•■••V  .•;.;. x-f;:*^: 


■■'■J':' 


v«.iQn. 


I 

1  •&■ 


r 


-'iM 


ir^;. 


-.jfi 


•    5     'a 


ft 


I- 


.  •■  ;v.t  .u  • 


li 


Report  U.  8.  F.  C.  187».— Verrill.    Cephalopoda. 


Pi  ATB   n. 


■'#'• 


Vt  natnral  size. 


lit 


^  ■*=»•■ 

'^L 

■Hi 

iv' 

P 

1 

4 

: 

1 

.,      H    ■■ 

■ft 

fiS 


Itoport  T7  S.  F.  C.  1879.— VerrilL    Ceplwlo|HMU. 


PLATE    nZ. 


I  If 


ill 


f  1 


r 


^'? 


»di 


Report  U.  8.  F.  C.  1879.— V«rrill.    Cephalopod*. 


1024. 


'■  ;    .'  ''■' 

■:'.'.V- 

V  ;    ■  ';■■ 

y  ') 


in  ■ ' 


Id*  port 


uy/^y 


•  ,f 


rlli'r 


i 


l(»port  IT.  8.  V.  C.  1S.T»— Verrill.   Ceplwlopada. 


PZiATB    ▼. 


MihlUU. 


No.  ion. 


111 


so.u2a. 


.  m 


Beport  U.  S.  F.  G.  1870 VerriU.    Coiihulopoils. 


FI.ATIJ    VI. 


No.  1033. 


No.  1037. 


No.  1031 


i 


S'  . 


J,  H'CMIRTQN  rnOH  NATUNe, 


WM.P,  nOflrMRUP  kCO.,   SurFALO.N.   f. 


m^ 


|1r>-"'^ 


f'f-4.,  ■ 


,i'     >^ 


Keport  XT.  S.  F.  C.  1878.— Verrlll.    Cephalopoda. 


PLATE    Vn. 


T4M 


lit  i  ' 

'1  1'  <;1 

If -I 


t,- 


»ei 


1 


!l 


11 


:t.,i- 


■r'^'^-  - 


Report  IT.  S.  F.  C.  1879.— Verrlll.    Cephalopoda. 


PZiATB    VUL 


Report  U.  S.  F.  C.  1879.— VerrUl.    Cephidopoda. 


PLATE    IZ. 


XIX 


Na.aO|j. 


No.  lUlt. 


■■aM 


'.  //.  limei'toH  &*  jt.  Ji.  Vcnritt/rivn  tutturi. 


ll'm.J'.j\orthruf  Q-  Co.UHsravirs,BHffiiIo,N.l' . 


iil 


s 


Report  n.  8.  F.  C.  1879.— VerrlU.    Cepluaopods. 


PLATE    Z. 


ira.lOS(. 


I 


U  'li' 


Bepi 


frH'.'s! 


.'.  •* 


I 


1       If 


Bepiwt  n.  S.  F.  C.  1879.— VerrtU.    CephftlopoOa. 


PLATE    XI. 


^ii^^ 


Koport  U.  H.  r.  C.  l«7>.-VwriU.    On] 


pxtAm  zzz. 


Rep< 


Report  n.  8.  F.  C.  1A79.— VeiTill.    Cephalopoda. 


PLATE  xni. 


;/  •• 


."I 


m 


No.  1080. 


Keport 


1    ' 


k-ij 


/ 
/ 


/ 
// 


.-''.  //.  Mmerton  ^ 


mmmmmmmi 


liepoi't  U.  S.  F.  C.  1879.— Verrill.    Cephalopoda. 


PLATE    XIV. 


No.  1081. 


7,  If.  JStiicrt'ii  Cf'  A.  li.  Vtnilt.  from  nature. 


tl'i/i.  P.  Northriif  &  C«„  Jln^rnrcrs.  Buffalo,  2\'.  y. 


'I* 


R. 


\ 


^n 


-R 


■  IIHM11IIIIIWIIII 


RBHI 


K43pcrt  U.  S.  v.  C.  187».~VeiTiU.    Copbalopods. 


PLATE    XV. 


ia 


145;? 


144T 


145) 


r 


2> 


Na.ll(U. 


m 


SLIb 


y 

1450 


r 


14B*    ^ 


(CI 


v= 


y  MM 


%i 


»eport  U.  S.  F.  C.  1879.- 

-VerriU. 

Cephalopoda. 

^^ 

A 

j^        «" 

^^^m 

\^ 

L^ 

^'"^^ 

"W   "' 

^      »o.  1062. 

No.  11)63. 
10 

PLATE    XVI. 


l-fl'  J 


:-a  i  > 


'1 

■I 


|!'   ■. 


(  •• 


1 


M'!i<.-:' '  •• ,' 


Keport  U.  S.  K.  U.  1879.— Vecrill.    CephalopoUs. 


PLATE    XVn. 


Wo.  1057- 


>'o.  1058. 


i 


li'l'S 


ii 

,  i 

If 

imn 


Report  U.  S.  F.  C.  1870.— Veirlll.    Cephalopoda. 


PLATB    XVm. 


u  .■:>') 


-Nn.  11170. 


JTo.  1089 


Ao.  Iu7l 


T 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


'^^   ^  ^..  ^^^     i^ 


1.0  :- "- 

,'..    132 


I.I 


1.25 


M    12.5 


112.2 


1^   illlio 


I!! 


1.4 


1.6 


p% 


a 


w     m 


/A 


o 


7 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


4v 


^v 


4^^ 


L1? 


:\ 


\ 


%^ 


<^ 


^> 


}3  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4S03 


k 


i 


:  ^''  igtrt 


Ki 


( 


N 


N 


r^ 


L 


Keport  U.  S.  F.  C.  1S79.— VerrUl.   Cephalopoda. 


PLATE 


1^0.0074 


[1      I 

I 


!i 


'  r 


.::ii 


R« 


inv 


l*:i 


\ 


d 


Seport  TT.  S.  F.  C.  1879.— Venill.    Cephalopoda. 


PLATE    JLX, 


I 


iiiitiisi 


B«port  U.  K  F.  C.  1879.— VurriU.    Ci-phalopods. 


PLATE    XXZ. 


.■'.zry^ 


r 

1 1 


li 


B«port  U.  S.  F.  C.  1870.— VerriU.    CepbaloiMKl*. 


PLATE    XZn. 


il 


i 


i  f\ 


I 

ill 


i:si 


linf 

m 


:  *  *! 


Bcport  U.  S.  F.  C.  1870.— Vi-rrUl.    Cepbalnpmla. 


FLATS    ZXZn. 


I 

m 
"I 


Sfil 


^1  ■ 


'I 


Report 


3  y 


J}. 


Na.li 


,;1 


Report  U.  8.  F.  C.  I870.-Vorrtll.    Ci!plialu|MMla. 


PLATE    XXIV, 


I 

It! 


m 
m 

M 

n> 


■;U  H 


1& 


m 


B«port  U.  S.  F.  C.  1870.~yerrm.    Cephalopoda. 


PLATE    XZV. 


I '  I 

It  ■   fi 


m 


'  i 


1459 


MM 


Report  I 


y 


IB 

1           /;3 

m 

'  B 

1  m 

v&^ 

'\ik. 

ifi 

kS 

4 

^V 

X""  rf~ 

)m 

M 

1 

1 

-* 

Bepoit  U.  S.  F.  C.  1879.— Verrill.    Cephklopoda. 


PLATS    XXVI, 


1 
r 

1 

;  <■ 

?S;    ■ 

lib 

* 

1 

ill 

\ 

i      1 

*  1 

1^^ 

if 

1 

n 

t 

iiil 


lie 


rn 


|%!  ,1 


Keport  TJ.  S.  F.  C.  1879.— VerrlU.    CephaloiMxIii. 


PLATE    XXVII. 


■^i  is:!' 


1  m 


a 


B«^  V.  6.  F.  0. 1879.— VertUl.   Oephalopodi. 


PLATE    XXVIII. 


N0.U02, 


I 


ii   - 


I 


I 


Report  U.  8.  F.  C.  1879.— Verrill.    Cepbalopods. 


PLATE    ZXIZ. 


Bepor 


Report  U.  S.  F.  C.  1870;— VerrOL    Cephalopoda. 


PLATB    TTT. 


11 


:  ,'1 


r 


3a 


'm 


Report  U.  S.  r.  C.  1870.— Venill.    CephklopmU. 


PLATB    XXXI. 


>  i 


■   '1 


\m 


Beport  U.  S.  T.  C.  1870.— Verrill.    Cephalopoda. 


PLATE    XZXn. 


t'<  m 


1140 


Keport  IT.  S.  F.  C.  1379.— Ve-riU.    Cephalopoda. 


PLATE    XXXni. 


«    ...:.:,v.,,,.;iS^r:' 


'MWm 

\Wmmm 


'fliffl 


I    ■;■■■' 


!W6 


Beport  U.  S.  F.  C.  1870.— Verrill.    Cephalopoda. 


PLATE  Toaav. 


1464 


lias 


JJo.  1090. 


* 
'  I  ' 

I  i 

'    . 

t'i^'t 


m 

i 

I' 


1470 


Bcpi)rt  U.  S.  F.  C.  1879.— Verrill.    Cephalopoda, 


PLATE    XXXV. 


m 


w 


11' 


■M^ 


Report  V.  8.  F.  C.  187B.— Verrill.    Cephalopoda. 


PLATE    XZXVT. 


I! 


1489 


Nn.  insn. 


m\ 


h:'.'    7 


lie 


Report  U.  8.  F.  C.  187B.--VerrlU.    Ccplmlopodi. 


PLATE    XZZVn. 


No.  IU9I . 


No.  10B2. 


Kir  f 


R«p 


V 


II 


'.1   i 


■d^£.  y err  lit  J 


B«port  U.  8.  F.  C.  187».— VerrlU.    Crplirtlopo<:i». 


PLATE    XXXVUL 


A^£,  ytrriUJront  nature, 


rVm.  P.  Narthrut  &  Co.,£it£ravers,  £ujalo,  N.  Y. 
) 


Keport  V.  S.  F.  C.  1879.— Verrill.    Cephalopoda. 


PLATE    XXXIX. 


M 


Uepo 


W  !' 


M 


Keport  U.  8.  F.  C  1879.— VerriU.    Cephalopoda. 


PLATE    XL. 


II'; 


i 


I' 


r 


Kepori  V.  S.  F.  C.  1879 ^VerrilL    Cephalopoda. 


PLATB    XLI. 


1480 


148-^ 


XJ,?^ 


Keport  11.  8.  F.  C.  1879.— Verrill.    Oephnlopods. 


PLATE    ZLn. 


L 


Seport  T7.  B.  F.  C.  1879 Verrill.    Cephalopoda. 


PLATE    XTiTTT. 


f>     V 


Jfn.  niw. 


Wm.J>.!{orthrup  Cf  Co..j:ngravtrs.S>iffaUiN,y, 


Report  V.  S.  F.  C.  1870.— Vemll.    Cpplmloj  mU 


PLATE    XLIV. 


f       I 


«MBMMn»— 


•UMiateaiMM 


N 


t& 


\ 


Rtiport  V.  8.  F.  C.  1870.— Verrill.    Cppbolopodi. 


PLATE    ZLV. 


Keport  U.  S.  F.  C.  1879.— Verrill.    Ccphaloi)o<l». 


PLATE    ZLVI. 


!'''       II 


il 


i!'       i 


Pai 


Part 


Oi 

Or 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Pajre. 
Pakt    T. — The  gifiantic  squidH  (Architeuthit)  imd  their  allies;  withob'  .:  'vationson  Hiniiliir  large 

speciert  i'rom  foroign  loealities. -  [1] 

General  dfacription  of  the  sevnral  Amt^riran  specimens,  and  of  their  occurrence.   . .  [n] 

(/'omparativo  measurements  of  the  specimi'ns            [2'i] 

Special  descriptions  of  the  Atlantic  coast  species [23] 

Observations  on  the  specimens  described  from  foreign  localities: 

A. — Atlantic  Ocean  species   [51] 

B. — Kxainples  fomi  t  he  Indian  Oci'an  and  Now  Zealand [63] 

C— Examples  fmm  1  lie  North  Pacific [05] 

I). — Note  on  large  species  of  Octopus  [71] 

Part  II. — Mcmofiraphic  revision  of  the  (Cephalopoda  of  the  Atlantic  coiUlt,  from  Cape  Hatteras 

to  Newfoundland [73] 

Dibranebiata [73] 

Ordeu  I. — Decacera [".')] 

Order  11.— Octopoda       [177] 

Supplement       [199] 

Conspectus  of  the  families,  genera,  and  species  of  Cephalopoda  included  in  tliis  paper .  [221  ] 

Explanation  of  plates .     [220] 

Index [243] 

[241] 


Architinit 
■Arrhitoutl 
Arj?onautii 
Arjfonauta 
-A^i'gouauta 
At  wood,  Ca 
Baird,  Prof, 
'^iiiiquoreau 

^^•'lUiolot,  Ji 
"lake,  J.  JI . 
IJoiiii  vista  J{| 

VI '.vi.') 

f*"ii,V<  r,  M..  1 

Israel)  ioteiitL 

Biachioteiith 

Brigiis  spccii] 

C:il]itputlii» 

Cnllitouthis  o 

Calliteuthis  n 

Cftrapbeli,  Cap 

[5 


i:isrr)Ex. 


■Abralla    Page. 

•Acanthotenthis.... 89 

■Aiotiibnlifera • 70 

-AKassiz,  A 73 

;^li">ka,  examples  from 73 

Alocton  ••  encounter  wlth'sqmd ^'  -^'  "^ 

-ilepidosaurna  fe,ox  H  55 

Alloposidas 16,  20, 124 

Alloposus 180,  225 


Capo^Sab.eapeci.eMStbenotenthU.egnp.^'''^'' 


Catalii 


180,255 
181,  225 
128 
219 
208 
150 


197 

70 
00 
7:f 


^llopoeus  mollis  

-^iK'istrotouthis  " 

■Antepedm 

Arcbiteufbis 

Aichit.Mitbis  Boiiy,,n  "'''  ^^'*'  '""•  2-': 

^••'■liitrutbis  ,lux  . .   24  25  --,,   m  VJ "'^'  ^~' 

ArcUiu-uthis  grandis  '  '  ^**'  "-'  ^'"''  -""•  2:':^ 
Arcl,it,.uf|,i.s  Hariin-ii   -""---' 

'■'■''''•"""^"'•-■^'■^7;8:Hi5.ir2/Vr;:f 
«.H4o,52,5,5=ro2!'^:;; 

A  '•obitoutlus  me(rapt,.ra  '"*•  ^'"''  ^""'  -^''^  -'2-' 

Arcbiteuthu  mo„acbu«  ::23:24;25:5,:n2, 53, 5  ;r 

-'00,  L'L'o 

8.11,13,14,15,10,24  r,  07 

33.34,41,  43,  60,  ,52,  59, 114' 

199,  200,  221,  222 

25,51 

2."J,]99,o22 

182,  225 


sis ,n,     '^'""'"'■•"tbis  IacoM,„«„ 


Arcbitontbis  Mouchezi 
Arcbiteuthisprinceps'. 


Architeiithis  titan 

Arrbitoutbns 

Arj?onautid!D 
Arjfonauta 
Argou.auta  argo 

Afwood,  Capt.N.E 
Baird,  Prof.  ,s.  Jf 


-•\»wood,Capt.N.E 18-'.225  p::'     *;""-"  ^^'''i 

Baird,  Prof.  ,s  P        1141  p""    "' "*'"l"'s  Bairdii . 

«;-H.o..,t,A^s^,£"'"-^'- 78  k:::;;;^^^'-"'-^---::::::::- 

"'"k'',  'T.H 55  p::^  "  .  •^•■P'"t^^"tbis  sepioidea  ... 


Hay  specimen  (Architeuthis 


Hoiiiivisfa, 
v.vi .') . 

«"".v.r,M..  letter  from 

wrachioteiitbis..  

B'acbioteuthia  Beanii." 

Ungiis  specimen,  1879 
Calliteutbis  ...  


55 

•-■■220,234 
Har- 

•  8,11,34 

54 

•  213, 223 
•  214,223 

17 


ina specimen,  1S77 /A.. ^;;    1, , 17 

ceps) "  '^'oniteutbls  prin- 

Ceplialopoda  octopoda ^"',43 

CepbaJopwls  of  the  AtlanHn ."; '^7 

Matters  to  Ne wfifuSd    t'  '"""  """^'^ 
revision  of  the  . . .  °^-    ■""nograpbic 

Cbanibers,  C.  D 78 

Cboloteiitbis  ...    221 

Cbelotetitbis  rapax : 78,204,205 

'^biroteiitbidiB  ....     ^''  ''*■  205,  206,  207 

Cbiroteutbis        ^'*'  ^^O,  202,  223 

118,223 

lacertoaa  H",  209,  213 

ChiroteiKhiN  Veran vi     "B,  209,  214,  223 

<'inbo(oiitbii|n«  120,211,213 

Ol™.',  Tbonmn,  letter  from' ^^'  22S 

<  olliiiH,  Cij.f.j   y^y  go 

^'"■■"■•■I.ti.n  l{,.v  specimen   187a  ',  a     J"'"''2«.124 
'bw  Haivr.viO  .  'Arcbiteu. 

Coombs' Cove  «pecimon'l872";A"  ;: 

riarvryif-,  '^°' ^**72  (Arcbiteiitbis 

'•'■.vpiodil)rancbiata      

<'.VmlmIiacalceoIus     

l>all,  W.il ... 

I>a«-R„,,, .;.  W-  ' ' " ' ' '  ^'  2^'  '"^-  66,  71,  72,  229 

I>I'(11(CI,T  •■  0 

l^''<'apo(ln 75,221 

IJfimotentbida> 75 

Dc.siii(>ti.uibi.s  124,223 

Bi'.siiiiid.iin.;..  1  1 125,223 

125, 120,  219,223 

21ft  2^ 

73,221 

59 

141,201 

176 

141,155 

186 

95 

169    ^ 

171 

183,225 


5,  33 

7 

73 

216 


'"■'""""■'«'"«''.vp,.rborea' 


l^'Hii.oteothis  tenera 
iJ'biiiiicIii.ita 

W"ot<nthi.s] 
Dof 


.,.           P'obo.scideus 
I)<'sid.c„.s  i,:s,„nVl,tii         

i;W.s.;tI,oli;:oroab.i...  " 

J'-^rKsofOctoiMLsBairdii. 


Klcdoii 


ic  verrucosa 


Calliteutbis  ocellata       ^'7,223 

Calliteutbis  reversa     202,  223 

Campbell,  Captain  "^'  202,  223 

[242]  6 


isiiop;  ,),,„tijis    

Eiioploteiitbis  Cookii 

aioplote„tl,isHartingii 

Em.ploteu»bi.sllolinffi     

J«<»u.,n«v«p,eimen,1874   " '" 
Gabbett,  Kev.  R.  J  ■• 

Gabriel,  I{,,v.  A.  E.   

Gervais,  M.  Paul      6.11 

62,63 


183,  225 

226 

70,  222 

203,222 

•■  63,203,222 
■••63,203,222 

12,47 

62 


[243]    CEPIIALOPODS  OF  N0RTHEA8TERN  COAST  OF  AMERICA. 


«f!1 


Pagp. 
Oiftantio  squitls  (Architeatbis)  and  their  al- 
lies; with  obsurvations  on  similar  larxe 

specie*  from  foreign  localities  1 

Gloucester,  Mass.,  flshermen 5, 20, 78 

GonatuB 60, 78, 204, 205,  206,  222 

Gonatus  amoBna  79 

Gonatas  amoenns 79, 204, 205, 222 

Gonatiis  FabricU 79, 204,  205, 20fl 

Goo(l(f,  O.  Brown 107, 1 11 

GraiKl  Banks  Hpoc.'mons (Architeatbis). 6, 18, 10,  M 

Habits  of  Loligo  Pealfci 97, 98, 143 

HabitB  of  Octopus  Balrdii 18M 

Habits  of  Umniastrephes  illecebrosus 95 

Habits  of  Sthcnoteuthis  Bartramli 113 

Hammer  Cove  specimen,  1876  14 

Harbor  Grace  specimen,  1874-'75  —     ...  12 

Harger,  Oscar 96 

Haiting,Dr 1,24,51,52 

Harvey,  Rev.  M  . .2, 6, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 16, 17, 
26,27,83,84,44,45,47,221 

Heteroteuthia 174, 224 

lIotDroteuthis  tenera 176,  224 

HilL'endorf,  Dr.  F 71 

Hist  ioteuthidjB 1 20, 223 

Histioteuthis 120, 223 

Histioteuthis  CoUinsU 16, 20, 121, 216, 223 

Holder,  Charles  F   201 

Holder,  Dr.  J.  B 13,44 

Uont'yraan,  Dr.  D 10 

Hooku,  Thomas,  letter  from 59 

niex 8:t,82,222 

Hlex  Coindfetii 201 

Ill><x  illecebrosus 83 

Indian  Ocean  and  New  Zealand,  examples 

from 63 

Irt>1iui<l,  examples  ft'om 59, 62 

Jamcs'H  Cove  specimen,  1879 17 

Japan,  uxitmples  from 71 

J e fl rev H,  M r 57, 95 

Jones,  J.  Matthew 104 

Kent,  W.  Savillo 24, 57, 58, 199 

Kirk,  Mr.  T.  W 63,04 

Labrador  specimen 10 

LamaUiit'.  specimens,  1870-'71 11 

Laiicu  Cove   specimen,  1877  (Architeuthis 

piiiiccpsf  $)     14,50 

Leacliiii  cyclura 120 

Lciicbia  guttata 126 

Leacliiu  b,\-perbQrea  120 

Lcstoteiitiiis    70, 76,  78,  204, 205,  209, 222 

Lcstotoutbis  Fabricli  70, 79,  205,  206, 222 

Lcstoti'iithis  Kamtschatica 70,  209 

Lustoteuthisf  robusta  209 

Logic  Bay  specimen,  1873  (Architeatbis  Har- 

veyi,type) 8,24 

LoligidiB 131 

Loliginidas 131,224 

Loligo  129,131,224 

Loligo  Bartramil 112 

Loligo  Bouyeri 56 

Loligo  brevipinna 161 

Loligo  brevis 145,161,224 

loligo  Fabricli 70 

LoHgoGahi 145 

Loligo  HartingU 53 


Page. 

tioll'io  iUfcebrosa 83 

Loligo  pallida  V 30,  133 

Loligo  piivo lao 

Loligo  I'ealcl 8, 132, 130, 140, 143, 145, 156,  224 

Loli'.'o  I'calcl  var.  borealls 132, 130, 145 

Loligo  Pcalci  var.  pallida 80,133, 130, 140, 145 

Loligo  IValli 3,98,132 

Loligo  piHcatoruni 83 

Liiligo  imnctatu I,'i2 

Loligo  sagittata 04 

Loligo  Hagittatus 1 12 

Loligo  Ht'ploidea 163 

Lollgnphldit    118,120 

LollgoimiH 125,129 

LoligojiHis  lionplandi 110 

LoligopHis  chrysophthalmA 125 

LoligopMis  hyperboreus 126 

LoligopHis  onellata 202 

LoligopsiH  pavo 83,130 

Loli  opHis  I'eronli 125 

Lolllguucula 162,  224 

Mastigoteuthidae 114, 223 

Mastigoteutbis 116, 223 

Hastigoteuthis  A^cassizli 116, 223 

Measurements  of— 

Architeuthis  Harvey!  .22, 27, 87, 88, 89, 40, 40-50 

Architeuthis  princepa 22, 46, 40-50 

Desmoteuthis  hyperborea 128 

Kledone  verrncosa 184 

Histioteuthis  ColllnBli 124 

Loligo  Pealei 137,146-150 

Loligo  Pealei  var.  borealls 146 

Loligo  Pealei  var.  pallida 151-153 

Mastigoteutbis  Agassizii 116 

Moroteuthis  robnsta 69 

Octopus  lentuB 192 

Ommaslrophes  iUecebrosns 91-93 

Rossia  Hyatti 172 

Rossia  sublevis 172 

Stheuoteuthis  megaptera 103 

Stbcnoteutbis  pteropus. .   103 

Megalotcutbia 23 

Mfgalott'iitbis  Harveyi 23,24 

Moore,  Mr  65 

More,  A.  G 59,62 

Alorotfuliiis  70,209,222 

Monitcuthis  robusta 21, 66, 70, 71, 72, 200, 209 

Munii,  liev.  .\    > 8 

Murray,  Alexander 2,  6, 10 

MyopHida^ 75,131,223 

New  Zealand,  examples  ft-om 63, 64 

North  Pacific,  examples  from  the 05 

Octoccra 177 

Octopia      177 

Octopidas 183 

Octopoda 75, 177,  225 

OctopodidtD 183, 225 

Octopus,  note  on  large  species  of 71 

Octopus 1, 10,  71, 138, 181, 183, 186,  225 

OctopuH  Bairdii 167, 169, 186, 194, 195, 225 

Oct<)])us  carena ISO 

OctopuH  catenulatus « 170 

Octopus  Grrenlandicus   188, 194, 19,5 

Octopus  Icntus 188,101,104,225 

Octopus  obesus 188,103,225 


""•■OHT  or  co„„««,o^,,  ^         ■ 

■■  USB  AND  FISBEBIES.       r24  n 


Octopus  pl«caton,ra 

•'i-topiiH  piincfntus  . 

OctopiiH  ruKcwua        

OotopwH  t.,l,oroulatu8 

Oct«p„„  v„]^,„.^  

^'Kopeidm 

OmnintoHtn-phiiii 

0min.it08tr„p/„«  

Oramat„Btr,.phe8Bartranni"" 
On,matoHtreph,.«„ig„,"'""--- 

0'nmat<«tr.,ph«H..4":p--- 

Om™HtoBt..epl..,o„„TaStn«ta"" 
Ommaostrephespacifleu*'""'- 
Ommato8fr„ph„Hp„,       "' 

Ommatoatrephespto^r   

Om^at„nrephes«„«Cu, 

0n.matO8tr„pb„^  "« 

Oramaetrephes  '  ■     • 

Om,na«tropho«  Bart„«,U 

Omma8tr.,ph„8Cola,,otu 

Ommastrepbesenslfer      

Omma«trop,,e,g,  • 

Omn,««trephH8  Harvoyi    m 

Offlmaatrephesllleoebroaa 23 

Owmastrophos  mogaptera  "''  2«2. 221, 222 

0.nma8trepbe8    t:;t;"^^P'^ceps    ...        ff 

Om.mmt,  opbea  ,„bu  Ju^ 107,  no 

0^r''"-'"'""«'«H«ittatu8 21,6, 

0«mtt8t.-..phe8  Sloanei       82,  83,  95 

Ommast riphido,  . .  58,  82,  95 

I'^y-bia    80,201,222 

Onychote„thi,I«,  eo 

(^nychoUM.this  75,80 

"».vchot,.„thi8?  amcena 69-209 

OnAd.,.,oufhi8Bank8il.." 79 

nl  '  ^**'""'W  Bor^l  .         78,  80 

^yf>t.»msF^UHoU 65 

"n.v  choteuthi8  Kamtaohatioa ■  ■  79,  80 

0''.Vch«t.H.thi8lobipe„4  204,200 

p"'7P''"f-Richar,i;: '203 

1  ackard,  Dr.  A.  .S  ^"9, 200,  202,  203 

""     ^5- ".24,  52.' 200 


Ro88la  Hvatti 

«088i«  mewptew' 

""""ia  sublevla        

Sagitta 

Sars,  I'rof.  o  Q 

■'^Pliinbi  

Seplnloll^o      .'.' 

^•'I'ia  uuKuicuiata' 

Spfildoa    

S«Piola  I,.ncopter»  • 

»"Pl"lid.a 

S<'pii>lidn) 

S<'Pi<)t.i,tbi8.   

S«Ppm  „n„ui,uiau 

olmnis,  (jforg,,  

Smitb,  P,„K  s  I 

Smitb,  .Snnd,T8,m  ■■"' * 

Wwb..  8pe..eMi^;^-;^^,_^ 

Statirotouthi8  ..        

Sfauroto,,,,,,.^  ,,;--- •   ■1()«,223 

f>teen8trnp,  Prof.J        j";.:^-: "4, 19«,  225 

'- 2^' 26,  51.  52,  68,  82,  95,  ,4 

Sthonoteuthis  '82, 201,  204  .,on 

ftJ.'notouthisBart.^^-;-- 

St^en.„eutbi8«i«a, 


•W,I70,  J7i,33j 

178, 174,2i.t 

107,170,224 

21fl 

<e,206 

76 

70,80 

■ 53 

224 

104,106 

224 

165, 1'24 

ie.'J,  224 

163,224 

103 

208 

12,47 

06 
7,8 

il,41 


.99,201,222 
112,222 

17,82,loo,"io4.,55'' 
^then„t,M,thi8  pelagic„8  '"*'  "»•  20^'.  222 

5  ''.'not,.,„bi8  0>.alanlen8i8      '     ''  "''  """'  ">-■  222 


St<d(.t<Mithi8 

St»l"t<'utbi8  b^eoptera 
THnii.T,Liout.  Z.L 

Tnouid.-a 

TaoniiiH..,  

l''">ni.m  hyperboreuV; 


165,224 

165,  224 

212 

223 

125,126,129,223 

126 


I^arasira 

Paraairaoatenuiate        

^ara8hat»beroulata"; 

Perothis 

^hilonexida)  ..  

monexi8  tubercniatn,.' 

Pfcctoteuthi8«randis 

5:XS^e,8pe..en^-- 


■178,225 
170, 180,  225 

180 

120 
■■■-178,225 
■  179,180 
■■■■       221 
199 
■ -■         109 
■•201,210 
131 


Tannins  pavo  ..  ,„ jnn 

l'a.r,  Jamo8  G..  Jotter  from       ' ''"'  ''"'  '''•  '''■  223 
Telooteiithis  5 

ToIeot,MUbi8  caribbffia 69.  70 

leb,ot..,ubi8Krohnii. 70 

^''iitliid.x' 7^ 

Toulbidca    ..  80.75,80,131  222- 

J'"».l.loTiokIo8peeimoni87« ^21 

P'incops?)  ,  •    '  ^''^^  (Architeutbi,s 

Jv«an„p„da  NorVegioa ^O.r.i> 

l"<birofl,.u  •  

90 


^'"""a ""* 19,35,141 

Rossmglaucopig..""" 167,224 

I6»,17l 


To<birodo.s 

T-larodes  8asittat„8     

-'^'■awl- wings 

j!""'>'«»y«P«cin,en;i877     ■■■ 

V«51ain,  M       '  

^'■rania    .  .  

^^I'itinaa,  G  p  

^';f-n,c,.pt.o.A::; 

Wildt^r,  Prof.  B.  G  

Xiphotfuthis  

W'ofLoIigoPeaiei 


•  81,82,222 
•-■   05,201' 
■•■         210 
15 
120,20.) 
■••   03,05 
70 
.'5,  42 
18,  .55 
72 
301,202 
"2,143,154,155 


"         '"S"  i-ealel.  , : *"'<  202 

^"""K  of  ommastrephes  Ul^y. ' '  "2'  "3-  IH  155 

Yo-ngofOctopuaB^rdU  ""■*""'« 94 

188 


